BHEL ET Syllabus
BHEL ET Syllabus
Section 7: Communications
Random processes: autocorrelation and power spectral density, properties of white noise, filtering
of random signals through LTI systems; Analog communications: amplitude modulation and
demodulation, angle modulation and demodulation, spectra of AM and FM, superheterodyne
receivers, circuits for analog communications; Information theory: entropy, mutual information and
channel capacity theorem; Digital communications: PCM, DPCM, digital modulation schemes,
amplitude, phase and frequency shift keying (ASK, PSK, FSK), QAM, MAP and ML decoding,
matched filter receiver, calculation of bandwidth, SNR and BER for digital modulation; Fundamentals
of error correction, Hamming codes; Timing and frequency synchronization, inter-symbol
interference and its mitigation; Basics of TDMA, FDMA and CDMA.
Section 8: Electromagnetics
Electrostatics; Maxwell’s equations: differential and integral forms and their interpretation, boundary
conditions, wave equation, Poynting vector; Plane waves and properties: reflection and refraction,
polarization, phase and group velocity, propagation through various media, skin depth;
Transmission lines: equations, characteristic impedance, impedance matching, impedance
transformation, S-parameters, Smith chart; Waveguides: modes, boundary conditions, cut-off
frequencies, dispersion relations; Antennas: antenna types, radiation pattern, gain and directivity,
return loss, antenna arrays; Basics of radar; Light propagation in optical fibers.