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4.2 Set Operations 2ALM

The document provides an overview of basic set operations including union, intersection, difference, and complement of sets, along with definitions and examples for each operation. It also includes remarks on properties of sets and exercises for practice. The learning objectives aim to help students define, illustrate, and perform these operations using Venn diagrams.

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11 views25 pages

4.2 Set Operations 2ALM

The document provides an overview of basic set operations including union, intersection, difference, and complement of sets, along with definitions and examples for each operation. It also includes remarks on properties of sets and exercises for practice. The learning objectives aim to help students define, illustrate, and perform these operations using Venn diagrams.

Uploaded by

hqc29r9qhg
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Basic Set Operations

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ZhNmKb-dqk
Learning Objectives:

At the end of the lesson, the student should be able to:


• define the different operations of sets;
• illustrate the relationships between sets using Venn-
Euler diagrams or Venn diagrams; and
• perform basic set operations.
Basic Set Operations:
1. Definition: Union of Sets
The union of sets A and B, denoted by AB, is the set of all
the elements that belong to A or B or to both.
A B

AB is shaded
Examples:
Let C = {1, 2, 3, 4} , D = {6, 2, 4, 7} and E = {7, 8, 9}. Find
a) CD and b) CE
Solutions:
a) CD = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7} c) DE
b) CE = {1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9}
Basic Set Operations:
The union of A and B may also be
defined concisely by
A  B = {x  x  A or x  B}.
Remark 1:
It follows directly from the definition
of the union of two sets that AB and
BA are the same set, i.e.,
AB = BA.
Basic Set Operations:
Remark 2:
Both A and B are always subsets of
AB, that is,
A (AB) and
B  (AB).
Basic Set Operations:
2. Definition: Intersection of Sets
The intersection of sets A and B, denoted by AB, is the set of elements
which are common to A and to B, that is, those elements which belong to
A and which also belong to B.

Examples: A  B is shaded
Let C = {1, 2, 3, 4} , D = {6, 2, 4, 7} and E = {7, 8, 9}. Find
a) C  D and b) C  E
Solutions:
a) C  D = {2, 4}
b) C  E = { } or 
Basic Set Operations:

Intersection of A and B may also be defined


concisely by
A  B = {x  x  A, x  B}.
Here, the comma has the same meaning as “and”.
Basic Set Operations:
Remark 1:
It follows directly from the definition of the intersection
of two sets that
A  B = B  A.
Remark 2:
Each of sets A and B contains AB as
subset, that is,
(AB)  A and
(AB)  B.
Basic Set Operations:
3. Definition: Difference of Sets
The difference of sets A and B, denoted by A – B, is the set of
elements which belong to A but which do not belong to B.

Examples:
A-B is shaded
Let C = {1, 2, 3, 4} , D = {6, 2, 4, 7} and E = {7, 8, 9}. Find
a) C - D and b) D - E
Solutions:
a) C - D = {1, 2, 3, 44} - {6, 2, 4, 7} = {1, 3}
b) D - E = {6, 2, 4, 7}
7 - {7, 8, 9} = {6, 2, 4}
Basic Set Operations:
Remark 1:
Set A contains A – B as a subset, i.e.,
(A – B)  A.
Remark 2:
The sets (A – B), A  B and (B – A) are
mutually disjoint, that is, the intersection
of any two is the null.
Basic Set Operations:
4. Definition: Complement of a Set
The COMPLEMENT of a set A, denoted by A’ or Ac , is the set of
elements which do not belong to A, that is the difference of the
universal set U and A.

Examples: A’ is shaded.
Let U = {1,2,3, …,8,9}, C = {1, 2, 3, 4} , D = {6, 2, 4, 7} and E = {7, 8, 9}. Find
a)
Solutions:
C’ , b) D’ , and c) E’
a) C’ = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
b) D’= {1, 3, 5, 8, 9}
c) E’= {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}
Basic Set Operations:
We state some facts about set which
follow directly from the definitions, and may easily be
verified by means of Venn diagrams:
Remark 1:
The union of any set A and its complement A’ is the universal
set, i.e.
A  A’ = U.
Furthermore, set A and its complement A’ are disjoint, i.e.
A ∩ A’ = .
Basic Set Operations:
Remark 2:
The complement of universal set is the
null set  , and vice versa, i.e.
U’ =  and
’ = U.
Remark 3:
The complement of the complement
of a set A is the set A itself. More
briefly
(A’)’ = A.
Properties of Sets:
Exercises:
1. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8} and
C = {3, 4, 5, 6}. Find
a) AB = {1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8}
b) AC = {1, 2, 3, 4 , 5, 6}
c) BC = {2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8}
d) BB = {2, 4, 6, 8} = B
Exercises:
2. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8} and
C = {3, 4, 5, 6}. Find
a) A∩B = {2, 4}
b) A∩C = {3, 4}
c) B∩C = {4, 6}
d) B∩B = {2, 4, 6, 8}
Exercises:
3. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8} and
C = {3, 4, 5, 6}. Find
a) A – B = {1, 3}
b) A – C = {1, 2}
c) B – C = {2, 8}
d) B – B = { } or 
or null set
Exercises:
4. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8} and C = {3, 4, 5, 6}.
Find
a) A(C∩B)
b) B∩(C’A)
c) C–(A’∩B)
d) B∩(A∩C)’

e) (AB’)–(A-B)
Exercises:
4. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8} and C = {3, 4, 5, 6}.
Find
a) A(C∩B) = {1, 2, 3, 4}  {4, 6} = {1, 2, 3, 4,6}

(C∩B) = {3, 4, 5, 6} ∩ {2, 4, 6, 8} = {4, 6}

b) B∩(C’A) = {2, 4, 6, 8} ∩ {1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9} = {2, 4, 8}


C’A = {1, 2, 7, 8, 9}  {1, 2, 3, 4} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9}
Exercises:
4. Let U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {2, 4, 6, 8} and C = {3, 4, 5, 6}.
Find
c) C–(A’∩B) = {3, 4, 5, 6} - {6, 8} = {3, 4, 5}
A’∩B = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9} ∩ {2, 4, 6, 8} = {6, 8}
d) B∩(A∩C)’ = {2, 4, 6, 8} ∩ {1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} = {2, 6, 8}
(A∩C)’ = {3, 4}
4}’ = {1, 2, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}
e) (AB’)–(A-B) = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7,9} – {1, 3} = {2,4,5,7,9}
AB’ = {1, 2, 3, 4}  {1, 3, 5, 7, 9} = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 9}
A-B = {1, 3}
Exercises:

5. Shade: AB A B
a) b) c)

A B B A
A B
Exercises:

6. Shade: A∩B
a) b) c)

A B B A
A B
Exercises:

7. Shade: A-B
a) b) c)

A B B A
A B
Exercises:

8. Shade: A’
a) b) c)

A B B A
A B
Exercises:

9. Shade: B’
a) b) c)

A B B A
A B

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