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1.numerical Analysis - Introduction, Accuracy, Errors

Numerical analysis involves algorithms that approximate solutions to mathematical problems, allowing for numerical answers even when analytical solutions are unavailable. It can solve various problems, including nonlinear equations, large systems of equations, and integration of functions. The document also discusses accuracy, precision, and types of computational errors, including absolute, relative, and percentage errors.

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Loren Grace Nacis
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75 views13 pages

1.numerical Analysis - Introduction, Accuracy, Errors

Numerical analysis involves algorithms that approximate solutions to mathematical problems, allowing for numerical answers even when analytical solutions are unavailable. It can solve various problems, including nonlinear equations, large systems of equations, and integration of functions. The document also discusses accuracy, precision, and types of computational errors, including absolute, relative, and percentage errors.

Uploaded by

Loren Grace Nacis
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Numerical Analysis

Introduction
Accuracy
Errors
Engr. John Renzo M. Galinato
Introduction
• Is the study of algorithms that use numerical approximation for the
problems of mathematical analysis.
• A numerical analysis that let you get closer and closer to an exact
answer is a “numerical method” and the answer without ever
knowing what that answer is as such an important part of every
numerical method is a proof that it works.
• Numerical analysis is a way to solve mathematical problems by special
procedures (algorithms) which use arithmetic operations only.
• A major advantage for numerical analysis is that a numerical answer
can be obtained even when a problem is very complicated and has no
analytical solution.
Problems Solvable by Numerical Analysis:
• Solving nonlinear equations f(x) = 0.
• Solving large systems of linear equations.
• Solving systems of nonlinear equations.
• Interpolating to find intermediate values within a table of data.
• Fitting curves to data by a variety of methods.
• Finding efficient and effective approximations of functions.
• Finding derivatives of any order for functions even when the function is
known only as a table of values.
• Integrating any function even known only as a table of values.
• Solving differential equations.
Numbers and Their Accuracy: Types of
Numbers
Numbers and Their Accuracy: Types of
Numbers
Numbers and Their Accuracy: Accuracy in
Numbers
Accuracy is how close a measured value is to the actual (true) value.
Precision is how close the measured values are to each other.
• If the darts are neither close to the bulls-eye, nor close to each other, there is neither accuracy,
nor precision.
• If all of the darts land very close together, but far from the bulls-eye, there is precision, but not
accuracy.
• If the darts are all about an equal distance from and spaced equally around the bulls-eye there is
mathematical accuracy because the average of the darts is in the bulls-eye. This represents data
that is accurate, but not precise. However, if you were actually playing darts this would not count
as a bulls-eye!
• If the darts land close to the bulls-eye and close together, there is both accuracy and precision

Practices of Science: Precision vs. Accuracy |


manoa.hawaii.edu/ExploringOurFluidEarth
Numbers and Their Accuracy: Accuracy in
Numbers
• The numbers that arise in technical applications are better described as “exact numbers”
because there is not the sort of uncertainty in their values that was described above.
They are the result of counting discrete items. For example, one dozen eggs is exactly 12
eggs, never 12.1 eggs or 11.9 eggs.
• Approximate number is defined as a number approximated to the exact number and
there is always a difference between the exact and approximate numbers. For example,
3, 6, 9 are exact numbers as they do not need any approximation. But, v2, ??, v3 are
approximate numbers as they cannot be expressed exactly by a finite digits. They can be
written as 1.414, 3.1416, 1.7320 etc. which are only approximations to the true values.
• The digits which are used to represent a number are called significant figures. Thus, 1, 2,
…, 9 are always significant and is significant except if it is used to fix decimal places or to
discard digits or to fill the unknown places. Zeros between two significant digits are
always significant.
Number Significant Figures
100 1
0.00123 3
1.023 4
Types of Computational Errors
Types of Computational Errors

BCA Part III Paper VIII AR.pdf (nou.ac.in)


Absolute, Relative and Percentage Error
• The Absolute Error is the difference between the actual and
measured value.
𝐸𝐴 = |𝑉𝑇 − 𝑉𝐴 |

• The Relative Error is the Absolute Error divided by the actual


measurement.
𝐸𝐴 |𝑉𝑇 − 𝑉𝐴 |
𝐸𝑅 = =
𝑉𝑇 𝑉𝑇
• The Percentage Error is the Relative Error shown as a percentage
|𝑉𝑇 −𝑉𝐴 |
𝐸𝑃 = 𝐸𝑅 ∗ 100% = ∗ 100%
𝑉𝑇
Examples:
1. A reaction between one mole of sodium and one mole of chloride should
yield 42 grams of sodium chloride. In your experiment, the actual yield is
32.73 grams. Calculate the percent error of your experiment.
Examples:
2. Find the absolute and relative errors. The actual value is 125.68 mm and
the measured value is 119.66 mm.
Examples:
3. Find out the absolute and relative errors, where the actual and measured
values are 252.14 mm and 249.02 mm.

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