Introduction to Power Plant Engineering

• Economics of Power Generation

• Analysis of Steam Cycles
• Fuel and Combustion
• Steam Generators
 2020-21 - Energy Utilization (Source:CEA)
Agriculture Others
18% 6%
Domestic
Traction
27%
1%

Industrial
41%

Commercial
7%
 2020-21 - Based on Installed Capacity
(Source:CEA)
RES
25% Hydro
12%
Nuclear
2%

Thermal
61%
 RES
Nuclear 10.72%
3.13% Hydro
10.95%

Thermal
75.20%

2020-21 - Based on Power Generation

(Source:CEA)
 0.4
0.35
Wind Solar
0.3
Capacity Factor

0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month of the Year 2022
 Total RES Target up to 2022 is 175 GW
140000

120000
Installed Capacity (MW)

100000
Wind Solar Biomass Small Hydro Total RES
80000

60000

40000

20000

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Month of the Year 2022
Promoting Clean Energy
and Climate Change
 The Net Zero Emissions target by
2030 by Indian Railways alone will
reduce emissions by 60 million
tonnes annually.
India launched the National Hydrogen
Mission in 2013 to make India the
world's largest hydrogen hub.
 Power Generation by Thermal & RES, Source: CEA
1600000
1400000
Thermal RES Total
Generation in GWh

1200000
1000000
10,32,611 × 106 kWh
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
1961
1966

2015
2016
1950
1956

1969
1974
1979
1980
1985
1990
1992
1997
2002
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014

2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
 2020-21 - Energy Utilization (Source:CEA)
Agriculture Others
18% 6%
Domestic
Traction
27%
1%

Industrial
41%

Commercial
7%
Faster manufacture and adoption of
electric (and hybrid) vehicles FAME
aims to achieve
30 % EV sales penetration for cars,
70 % for commercial vehicles,
40 % for buses, and
80 % for two-and three-wheelers
by 2030.
 Power Generation by Thermal & RES, Source: CEA
1600000
1400000
Thermal RES Total
Generation in GWh

1200000
1000000
10,32,611 × 106 kWh
800000
600000
400000
200000
0
1997

2007
1950
1956
1961
1966
1969
1974
1979
1980
1985
1990
1992

2002

2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
2021
 IEA reports that the global
average CO2 emissions for
electricity/heat generated from
coal is 904 g CO2/kWh, Vs.
386 g CO2/kWh for gas
“3 pillars for green growth” are
1. Increase production through RES
2. Reduce fossil fuel usage
3. Move towards gas-based fuel
 India’s Crude Oil Import
UAE
8% Nigeria
8% Others
22%
Iraq Venezula
9% 4%

Kuwait
10%

Saudi Arabia
Iran 18% Angola
16% 5%
Energy Environment
Energy Security
without
Environmental
Pollution
 Type of Energy

Non-Renewable
Renewable
(Fossil Fuels)

Wind
Biomass Coal
Small Hydro Petroleum
Solar Natural gas
Geothermal
WIND ENERGY
MAP OF INDIA
SOLAR ENERGY
MAP OF INDIA
SOLAR ENERGY
MAP OF INDIA
Electricity Production
in India
GDP of Indian states
2020
Top 1% hold
22% of income:
India among
most unequal
nations, ..
Top 1% hold
22% of income:
India among
most unequal
nations, ..
Classification of power plants
1. Thermal power plant
2. Nuclear power plant
3. Gas-turbine power plant
4. Diesel power plant
5. Hydroelectric power plant
6. Power from alternate sources of energy
Economics of Power Generation
• The generating stations may be thermal, hydro,
nuclear, diesel or any other type.
• Thermal power stations are best suited near the coal
fields and also adopted where coal supply is
available in plenty at reasonable rates, large amounts
of power is required.
• Hydropower stations are best suited in case water is
available at certain height and nuclear power stations
are best suited in area far away from danger zone.
Economics of Power Generation
• Diesel power stations are installed where the
supply of coal and water is not available in
sufficient quantity or where power is to be
generated in small quantity or where standby
sets are required for continuity of supply such
as in hospitals, telephone exchanges, radio
stations, and cinemas.
Economics of Power Generation
• The power stations should be as near as
possible to the center of the load so that the
transmission cost and losses are minimum.
• The other considerations for the design of the
power station are reliability, minimum capital
and operating costs.
The design of the power stations involes
1. Estimate of probable load
2. Future load conditions
3. Location of loads
Load curves
• The curve showing the variation of load on the
power station with respect to time is known as a
load curve.
• The load curves supply the following information’s:
1. The variation of the load during different hours
of the day.
2. The area under the curve represents the total
number of units needed or generated in a day.
Basic Load
Curve
Load curves

• The load curves supply the following information’s:

3. The peak of the curve represents the maximum
demand or peak load on the station on the
particular day.
4. The area under the load curve divided by the
number of hours represents the average load on
the power station.
Load curves

• The load curves supply the following information’s:

Load curves

• The load curves supply the following information’s:

5. The ratio of the area under the load curve to
the total area of the rectangle in which it is
contained is gives the load factor.
Load curves

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 (𝑘𝑊ℎ)

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 =
24 (ℎ)

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑
Capacity factor or plant factor , n =
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝑘𝑊ℎ 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑘𝑊ℎ𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑦𝑒𝑎𝑟

= =
𝑘𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 × 24 × 365 𝑘𝑊𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 × 8760
Connected Load, Maximum Demand and
Demand factor
• It is the sum of the ratings of all the equipment’s
connected to supply system.
• The maximum of all the demands that have
occurred during a given period is the maximum
demand.
• Maximum demand is always less than the
connected load because consumers do not switch
on all the loads to the system at a time.
Connected Load, Maximum Demand and
Demand factor
• Demand factor is the ratio of maximum demand on
the power station to its connected load i.e.

• It is always less than unity because the maximum

demand on the power station is generally less than
the connected load.
Capacity factor or Plant factor

• It is the ratio of actual energy produced to the

maximum possible energy that could have been
produced during a given period i.e
Capacity factor or Plant factor

• Plant capacity factor may also be defined as the

actual energy generated divided by the maximum
possible energy that the plant might have generated
during a given period. i.e
Load curves
• Each consumer has a “connected load” which is the
sum of all ratings of the equipment. The maximum
demand is the maximum load which a customer
uses at any time. It is always less than, or equal to,
the connected load.
• A high load factor is, in general, an indication of
balanced load curve with relatively small load
changes, which is desired for economic operation of
the plant and to produce electricity at less cost.
Load curves
Load curves
Basic Load
Curve
Basic Load
Curve
Load Duration
Curve