Chapter 2

Computers
Daily Life
in
our
What’s Ahead?
• Explained with computer number
systems;
• Examined how a computer’s
system bus works;
• Identified the different computer
network systems and the wire and
wireless connections;
• Distinguished between system
software and application
software;
What’s Ahead?
• Compared and contrasted a desktop
app and a mobile app in terms of
content layout, and design;
• Explained the impact of computers in
daily life; and
• Identified tools in creating content
presentation.
• Developed flowcharts...
Data
Processing
As data is in its raw form it cannot
solve any problem. The data needs
some processing to make it useful.
Data processing is the conversion of
data into a more useful form. That is,
transmission of data into meaningful
information is called data processing.
Data is processed by either analog or
digital computer.
 Data Vs Information
Data Information
refer to raw materials refers to processed data.
like letters, numbers, These data have undergone
sounds, images. These operations and can serve as
are facts but they do input to other subsequent
not necessarily have
operations. The result
meanings.
obtained by data processing
is called information.
Electronic
Data
Processing
(EDP)
refers to the utilization of computer or
information and communications
technology (ICT) equipment in the
processing, operation, and
manipulation of data.
 Data Processing Cycle
Storage
Origination Input Processing Output and Feedback

01 02 03 04 05
Data Processing Cycle
Origination: The initial capture of raw data as transactions occurs. This
stage involves collection, gathering and identifying data.
Input: Data are collected and converted into a form acceptable for
processing. It involves classifying, summarizing, sorting and coding of
data.
Processing: This stage refers to the electronic manipulation of data. In
this stage, logical or mathematical operations are executed based on the
required goals
Data Processing Cycle

Output: This stage refers to the display of results from the process stage. It
involves preparation of processed information into a format acceptable to the
user for analysis or as input for a second cycle.
Storage and Feedback: Sometimes there is a need to balance and
counter check the result of the processes undertaken. As such the actual result
is compared with the desired result. This stage also involves retention of the
results of processed data for future use or retrieval.
 How Computer
Interpret Data
With the different types of number systems, it is important to
understand how computers interpret the letters on the keyboard
through a series of 0’s and 1’s. This is normally done through the
number system conversion.
Computer
Number
Systems
Objective: Explain computer number
systems, including binary, decimal,
octal and hexadecimal.
Binary Number System
Computer number systems are methods of
representing and working with numbers in the
context of digital computing. These systems
are essential for encoding data, performing
calculations, and communicating information
within computers and across digital devices.
Computer No. System

How Computer Communicate

Human language or Natural language (e.g.
English, Filipino, French, etc.)
Binary language - computer recognized are 0’s
and 1’s.
Machine language – a language that computer
understand (e.g. assembly language)
 Computer Number Systems

Source: http://www.brainkart.com/article/Different-Types-of-Number-Systems_33633/
How Computer Interpret Data

ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange) TABLE

Computer No. System

Number Systems – are techniques to represent numbers in the

computer system architecture
Decimal number system – has ten digits from 0 to 9. Base-10.
Binary number system – method of representing numbers that
counts by using combinations of two numerals: zero (0) and one (1).
With the prefix bi, which means 2. Base-2.
Octal number system – Base-8. Has 8 digits from 0 to 7.
Hexadecimal number system – Base-16. Has 10-digit number
and 6 letters a total of 16 digits to represent its values.
Computer No. System

1. Decimal Number System (Base-10)

▪ Decimal is the number system most commonly used by humans. It
employs ten digits: 0 to 9.
▪ Each digit in decimal represents a power of 10, with the rightmost digit
representing 10^0 (1), the next digit to the left representing 10^1 (10), the
next 10^2 (100), and so on.
▪ Decimal numbers are used for everyday calculations, mathematics, and
most human-oriented contexts.
▪ Example: Decimal number 345 represents
3 * 10^2 + 4 * 10^1 + 5 * 10^0 = 300 + 40 + 5 = 345.
Computer No. System

2. Binary Number System (Base-2)

▪ Binary is the fundamental number system in computing. It uses only two digits: 0
and 1.
▪ Each digit in binary represents a power of 2, with the rightmost digit representing
2^0 (1), the next digit to the left representing 2^1 (2), the next 2^2 (4), and so on.
▪ Binary numbers are used in all digital devices and computer systems to represent
data and perform logical operations, such as addition, subtraction, and bitwise
operations.
▪ Example: Binary number 1010 represents
1 * 2^3 + 0 * 2^2 + 1 * 2^1 + 0 * 2^0 = 8 + 0 + 2 + 0 = 10 (in decimal).
Computer No. System

3. Octal Number System (Base-8)

▪ Octal uses eight digits: 0 to 7.
▪ Each digit in octal represents a power of 8, with the rightmost digit
representing 8^0 (1), the next digit to the left representing 8^1 (8), the next
8^2 (64), and so on.
▪ Octal numbers are less common in modern computing but were historically
used to represent machine code and memory addresses.
▪ Example: Octal number 52 represents
5 * 8^1 + 2 * 8^0 = 40 + 2 = 42 (in decimal).
Computer No. System

4. Hexadecimal Number System (Base-16)

▪ Hexadecimal employs sixteen digits: 0 to 9 and A to F (where A = 10, B = 11,
C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, and F = 15).
▪ Each digit in hexadecimal represents a power of 16, with the rightmost digit
representing 16^0 (1), the next digit to the left representing 16^1 (16), the
next 16^2 (256), and so on.
▪ Hexadecimal numbers are widely used in computing for representing
binary data compactly and memory addresses.
▪ Example: Hexadecimal number 1A7 represents
1 * 16^2 + 10 * 16^1 + 7 * 16^0 = 256 + 160 + 7 = 423 (in decimal).
Computer No. System

Decimal – Base 10 Binary – Base 2

0123456789 01

Octal – Base 8 Hexadecimal – Base 16

01234567 0123456789ABCDEF
A -> 10 D -> 13
B -> 11 E -> 14
C -> 12 F -> 15
Computer No. System

Decimal – Base 10 Binary – Base 2

0123456789 01

Octal – Base 8 Hexadecimal – Base 16

01234567 0123456789ABCDEF
A -> 10 D -> 13
B -> 11 E -> 14
C -> 12 F -> 15
CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL TO BINARY
LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT
34810 -> 1010111002
348 ÷ 2 = 174 r 0
174 ÷ 2 = 87 r 0
87 ÷ 2 = 43 r 1 43.5
43 ÷ 2 = 21 r 1 21.5
21 ÷ 2 = 10 r 1 10.5
10 ÷ 2 = 5 r0
5÷2 = 2 r 1 2.5
2÷2 = 1 r0
1÷2 = 0 r 1 0.5
MOST SIGNIFICANT BIT
CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL TO BINARY
LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT
34810 -> 1010111002
348 ÷ 2 = 174 r 0
174 ÷ 2 = 87 r 0
87 ÷ 2 = 43 r 1 43.5
43 ÷ 2 = 21 r 1 21.5
21 ÷ 2 = 10 r 1 10.5
10 ÷ 2 = 5 r0
5÷2 = 2 r 1 2.5
2÷2 = 1 r0
1÷2 = 0 r 1 0.5
MOST SIGNIFICANT BIT
CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL TO OCTAL

34810
348 ÷ 8 = 43.5 43 r 4 LEAST SIGNIFICANT DIGIT

43 ÷ 8 = 5.375 5 r3
5÷8 = 0.625 0 r5 MOST SIGNIFICANT DIGIT

34810 -> 5348

CONVERSION FROM DECIMAL TO OCTAL

34810
348 ÷ 8 = 43.5 43 r 4 LEAST SIGNIFICANT DIGIT

43 ÷ 8 = 5.375 5 r3
5÷8 = 0.625 0 r5 MOST SIGNIFICANT DIGIT

34810 -> 5348

Arithmetic
Operations on
Binary Numbers
Arithmetic Operations on Binary Numbers

Addition
Binary addition follows the same rules as decimal addition, with
the primary difference being that the carry-over occurs when the
sum is 2, not 10 as in decimal.
Rules
0+0=0
0+1=1
1+0=1
1 + 1 = 0 (with a carry-over of 1 to the next column) or 10
1+1+1=1 (with a carry-over of 1 to the next column) or 11
Arithmetic Operations on Binary Numbers

Example

1010+1001 = 10011 in decimal

10+9 = 19
100110+110101 = 1011011 in
decimal 38+53 = 91
101101+111101 = ????
Arithmetic Operations on Binary Numbers

Subtraction
Binary subtraction also follows similar rules to decimal subtraction.
However, borrowing occurs when the minuend (the number being
subtracted from) is smaller than the subtrahend (the number being
subtracted).
Rules
The rules for binary subtraction are as follows:
0-0=0
1-0=1
1-1=0
To subtract 1 from 0, borrow 1 from the next higher
bit (just like in decimal).
Arithmetic Operations on Binary Numbers

Example

10-1 = 01
100 – 10 = 010
100 – 1 = ????
Arithmetic Operations on Binary Numbers

Multiplication
Binary multiplication is similar to decimal multiplication but
involves only two digits (0 and 1).

Rules
0*0=0
0*1=0
1*0=0
1*1=1
Arithmetic Operations on Binary Numbers

Example
Arithmetic Operations on Binary Numbers

Division
Binary division is similar to decimal division. It involves dividing a
binary number (the dividend) by another binary number (the
divisor) to obtain a quotient and a remainder.
Rules
0 ÷ 1 = 0 with a remainder of 0
1 ÷ 1 = 1 with a remainder of 0
0 ÷ 0 is undefined (division by zero)
To divide by 1, simply copy the dividend to the quotient and set the remainder to 0.
To divide by 0, the result is undefined.