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Assignment 2

The document outlines an assignment consisting of various problems related to quantum mechanics, specifically focusing on pure and mixed states, density matrices, and their properties. It includes definitions, proofs, and calculations involving density matrices, expectation values, and entropy. The assignment requires students to analyze given states, prove mathematical properties, and explore concepts such as superposition and measurement in quantum systems.

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12 views2 pages

Assignment 2

The document outlines an assignment consisting of various problems related to quantum mechanics, specifically focusing on pure and mixed states, density matrices, and their properties. It includes definitions, proofs, and calculations involving density matrices, expectation values, and entropy. The assignment requires students to analyze given states, prove mathematical properties, and explore concepts such as superposition and measurement in quantum systems.

Uploaded by

swarajitdhar6
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PH61010

Assignment-2

1) Define pure and mixed state.


2) Check whether following states or density matrices represent pure or mixed state of single
particle!

i) |𝜓⟩ = (|0⟩ + |1⟩)/√2


3 1 √3
ii) 𝝆 = |0⟩⟨0| + |1⟩⟨1| + (|0⟩⟨1| + |1⟩⟨0|)
4 4 4
3 1 1
iii) 𝝆 = 4 |0⟩⟨0| + 4 |1⟩⟨1| + 4 (|0⟩⟨1| + |1⟩⟨0|)
3 1
iv) 𝝆 = 4 |0⟩⟨0| + 4 |1⟩⟨1|
1 3 3
3) Please give argument whether 𝝆 = 4 |0⟩⟨0| + 8 |1⟩⟨1| + 16 (|0⟩⟨1| + |1⟩⟨0|) can be density
matrix of single particle or not. Please give physical argument. [Pl note that tr(𝝆) = 1 for
densities given in problem (2). But, that is not the case here]
4) Prove that density matrix is Hermitian and its expectation value always positive.
5) Prove that, density operator written in the form 𝝆 = ∑𝑖𝑗 𝑝𝑖𝑗 |𝑖⟩⟨𝑗| with |𝑖⟩, |𝑗⟩ ∈Hilber Space
(ℋ) can be expressed as 𝝆 = ∑𝑚 𝑞𝑚 |𝑚⟩⟨𝑚|, |𝑚⟩ ∈ ℋ. Here, {|𝑚⟩} are eigen-functions of 𝝆.
6) If we define any operator O as 𝑶 = |𝑖⟩⟨𝑗|; Prove that trace is independent of any basis
belongs to the Hilbert space where tr(𝑶) = ∑𝑚⟨𝑚|𝑶|𝑚⟩.
𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒
7) Lets define 𝝆𝑚𝑖𝑥 = ∑𝑚 𝑝𝑚 𝜌𝑚 = ∑𝑚 𝑝𝑚 |𝑚⟩⟨𝑚|, prove that expectation value of O with
respect to 𝝆𝑚𝑖𝑥 can be written as 〈𝑶〉𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥 = ∑𝑚 𝑝𝑚 ⟨𝑚|𝑶|𝑚⟩ = tr (𝝆𝑚𝑖𝑥 𝑶).
8) Prove that for mixed state tr 𝝆𝑚𝑖𝑥 2 < 1 defined on basis {|𝜓𝑖 ⟩}. Find the outcome of
measuring 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥 w.r.t. another basis {|𝜙𝑗 ⟩}.
9) Let us measure an observable ‘a’ corresponding operator ‘A’ w.r.t. density matrix 𝝆 =
∑𝑚 𝑞𝑚 |𝑚⟩⟨𝑚|. Prove that the mean value of observable 〈𝐴〉 = ∑𝑁 𝑖=1⟨𝜓𝑖 |𝐴|𝜓𝑖 ⟩ can be
expressed as 𝑡𝑟(𝜌𝐴).
1 1 1
10) Consider 𝜌 = 2 (|0⟩⟨0| +|1⟩⟨1|), prove that 〈𝐴〉 = 2 ⟨0|𝐴|0⟩ + 2 ⟨1|𝐴|1⟩ using 〈𝐴〉 = 𝑡𝑟(𝜌𝐴).
11) If 𝜌1 and 𝜌2 represent pure states, check whether their convex sum 𝜌 = 𝑝𝜌1 + (1 − 𝑝)𝜌2
represents a pure or mixed state.
1 1 0
12) Consider a mixed state 𝜌1 = 4 [ ] in the basis {|0⟩, |1⟩}. Find the purification of 𝜌1 with
0 3
the maximally superposed basis of {|0⟩, |1⟩} ({|+⟩, |−⟩}).
13) Consider mixed state density with the occurrence probability of |+⟩ and |−⟩ are 2/3 and 1/3.
Find an orthonormal superposition of |+⟩ and |−⟩ which give same density matrix. This is
known as multiple superposition. It means that given a density matrix, the probability {𝑝𝑎 } is
not unique.
14) Consider the density matrix for a spin-1/2 particles with magnetic moment 𝜇 in a magnetic
1
field with Hamiltonian 𝐻 = − 2 𝑔𝜇𝐵 ⃗ ∙ 𝜎 , 𝑔 is a constant. Using equation of motion for the
density operator 𝜌 (Liouville-von Neumann Equation), find the motion of the polarization
vector 𝑃⃗ = 〈𝜎〉 = 𝑇𝑟 [𝜌̂(𝑡)𝜎]. Compare the result with the classical equation of a spinning
magnetic dipole in a magnetic field.
15) Consider Pauli matrices I, X, Y, and Z.
i) Find the eigenvectors, eigenvalues, and diagonal representations of these matrices.
ii) Derive the average value and standard deviation of X w.r.t. qubit state |0>.
iii) Find the points on the Bloch sphere [in terms of (𝑟, 𝜃, 𝜙)] that correspond to the normalized
eigenvectors of the Pauli matrices.
iv) Find the action of the Z operator on a general qubit state |𝜓⟩ = 𝛼|0⟩ + 𝛽|1⟩ and describe this
action on the Bloch sphere (i.e. how does the vector representing |𝜓⟩ get rotated on the Bloch
sphere?).
v) Construct the matrix representation of the operator exp(−𝑖𝛿𝑍/2) and show how this
exponentiated operator acts on the Bloch sphere vector for |𝜓⟩.
1
vi) Given a density matrix of 2-level spin system 𝜌 = 2 (𝕀 + 𝑎 ∙ 𝜎), Prove that 〈𝜎〉 = 𝑎.
For maximally mixed state 𝑎𝑖 = 0, ∀𝑖. Prove that eigen values of density matrix is
1
(1 ± |𝑎|)
2

16) Entropy calculation:


a) What is the Shannon entropy, in bits, of the following alphabet A, B, C, and D whose
probabilities are ¼, 1/8, ½ and 1/8, respectively?
b) What is the maximum possible entropy H of an alphabet consisting of N different letters?
In such a maximum entropy alphabet, what is the probability of its most likely letter?
What is the probability of its least likely letter?
c) Given a mixed state density state 𝜌𝑚𝑖𝑥 = ∑ 𝑝𝑖 𝜌𝑖𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑒 , prove that von Neumann entropy is
equivalent to Shannon entropy.
d) Find the maximal limit of von Neumann entropy for a given density state. State the
condition (property) of the state when this limit can be achieved.
e) Prove in terms of entropy that uncertainty (ignorance) about the above mixed state will be
always greater than or equal to uncertainty of any pure state it is made of.

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