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Different Types of Inversion Recovery Sequences

The document outlines various types of inversion recovery and gradient recalled echo (GRE) sequences used in MRI, detailing their features and applications. It covers techniques such as STIR, MP RAGE, FLAIR, and several GRE types including Basic GRE, Spoiled GRE, and Echo Planar Imaging, among others. Additionally, it explains the principles of Functional MRI, focusing on Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) contrast and its relation to brain activity.

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Shubhashis Mondal
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9 views4 pages

Different Types of Inversion Recovery Sequences

The document outlines various types of inversion recovery and gradient recalled echo (GRE) sequences used in MRI, detailing their features and applications. It covers techniques such as STIR, MP RAGE, FLAIR, and several GRE types including Basic GRE, Spoiled GRE, and Echo Planar Imaging, among others. Additionally, it explains the principles of Functional MRI, focusing on Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) contrast and its relation to brain activity.

Uploaded by

Shubhashis Mondal
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Different Types of Inversion Recovery Sequences

STIR:

MP RAGE:

FLAIR:
Different Types of GRE Sequences:

Fig: Basic GRE

1. Basic GRE (Gradient Recalled Echo)

 Features: Utilizes a single RF pulse followed by gradient refocusing to produce an


echo.
 Applications:
o Fast imaging (e.g., dynamic studies).
o Visualization of blood flow and vessels (angiography).
o Detecting paramagnetic substances like iron or calcium.

2. Spoiled GRE (SPGR, FLASH)

 Features: Signal phase coherence is intentionally destroyed between repetitions by


spoiling RF and gradient pulses.
 Applications:
o T1-weighted imaging.
o High-resolution anatomical imaging (e.g., brain, cartilage, liver).
o 3D volumetric acquisitions for multiplanar reconstruction.

3. Balanced GRE (bSSFP, TrueFISP)

 Features: Balanced gradients maintain a steady-state signal, offering high signal-to-


noise ratio and strong T2/T1 contrast.
 Applications:
o Cardiac imaging (excellent for blood/myocardium contrast).
o Spinal imaging.
o Inner ear and abdominal imaging.

4. Steady-State Free Precession (SSFP)

 Features: Maintains a coherent steady-state of magnetization, resulting in bright fluid


signal and clear tissue contrast.
 Applications:
o High-contrast imaging of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
o Musculoskeletal imaging.
o Functional and perfusion imaging.

5. Echo Planar Imaging (EPI-GRE)

 Features: Rapid acquisition technique involving gradient-echo signal readouts in a


single shot or segmented manner.
 Applications:
o Functional MRI (fMRI).
o Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI).
o Perfusion imaging.

6. T2-Weighted GRE*

 Features: Sensitive to magnetic field inhomogeneities, accentuating susceptibility


effects.
 Applications:
o Detection of microbleeds, calcifications, and hemorrhages.
o Imaging of venous blood (venography).
o Functional MRI for detecting BOLD signal changes.

7. 3D GRE

 Features: Acquires volumetric data with high spatial resolution, allowing for
isotropic voxel imaging.
 Applications:
o Angiography.
o Pre-surgical planning.
o High-detail imaging of small structures.

8. Phase-Contrast GRE (PC-GRE)

 Features: Encodes flow-related phase shifts to quantify flow velocities.


 Applications:
o Quantitative blood flow measurements (e.g., cardiac or cerebrovascular
imaging).
o CSF flow dynamics.

9. Ultrafast GRE

 Features: Uses very short TR and TE for rapid image acquisition.


 Applications:
o Dynamic contrast-enhanced (DCE) imaging.
o Perfusion studies.
o Real-time imaging applications (e.g., speech, joint movements).
 What is Functional MRI:
It is a non-invasive brain imaging technique that measures brain activity by detecting changes
in blood flow.
Important factors:

Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) Contrast

 Paramagnetic and Diamagnetic Properties:


o Oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) is diamagnetic and does not distort the local
magnetic field.
o Deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb) is paramagnetic and causes local magnetic
field inhomogeneities.
 T2 Sensitivity*:
o Regions with more deoxygenated hemoglobin experience faster T2* decay,
resulting in weaker MRI signals.
o Increased neural activity leads to increased oxygenated blood flow, reducing
deoxygenated hemoglobin levels and increasing the MRI signal.
 Functional Contrast:
o The BOLD signal reflects these changes in magnetic properties and is used to
infer neural activity.

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