M

GAUSS DIVERGENCE THEORE

➔

no rm al com pone nt of a vector point function F taken over a clo

The surface integral ofthe . . .➔ - Sed Sllrfact
ce of F tak e
the volume integral of the divergen
,_

s enc losing a volum e V is equ al to n triro11gh0

1

11t
the volume V bounded by S, i.e.,

JJF.i: =JJF.nds=Jffrv•F)dv ,, y
s . s

Let F =F1i + F2j + F3k then

• ·•
,

vector ~ along the nonnal to the surface

• • A.

e sys tem . dv_ = dx dy .dz. Le t t~e un it

In the rectangular coordinat king angles· a, ~' y with x-axis'
S at the point (x, y, z) be giv en by n = n 1i + n 2 j + n 3 k ma
· k =cosy ~
n · j = cos ~ · and . n3=.n
•
t n =
•
· i = cos a, n2 =
y-axis, z-axis respec~ively, so tha 1.
n
.
n2j + n3k) =F1·cos a+ F2·cos ~ + F3 co
➔ sy.
Th en F _- .n =_(F i + F 2 j + F3 k) • (n 1i +
1
.
e_ th~orem CaJl b~ writtten as
.
therefore the above statement of divergenc I
•
•

J
•

F2 cos fJ+ F3 co s,r) ds = II I(o F1 + 0F2 + 0F3 dxdydz

I I (F1 ,cosa+ oy oz
V OX
s
• oF
PROOF: Let us prov~ JJF3 cosy ds = ff vf _]dz_ dx dy dz .
s . ..
that any line par allel to the coo rdinate axes, cuts S in at most two points.
. Here S is the closed surface such S of the surface S be z Ji (x,y) and z=fi(x
,y)
e~an~ up per po rtio ns S and
Letthe_equationsofthe low S on
1
the xy
2
pla ne, then
ely. If R denote s the projection of
respectiv
 Integral S
• Gradient, Divergence, Curl, Line es .... 439
urface lnlegraf, G111e11~ Lemma, Stok
~
'
cafCIJ/US,

oF ] z
i/F-J i1x dy dz = ff [
l2(x , y)
I -t dz dy r1x
f(,f~ R Ji(x , y)

)]fi (x, y) dx
"f f[F Y, 3(X, Z dy z=J i(x, y)

"f j[F (x, y, /2 )-F3 (x, Y, i1)] dy dx

3
•
R .
ds2 =k. n2 ds2 since
r the upper portion S2, dx dy = cos Y2
y with k.
fo al n2 to S2 makes an acute angle 2
ll -
• S dy dx --c osy l ds1 =- k• n1 dsI since
tbeoofl
forthelowerportton l' x
y with k.
al n to S 1 makes an obtuse angle 1 .
tJJe 0oflll . 1
ff = ff F3 k·/12 dr2 and . II F3 (x, y, / ) dy dx =- fJ F k·"J dr 1
;. F3 (x, YJ 2) dy dx
S2 R.
1
s1
3

ff F3 (x, Y, l2) dy dx - ff F3 (x, Y, Ji) dy .~ = JSiJF3k•ll2 dr2 + JS1

f & k•R) dr1
...
R . R
i • ff F3 Jc . nds •.
, .s

dv =JI F3 k. n cu ..
..
Thus fff iff3
oz V S ... .
.
..

er coordinat~s planes, we get

similarly, by projecting S on the oth

fJ f ox
d Fi dv = F1 i. n dr and fJs d F2 ff fv
~2 j. n ~. tJv' •II
oy · S
V
-;·
Adding these gives • 1

ff fv(odxfj + odyF2 + oozF3 ) dv = ffs (F1 i + F2j + F3k). n~s . or IIf v-F c1 v= If~ :lld r_
V S.
➔
•

the- vector field F = 4xi - 2/ j +. z2k taken

Verify the divergence theorem for ~•
er x2 + = 4, z = O,_ z =- 3.
ove r the region bounded by the cylind ,
l . . . .
[GGSJPU 2009; 201.0; 201,f)
. .
theorem
SoLUTION: This is a cas e of clo
sed surface we have, by div'erg~nce
➔
➔

. ff f
V • F dv •
- ➔

ff
F •n ds . Here F = 4xi - 2y j + z2k
.

V S
. . --

=Jf f v-F dv =f f f [! (4'x)+; (-2y )+ ! 2 2 - . .. ' '-

(z )] dx dy dz
The volumeintegral .
__ V
V
2 ✓4-x 2 • • • • •• •
3
• • ;
J4- x 2 3 2
2
J.._4ttt~ ...
-f f__ f(4-4y+2z)dxdydz= f. . f x=- 2 y=- .J4 -x2 •
[4z -4) '%+ ~
•
x=- 2 y= -J4 -x2 0
- 440
Advanced E
ngfnee,t
ng Metherr,
2 ./4-x2 2 ✓4-x2 &fie,
=f f(21-12y)dydt=2f J 21dydx-O
,:--:r- -2 0
-2 -✓ 4-x-

= 847t
. t of three surfaces, one being the base S1 (z == 0)
The surface. dsthco~e~ surface S3 of the cylinder x2 + Y' =4 between z=='osecond being th
S (z =3) and thtr e c -+ -+ and z ::= 3 c to
2
• t gral = J
Thus the surface m e
n ds = fp. s
ff
F•n ds 1 + JJF•n ds 2 + J ds
3
• p Jp. ;,
S S1 2 S3

On s1(z =0),
A_

n- -
k and ·-; =4xi-2/i :. F·n =O therefore JJp.;, ds 1
===o
•
S1
➔. ➔ A

A _ k and F =4xi-2/i + 9k :. F • n = 9
On S2 (z = 3), n -

therefore f f ➔F-nA ds2 =9f fds2 =9(1t22)=361t.

S S2
S the c~ed surface of the cylinder (x2 + = 4), the normal to I' ;.
0 n 3' .2 2 • 2 • + Y' === 4
• the direction of V (x- + Y ) = 2xi + YJ IS
m :. The unit vector·;, along the normal to the curved surface, is given by
y
n = 2xi + 2Yi = xi + Yi (as .x2 +y2 = 4)
. ✓4x2 ~4y2 2
•➔ . xi + Yi "' 2 3
hence F · n =(4xi-2/i + z2k) • 2 = a- -y ---- ----
--
:. f fF•n ds3 =II (2x 2
-y
3
) ds3 ,..
n
S3 S3
Writing x =2 cos 8, y =2 sin 8 then ds3 =2 d8 dz, _
y
2,r 3 .

and we get· JJf.n ds3 = J J[2(2cos0) 2 3

~(2sin0) ]2 dz d0_--_
S3 8=0 z=O • • ~- .

·21r - ...,----·- -

J
=48 (cos 0~~in 2 3
~) d0 =481t+_O.
0
Thus, the given surface integral = 0 + 361t + 481t = 841t, which agrees with the value of the
volume integral • • • Hence Proved.

r~~i:ttJil (a) Use divergence theorem to evaluate JJF.ds whe_re F. = x3i + y3j + tk and
S in the surface of the sphere .x2 + y2 + l-_ = c? [GGSIPU 2007, 2019]
~ (b) Use the divergence theorem to e~aluate JJ V•n ds where •- _
. s
V= (2x + z) i + yzj + z2k over the upper half of the sphere x2 + +t' = ff. Y'
. . • _- [GGSJPU 2011]
SOLUTION! (a) Here Sin the closed surface hence by divergence theorem .

I jtm = I[Iv.fr dv = Ipv.c,:3i + y3 j + h)t1xdytk = JJ Jc3x +3l +3z2)&dytk 2

 ee1:n:e aa

nce, Curl, Line Integral, Surface Integral, Green's Lemma, Stokes

.... 441
s: Gradient, Diverge
vector ca/cu/u '
sin ♦ and z = r cos 8,
rransforming it into spherical polar coordinates x = r sin 8 cos ♦, y = r sin 8
_ o(x,y,z) 2 .
a0d using dxdydz - o(r, e, «p) drd 0d ♦ = r sm 8 drd 8d ♦

fa 2 2 n 2n a
given Integral = 3
n
I
2J7t
r .r sin 0 drd¢,d8 = 3 f sin 0d 0 J d(p f , 4dr = I2trdIS. Ans.
8=0 11>=0 r=0 . 8=0 ♦=0 r=0

(b) Using Gauss divergence theorem • ff V•;, ds =·fff (V. V) dv.

S V

- a a a
V·V =-a (2x+ z)+-( yz)+ -(z2) =2+3z.
X O)' OZ

ff V•nds = fff (2 + 3z) dxdydz Converting to spherial polar coordinates

s V
• • 27t 1r/2 a
2 3
=fff (2 + 3r cos 0) r sin 0 drd0d«p = f f f (2r + 3r cos 0) sin 8 drd8d(p
2

V • lj)=0 8=0 r=0

... 2r3 3r 4 2a3 3a4 J ·

3+ 4 cos8Ja cos8 sm8 d8 [♦t
. . • . 21t

3 +4
2n 1r/2 ( 'frl2 (
=f f sm 8 d8dcj> = f
+=0 8=0 r=0 0=0

2a3 • • 3a4 . 2 ]1r/2 4 3 3na4

=21t -(-c os8) +-sm 0 =-na +-- Ans.
[ 3 8 - -. 3 -4
0

~-~~] (a) Verify Gauss diverge~ce theorein for the ye~tor •F =yi + xj + z3x
taken over
the cylindrical region x2 +y = 9; z = 0, z =6. [GGSIPU 2006]
.
(b) Given D= (x, -y, z) and S: x2: ~y2 ;= a2, z = 0, z= b; verify divergence theorem
-- [GGSJPU 2005]
SOLUTION: (a) Here ft =yi + xj + z3 k and -S is !he t~tal-su
rface of the circular cylinder which consists of
-xi + yj
2xi + 2yj •-=_-
"' hich •n" = --== "' hich •n" = -le and
(:. -) . 1arp1ate ,-at• •z=•0 -1orw
. wvedsurface1orw === -, 11, crrcu
(1)thec
- .J4x2 + 4y2 ~ 3 - - .
.- -
-
(iii) the circular plate at z =6 for which n=k. .
- .
3 3
+ f f (yi + ~· +6 k).kds
,.:' f JF.nt1r =ff (yi +xj + z3k). xi+ yj ds + f f (Yi_+ xj + 0 k).(-k)ds
. ('")
()i 3 (")
II • . Ill - .. _ .
S
• 3d8dz, we get
converting to cylindrical polar coordinates x =3 cos 8, y =3 sin 8, z =z, ds .• rd8dz
l 2 6 2n
-ff
3 (i)
2xydr = -J.
30 0
f 3cos8·3sin8~3d8dz
. •
· 6 2n . 2n
2
J
= -(27) dz f sin 8 cos 8 d8 = 108 f sin 8 cos 8d8 = 0
J O O 0
3 3 3
ff (J,; +.lj) •(-k) dr = 0 and ff (yi + xj + 6 k) •kds = 6 ( area ofcircle= 6 (91t).
(ii) (iii)
 Advanced E
442 ng1na8 ,.,
ng ~ath8,._
..,,a~

Next, I I IV.F dv = III(¾ Y + ¾x + :z z )dxdydz = fIJ 3z ~dydz

V V
3

V
2

2
• 3/9-x2 6 3~-x

!
= !3 -lx2 3z2 dzdydx = !3 -~L2 [z3fociy~
3
= 63 (area of the circle)= 6
Hence the Gau (91t).
. . ss theorem
- . . + k Here s is a closed surface consisting of (i) ls 'ettn...
(b) U = xz - YJ z • ... . 2 .1 2 surfac ··~
.. . 1 1 t . 2 + .2 =; at z =o and (111) circular plate x- + y = a- at t == b e of cylind
(11) circu arp a ex- Y . . • er
IfUds = f (xi- yj + zk). XI+ Yl ds +
a
I (")
(xi- yj - Ok).(-k) ds + (xi-YJ· II
+bk),.-'
' II
(i) " (iii) 'I\Cl&
s . 0
converting to cylindrical polar coordinates x = r cos 0, y = r sm ' z = z so that ds == r ~ dz
, , \1/e &et

ff (xi-yj +zk) ·(xi: yj)ds = Jf: (x2 - y2)ds

(i) '
• b 21t b 2n

•
= .!_
ao o
J J(a cos 8-a sin .8) (a d8dz) =aIodz Io (cos 28) d8 ""Jb (O)::::o
2 2 2 2 2

Also, JJ (xi-yj-Ok)·(-kds) =O and ff (xi-yj-bk)·(kds)=bJJds==lma2.

(ii) (iii)

JII V.0 = II J( i :x ~ j ~ + k :z}<xi - yj + zk)dxdydz

V .
=• JJJ(1 -1 + l )dxdydz = Volume ofthe cy~der = na2b Hence divergence theoremverified.
~
.
!!~!~] Find JJs FJi ds where F =(2x + 3z)i - (xz + Y)j + (v2 ~ 2z)k and S is the surface
ofth~ sphere having centre at (3, -1, 2) and radius 3. [GGSIPU 2007; 201 ~
SOLUTION: Here S is the surface of the. sphere (x- 3)2 + (y + 1)2 + (z- 2)2 = 9
. - ' ~

• Unit vector ;, along the normal to the above surface, is given by

. • ·. . . . ...

·;, = 2(x-3)i + 2(y + l)j + 2(z- 2)k = ![(x·- 3)i + (y + l)j + (z- )k].
2
. . ., · · ✓4(x-3)2-+4(y+1)2 +4(z-2)2 3 _ • •
Here F =(2x+3z)i-(xz+y)j+(v2+2z)k.
S~ce S is a cl?sed surface, w~ can use divergence theorem and get

ff F.nds = J J JV.F dv. =.ff I[aa (2x + 3z)-i_(xz

s dy V
+ y) +2-cy2 + 2z)]dxdydz
OZ V X

= JU (2 -1 + 2)dxdydz . 3 yolume ofthe sphere= 3 . : 1t.33 = 1081t Ans.

r;....~~~-<_ .. ,..$$1 , •. I ) . . . , . . _ · ~ ~ • - .. e
L ~ -1!-~;_j Let F = -yi + xj - xyzk be the vector field defined over the part of tbe con
2 2
z= .Jx +y for x2+y2=9. Verify Stoke's theorem.
 dl·~nt Divergence Curl, Line Integral . 1ntegral,
su,,ace .1 443
cs/ct1ltJS: Grs
l;1 ' ' ' Green's Lemma, Stokes ....

ved°' . BY Stoke's theorem 1-F •-dr = JJ (V x F) · nds

(1110~• C S

So~ UIS= JF ·dr = J(-yi + xj-xyzk) •(i dx + jdy + kdz) = J-ydx + xdy-xyz dz
C C C
.; +y2 == 9, z = 3 :. x = 3 cos e, y = 3 s~n e, z = 3
2
\\'bere C• _ n . . 2n
UIS - J-3sm 0 (-3 sm 0) d0+ 3cos 0 (3cos 0) d0-O = 9 Jd0= l81t.
... 0 . . r--- 0

for the R.H.S. the surface S is cl>(x,y; z) = z x + y =o. -.J 2 2

. . k x. y . k
~'t' ax a~ az ✓x2x+ y2 ,--;===1
m = i dq> + 1· dq> + k dq> = - y
✓x2 + y2
+ = - - 1 --1+
z z
x2 2
-+L+1 = ✓2
IV~= z
:. z2 z2
Unit vector along the ou~ard drawn normal C: x2 + y2 = 9, Z= 3
---t--.

" 1 1( . .
n = - - -x1-y1+zk).
✓2 ✓z
S: z= ✓x2+y2
i j k

Vx F
-= a a a =-xzi+yzj+2k
dx dy dz
-y X -xyz
'
.. 1 . •
... (V x F) •n = z../2 (-xi - yj + zk) •(-xzi + yzj + 2k) X

1 2 2 1 2 2 . • ,, •
= z✓2(x z-y z+2z)= ✓2(x -y_ +2) _

... RHS. = JI (VxF)·/1 ds = JI ~2 (x2-y2 +2)• ✓2 dxdy=JJ (x2 ~y2i-i)dx dy

s sv . ,. ~ .. . . . s
• • • (Converting to polar coordinates)
2n 3 . , , 21t 3 . • , ·. • • 21t 3 •
f
= J (r cos 8-r ~~ e+ 2) rd~ de=
2 2 2 2
JJr ,cos 28 dr de+ JI2 r dr de
3

00 .. 00 00

=[
l
2
. ]21t [ 4]3
sin 20
0
'
4
2 ;.
.. .
+ 2n [, =0 + 21t(9) = I81t. 1 Hence Verified
0

L;mi'~ Use Gauss divergence theorem

.
to evaluate JJ (F' • II) ds Where F • x2zi + yj ...:d-k
s .
and s is the bounding ofthe region bounded by the parabolid z = x2 +l and the plane
z=4y. • [GGSIPU 2015]

SoumoN: fJF •nth = JJJ ~ .F) dv = fff(2xz + I - 2~) dv = fJf dv V

S V V
4 .J4y-y2 • 4y

-f f f dz dxdy
_y=O x=-Q· z=x2+y2
(because the projection of S on the XY-plane is x2 +Y- =4y.)
444
Advanced Eng/
neertng M
~
atherneti
•
ca
✓4y-y2
= [
4
f 2 (4y -x2 -y2 )dx dy =2 !
4 [
x( 4y -y 2) -l ~
31 ~
x==- ✓4y-y
y-0
y-0

= 2j[( 4y- y2) '3/2 _.!_ (4y - y2)

Yl] dy = ~ j(4y- y2)3''2dy 0

3 30
0
'lt/2 U/2r;-;:-
= 4 ff4 -(y -2) 2]3 /2d y = ~ f cos4 tdt = ~- 1/215/~
4

3 28 • Ans.
3o 3 o

divergence theorem for fr = (x3 -yz )i + (/ - zx)j + (z3 _ /t

~ ! ( ~J Verify the
e bounded by the planes x = 0, y = 0, z = 0; x = l y - 1'z=xy)
=1,
•talcen over
the cub ' -
the volume V of the unit cube.
SOLUTION: Let S be the closed surface bounding
- - a
3
+- (y
3 a 3
-z x) +- (z -xy ) =3(x2+-l
a
_,
div F = V-F = -( x -y z) dz y-+z-)
Here dx dy

By divergence theorem fffdiv F dv = ffSfF·nds

V

x
i+ z2 )dx dy dz : 3J x2z+ y2z+l)d dy
I I1
I K
UI S= fffV•F·dv =ff f3(x2 +Y 00 3
S 00 0

= 3Jl( x2 + y2 +
00
!)
3
dt tzy • 3J[x2>' + i_ + 1:'.l d:c
0 3 3
3
=3'(fx +I-+
2 3- +2x
1 )-d x•[x - r •3 .
3 3 3 3
0
es of the unit cube
RHS = ff F·id s taken over all the six fac
s
face z=O, ff (x 3 - yz) i + (y
3
-zx )j +( :3 - .xy)k]·(-k) drtzy
For the
s
II
=f fxy dr dy =f x -
I [y2I dr ;;-1.
4
oo -= --o 2
1I
x) j + (1-.xy)k]·k dx dy = JJ(l-xy)dx
3 3- dy
For the facez= 1, ff[(x - y)i +( y 00

= ![y-fl =Ki-½f =[x-f1=¾ dx

SimilJrl)· for other fourfacu,

Rl-5 = J+ 1+ 1=3. React pnwe.
:..