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Unit-II Arrays-functions and Graphics

This document covers the creation and manipulation of arrays in PHP, detailing types such as indexed, associative, and multidimensional arrays. It explains various functions for extracting data from arrays, including implode and explode, and provides examples of string operations and basic graphics concepts. Additionally, it outlines the syntax for defining arrays and accessing their elements through different methods.

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catstudysss
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© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
8 views

Unit-II Arrays-functions and Graphics

This document covers the creation and manipulation of arrays in PHP, detailing types such as indexed, associative, and multidimensional arrays. It explains various functions for extracting data from arrays, including implode and explode, and provides examples of string operations and basic graphics concepts. Additionally, it outlines the syntax for defining arrays and accessing their elements through different methods.

Uploaded by

catstudysss
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Arrays, Functions and Graphics

2
UNIT II

Syllabus

2.1 Creating and Manipulating Array, Types of Arrays- Indexed, Associative and Multi-dimensional arrays

2.2 Extracting data from arrays, implode, explode, and array flip.

2.3 Traversing Arrays

2.4 Function and its types - User defined function, Variable function and Anonymous function.

2.5 Operations on String and String functions: str_word_count() strlen(),strrev() strops() str_replace(),
ucwords(),strtoupper(), strtolower(),strcmp().

2.6 Basic Graphics Concepts, Creating Images, Images with text, Scaling Images, Creation of PDF document.

2.1 Creating and Manipulating Array

Q. Describe the concept of Array in PHP. (4 Marks)

Q. Define Array. How can we declare one dimensional and two dimensional array in PHP ? (4 Marks)

Q. Explain different methods of creating arrays in PHP. (4 Marks)

 Arrays in PHP is a type of data structure that allows to store multiple elements of similar data type under a single
variable thereby saving us the effort of creating a different variable for every data.

 An array in PHP is actually an ordered map. A map is a type that associates values to keys.

 The arrays are helpful to create a list of elements of similar types, which can be accessed using their index or key.

 Suppose we want to store five names and print them accordingly. This can be easily done by the use of five different
string variables. But if instead of five, the number rises to hundred, then it would be really difficult for the user or
developer to create so much different variables. Here array comes into play and helps us to store every element
within a single variable and also allows easy access using an index or a key.

 An array is created using an array() function in PHP.

Types of Array :

There are basically three types of arrays in PHP :


1. Indexed or Numeric Arrays
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-2 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

2. Associative Arrays
3. Multidimensional Arrays

2.1.1 Indexed or Numeric Arrays

Q. Write a program to create Index based Arrays in PHP. (2 Marks)

 An array with a numeric index where values are stored linearly.


 Numeric arrays use number as access keys.

 An access key is a reference to a memory slot in an array variable.

 The access key is used whenever we want to read or assign a new value an array element.
Syntax for creating indexed/numeric array in php

<?php
$variable_name[n] = value;
?>
OR

<?php
$variable_name = array(n => value, …);
?>
Where,

“$variable_name…” is the name of the variable

“[n]” is the access index number of the element

“value” is the value assigned to the array element.

Example 1:

<html>
<head>
<title>
array
</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1> Creating an array </h1>
<?php
$course[0]="Computer Engg.";
$course[1]="Information Tech.";
$course[2]="Electronics and Telecomm.";
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-3 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

// Accessing the elements directly

echo $course[2], "<BR>";


echo $course[0], "<BR>";
echo $course[1], "<BR>";

?>
</body>
</html>
Output :

Creating an array
Electronics and Telecomm.
Computer Engg.
Information Tech.
Example 2 :

<html>
<head>
<title>
array
</title>
</head>
<body>

<h1> Creating an array </h1>

<?php
$course = array(0 => "Computer Engg.",1 => "Information Tech.", 2 => "Electronics and Telecomm.");
echo $course [1];
?>
</body>
</html>
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-4 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Output :

Creating an array
Information Tech.

2.1.2 Associative Arrays

Q. Write a program to create Associative Arrays in PHP. (2 Marks)

Q. How can we declare associative arrays? (2 Marks)

 This type of arrays is similar to the indexed arrays but instead of linear storage, every value can be assigned with a
user-defined key of string type.
 An array with a string index where instead of linear storage, each value can be assigned a specific key.

 Associative array differ from numeric array in the sense that associative arrays use descriptive names for id keys.

Syntax for creating associative array in php

<?php
$variable_name['key_name'] = value;

$variable_name = array('keyname' => value);


?>
Where,

“$variable_name…” is the name of the variable

“['key_name']” is the access index number of the element


“value” is the value assigned to the array element.

Example 1 :

<?php
$capital = array("Mumbai" => "Maharashtra","Goa" => "Panaji", "Bihar" => "Patna");
print_r($capital);
echo"<br>";
echo "Mumbai is a capital of " .$capital ["Mumbai"];
?>
Output :

Array ( [Mumbai] => Maharashtra [Goa] => Panaji [Bihar] => Patna )
Mumbai is a capital of Maharashtra
Note: print_r( ) is used for displaying the contents of an array.

By default, array starts with index 0. What if you wanted to start with index 1 instead? You could use the
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-5 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

PHP =>operator like this:


$course = array ( 1 => "Computer Engg.",

2 => "Information Tech.",

3 => "Electronics and Telecomm.");


The => operator create key/value pairs in arrays-the item on the left of the operator => is the key and the item on
the right is the value.

Example 2 :

<html>
<head>
<title>
array
</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1> Creating an array </h1>
<?php
$course = array(1 => "Computer Engg.",
5 => "Information Tech.",
3 => "Electronics and Telecomm.");
echo $course [5];
?>
</body>
</html>
Output :

Creating an array
Information Tech.
Example 3 :

<html>
<head>
<title>
array
</title>
</head>
<body>
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-6 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

<h1> Creating an array </h1>

<?php
$course = array("CO"=>549,
"IF"=>450,
"EJ"=>100);
echo "course['CO']=", $course["CO"],"<br>";
echo "course['IF']=", $course["IF"],"<br>";
echo "course['EJ']=", $course["EJ"],"<br>";
?>
</body>
</html>
Output :

Creating an array
course['CO']=549
course['IF']=450
course['EJ']=100

2.1.3 Multidimensional Arrays

Q. Write a note on multidimensional array with example. (4 Marks)

 These are arrays that contain other nested arrays.


 An array which contains single or multiple arrays within it and can be accessed via multiple indices.

 We can create one dimensional and two dimensional array using multidimensional arrays.

 The advantage of multidimensional arrays is that they allow us to group related data together.

Syntax for creating multidimensional array in php

array (
array (elements...),
array (elements...),
...
)
Example :

<?php
// Defining a multidimensional array
$person = array(
array(
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-7 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

"name" => "Yogita K",


"mob" => "5689741523",
"email" => "[email protected]",
),
array(
"name" => "Manisha P.",
"mob" => "2584369721",
"email" => "[email protected]",
),
array(
"name" => "Vijay Patil",
"mob" => "9875147536",
"email" => "[email protected]",
)
);

// Accessing elements
echo "manisha P's email-id is: " . $person[1]["email"], "<br>";
echo "Vijay Patil's mobile no: " . $person[2]["mob"];

?>
Output :

manisha P's email-id is: [email protected]


Vijay Patil's mobile no: 9875147536
Accessing multidimensional array elements: There are mainly two ways to access multidimensional array elements in PHP.

 Elements can be accessed using dimensions as array name[‘first dimension’][‘second dimension’].

 Elements can be accessed using for loop.


 Elements can be accessed using for each loop.

Example :

<?php
$mobile = array
(
array("LG",20,18),
array("sony",30,13),
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-8 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

array("Redme",10,2),
array("Samsung",40,15)
);
echo $mobile[0][0].": In stock: ".$mobile[0][1].", sold: ".$mobile[0][2].".<br>";
echo $mobile[1][0].": In stock: ".$mobile[1][1].", sold: ".$mobile[1][2].".<br>";
echo $mobile[2][0].": In stock: ".$mobile[2][1].", sold: ".$mobile[2][2].".<br>";
echo $mobile[3][0].": In stock: ".$mobile[3][1].", sold: ".$mobile[3][2].".<br>";
?>
Output :

LG: In stock: 20, sold: 18.


sony: In stock: 30, sold: 13.
Redme: In stock: 10, sold: 2.
Samsung: In stock: 40, sold: 15.
 Another way to extracting elements from multidimensional array.

 We can also use a for loop inside another for loop to get the elements of the $mobile array.

<?php
$mobile = array
(
array("LG",20,18),
array("sony",30,13),
array("Redme",10,2),
array("Samsung",40,15)
);

for ($row = 0; $row < 4; $row++)


{
echo "<p><b>Row number $row</b></p>";
echo "<ul>";

for ($col = 0; $col < 3; $col++)


{
echo "<li>".$mobile[$row][$col]."</li>";
}
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-9 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

echo "</ul>";
}
?>
Output :

Row number 0
- LG
- 20
- 18
Row number 1
- sony
- 30
- 13
Row number 2
- Redme
- 10
- 2
Row number 3
- Samsung
- 40
- 15

2.2 Extracting Data from Arrays

Q. How to extract data from arrays ? (4 Marks)

You can use the extract() function to extract data from arrays and store it in variables.

Example :

<html>
<head>
<title>
array
</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3> Extracting variables from array </h3>
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-10 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

<?php
$course["CO"]="Computer Engg.";
$course["IF"]="Information Tech.";
$course["EJ"]="Electronics and Telecomm.";
extract($course);
echo "CO=$CO<BR>";
echo "IF=$IF<BR>";
echo "EJ=$EJ<BR>";
?>
</body>
</html>
Output :

Extracting variables from array


CO=Computer Engg.
IF=Information Tech.
EJ=Electronics and Telecomm.
In fact, List()function is also used to extract variables from an array.

<html>
<head>
<title>
array
</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3> Extracting variables from array </h3>
<?php
$course[0]="Computer Engg.";
$course[1]="Information Tech.";
$course[2]="Electronics and Telecomm.";

list($one,$two)=$course;
echo $one,"<BR>";
echo $two;
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-11 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

?>
</body>
</html>
Output :

Extracting variables from array


Computer Engg.
Information Tech.

2.2.1 Compact() Function

This function is opposite of extract() function. It returns an array with all the variables added to it. Each parameter
can be either a string containing the name of the variable, or an array of variable names. The compact() functions create
associative array whose key value are the variable name and whose values are the variable values.

Example :

<?php
$var1="PHP";
$var2="JAVA";
$var3=compact("var1", "var2");
print_r($var3);
?>
Output :

Array ( [var1] => PHP [var2] => JAVA )

2.2.2 Implode and Explode

Q. Describe implode and explode (4 Marks)

 Imploding and Exploding are couple of important functions of PHP that can be applied on strings or arrays.

 The implode( ) function implodes an array into a string, and the explode function explodes a string into an array.
That’s useful if you have stored your data in strings in files and want to convert those strings into array elements
when your web application forms.

2.2.2(A) Implode()

 The implode() is a built-in function in PHP and is used to join the elements of an array.
 The implode() function returns a string from the elements of an array.

 If we have an array of elements, we can use the implode() function to join them all to form one string. We basically
join array elements with a string. Just like join() function , implode() function also returns a string formed from the
elements of an array.
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-12 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Syntax :

string implode(separator, array);


 The implode() function accepts two parameter out of which one is optional and one is mandatory.
 Separator : This is an optional parameter and is of string type. The values of the array will be join to form a string and
will be separated by the separator parameter provided here. This is optional, if not provided the default is “” (i.e. an
empty string).
 Array : The array whose value is to be joined to form a string.

Example 1 : In which an array is “imploded” into a text string and displayed.

<html>
<head>
<title>
array
</title>
</head>
<body>
<h3> Extracting variables from array </h3>
<?php
$course[0]="Computer Engg.";
$course[1]="Information Tech.";
$course[2]="Electronics and Telecomm.";
$text=implode(",",$course);
echo $text;
?>
</body>
</html>
Output :

Extracting variables from array


Computer Engg., Information Tech., Electronics and Telecomm.
Example 2 :

<?php
// PHP Code to implement join function
$InputArray = array('CO','IF','EJ');

// Join without separator


Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-13 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

print_r(implode($InputArray));
print_r("<BR>");

// Join with separator


print_r(implode("-",$InputArray));
?>
Output :

COIFEJ
CO-IF-EJ

2.2.2(B) Explode()

 The explode() function breaks a string into an array.

 The explode() is a built in function in PHP used to split a string in different strings.

 The explode() function splits a string based on a string delimeter, i.e. it splits the string wherever the delimeter
character occurs. This function returns an array containing the strings formed by splitting the original string.

Syntax :

array explode(separator, OriginalString, NoOfElements);


The explode( )function accepts three parameters of which two are compulsory and one is optional. All the three
parameters are described as follows :

1. separator : This character specifies the critical points or points at which the string will split, i.e. whenever this
character is found in the string it symbolizes end of one element of the array and start of another.

2. OriginalString : The input string which is to be split in array.

3. NoOfElements : This is optional. It is used to specify the number of elements of the array. This parameter can be any
integer ( positive , negative or zero)

(i) Positive (N) : When this parameter is passed with a positive value it means that the array will contain this
number of elements. If the number of elements after separating with respect to the separator emerges to be
greater than this value the first N-1 elements remain the same and the last element is the whole remaining
string.
(ii) Negative (N) : If negative value is passed as parameter then the last N element of the array will be trimmed
out and the remaining part of the array shall be returned as a single array.

(iii) Zero : If this parameter is Zero then the array returned will have only one element i.e. the whole string.
When this parameter is not provided the array returned contains the total number of element formed after
separating the string with the separator.

Example :

<html>
<body>
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-14 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

<?php
$str = "PHP: Welcome to the world of PHP";
print_r (explode(" ",$str));
?>
</body>
</html>
Output :

Array ( [0] => PHP: [1] => Welcome [2] => to [3] => the [4] => world [5] => of [6] => PHP )

2.2.2(C) Array_flip()

 The array_flip() function flips/exchanges all keys with their associated values in an array.

 This built-in function of PHP array_flip() is used to exchange elements within an array, i.e., exchange all keys with
their associated values in an array and vice-versa.

Syntax :

array_flip(array);
Example :

<html>
<body>
<?php
$a1=array("CO"=>"Computer Engg","IF"=>"Information Tech","EJ"=>"Electronics and Telecomm");
$result=array_flip($a1);
print_r($result);
?>
</body>
</html>
Output :

Array ( [Computer Engg] => CO [Information Tech] => IF [Electronics and Telecomm] => EJ )

2.3 Traversing Arrays

The most common task with arrays is to do something with every element; for instance, sending mail to each
element of an array of addresses, updating each file in an array of filenames, or adding up each element of an array of
prices.

We can traverse an indexed array using loops in PHP. We can loop through the indexed array in two ways. First by
using for loop and secondly by using for each.
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-15 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

For example,

<?php

// Creating an indexed array


$course = array("CO", "IF", "EJ", "ME", "CE");

// One way of Looping through an array using foreach


echo "Looping using foreach: <br>";
foreach ($course as $val){
echo $val. "<br>";
}

// count() function is used to count the number of elements in an array


$total = count($course);
echo "<br>The number of elements are $total <br>";

// Another way to loop through the array using for


echo "Looping using for: <br>";
for($n = 0; $n < $total; $n++)
{
echo $course[$n], "<br>";
}
?>
Output :

Looping using foreach :


CO
IF
EJ
ME
CE
The number of elements are 5
Looping using for :
CO
IF
EJ
ME
CE
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-16 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

2.3.1 Modifying data in Arrays

You can modify the values inside an array.

Example :

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
Modifying an array
</TITLE>
</HEAD>

<BODY>
<H1>
Modifying an array
</H1>

<?php
$course[0] = "Computer Engg";
$course[1] = "Information Tech";
$course[2] = "Electronics and Telecomm";
echo "<h2> Before modification</h2>";
echo $course[0], "<BR>";
echo $course[1], "<BR>";
echo $course[2], "<BR>";

echo "<br><h2>After modification</h2>";

$course[2] = "Mechanical Engg";


$course[] = "Civil Engg";
for ($i= 0; $i< count($course); $i++)
{
echo $course[$i], "<BR>";
}
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-17 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

?>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Output :

Modifying an array

Before modification
Computer Engg
Information Tech
Electronics and Telecomm

After modification
Computer Engg
Information Tech
Mechanical Engg
Civil Engg

2.3.2 Deleting Array Elements

Q. What is function name in PHP, use to delete an element from array? Give example. (4 Marks)

The unset() function is used to remove element from the array. The unset() function is used to destroy any other
variable and same way use to delete any element of an array.

The unset () function accepts a variable name as parameter and destroy or unset that variable.

Syntax :

void unset ($var,...);


Example 1 :

<?php

$course = array("CO", "IF", "EJ", "ME", "CE");


echo "<h2> Before deletion:</h2><br>";
echo "$course[0] <br>";
echo "$course[1] <br>";
echo "$course[2] <br>";
echo "$course[3] <br>";
echo "$course[4] <br>";
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-18 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

// unset command accepts 3rd index and thus removes the array element at
// that position
unset($course[3]);
echo "<h2> Before deletion:</h2><br>";
print_r($course);
echo "<h2> Delete entire array elements:</h2><br>";
unset($course); //delete all elements from an array
?>
Output :

Before deletion:
CO
IF
EJ
ME
CE
Before deletion:

Array ( [0] => CO [1] => IF [2] => EJ [4] => CE )


Delete entire array elements:

Another way to delete an element from array like this, just setting an array element t to an empty string.

Example 2 :

<HTML>
<HEAD>
<TITLE>
Modifying an array
</TITLE>
</HEAD>

<BODY>
<H1>
Deletion of array element
</H1>

<?php
$course[0] = "Computer Engg";
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-19 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

$course[1] = "Information Tech";


$course[2] = "Electronics and Telecomm";
echo "<h2> Before Deletion</h2>";
echo $course[0], "<BR>";
echo $course[1], "<BR>";
echo $course[2], "<BR>";

echo "<br><h2>After Deletion</h2>";

$course[2] = " ";//assign empty string to course[2]

for ($i= 0; $i< count($course); $i++)


{
echo $course[$i], "<BR>";
}
?>
</BODY>
</HTML>
Output :

Deletion of array element


Before Deletion
Computer Engg
Information Tech
Electronics and Telecomm
After Deletion
Computer Engg
Information Tech

2.3.3 The array_values()

Function returns all the values from the array and indexes the array numerically.

Syntax :

array array_values ( array $array )

2.3.4 Sorting Arrays

Sorting refers to ordering data in an alphabetical, numerical order and increasing or decreasing fashion according to
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-20 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

some linear relationship among the data items depends on the value or key. Sorting greatly improves the efficiency of
searching.

Following are the Sorting Functions for Arrays in PHP :

1. sort(): sorts arrays in ascending order


2. rsort(): sorts arrays in descending order

3. asort(): sorts associative arrays in ascending order, according to the value

4. ksort(): sorts associative arrays in ascending order, according to the key


5. arsort(): sorts associative arrays in descending order, according to the value

6. krsort(): sorts associative arrays in descending order, according to the key

Example :

<?php

$num = array(40, 61, 2, 22, 13);


echo "Before Sorting:<br>";
$arrlen= count($num);

for($x = 0; $x < $arrlen; $x++)


{
echo $num[$x];
echo "<br>";
}

sort($num);
echo "After Sorting in Ascending order:<br>";
$arrlen= count($num);

for($x = 0; $x < $arrlen; $x++)


{
echo $num[$x];

echo "<br>";
}
echo "After Sorting in Descending order:<br>";

rsort($num);
$arrlen= count($num);
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-21 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

for($x = 0; $x < $arrlen; $x++)

echo $num[$x];
echo "<br>";
}

?>

Output :

Before Sorting:
40
61
2
22
13
After Sorting in Ascending order:
2
13
22
40
61
After Sorting in Descending order:
61
40
22
13
2
The following function sorts an associative array in ascending order, according to the value by using asort() and key
by using ksort() :

For example,

<?php
$percent = array("Manisha"=>"80", "Yogita"=>"78", "Siddhesh"=>"68");
echo "<b>Sorting according to Value:</b><br>";
asort($percent);

foreach($percent as $x => $x_value)


{
echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" . $x_value;
echo "<br>";
}
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-22 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

echo "<br><br><b>Sorting according to Key:</b><br>";


ksort($percent);
foreach($percent as $x => $x_value)
{
echo "Key=" . $x . ", Value=" . $x_value;
echo "<br>";
}
?>
Output :

Sorting according to Value :


Key=Siddhesh, Value=68
Key=Yogita, Value=78
Key=Manisha, Value=80
Sorting according to Key :
Key=Manisha, Value=80
Key=Siddhesh, Value=68
Key=Yogita, Value=78

2.3.5 Splitting and Merging Arrays

You can also cut up and merge arrays when needed. For example, say you have 5 courses in array of course and
want to get a subarray consisting of the last two items. You can do this with the array_slice() function, passing it the
array you want to get a section of, the offset at which to start and the length of the array you want to create.

Syntax :

array_slice(array, start, length, preserve) ;


Where,
 Array : Specifies an array and this is required parameter.
 Start : This is required parameter and contain numeric value. Specifies where the function will start the slice. 0 = the
first element. If this value is set to a negative number, the function will start slicing that far from the last element.
-2 means start at the second last element of the array.
 Length : This is optional parameter and contain numeric value. Specifies the length of the returned array. If this value
is set to a negative number, the function will stop slicing that far from the last element. If this value is not set, the
function will return all elements, starting from the position set by the start-parameter.
 Preserve: This is optional parameter. Specifies if the function should preserve or reset the keys. Possible values :

o true - Preserve keys


o false - Default Reset keys
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-23 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Example 1 :

<?php
$course[0] = "Computer Engg";
$course[1] = "Information Tech";
$course[2] = "Electronics and Telecomm";
echo "<h2> Before Splitting array:</h2>";
echo $course[0], "<BR>";
echo $course[1], "<BR>";
echo $course[2], "<BR>";

echo "<br><h2>After Splitting:</h2>";

$subarray = array_slice($course, 1, 2);


foreach ($subarray as $value)
{
echo "Course: $value<br>";
}

?>
Output :

Before Splitting array:


Computer Engg
Information Tech
Electronics and Telecomm
After Splitting:
Course: Information Tech
Course: Electronics and Telecomm
You can also merge two or more arrays with array_merge():

Example 2 :

<?php
$sem3 = array("Object Oriented Programming", "Principle of Database", "Data Structure");
$sem4 = array("Database Management", "Java Programming", "Software Engg.", "Computer Network");

$subject = array_merge($sem3, $sem4);


Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-24 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

foreach ($subject as $value)


{
echo "Subject: $value<br>";
}
?>
Output :

Subject: Object Oriented Programming


Subject: Principle of Database
Subject: Data Structure
Subject: Database Management
Subject: Java Programming
Subject: Software Engg.
Subject: Computer Network

2.3.6 PHP Array Functions

The array functions allow you to access and manipulate arrays.

Function Description Syntax Example

Array_diff() Compare the array_diff(array1, array2, $a1=array('PHP','C','Java','Perl');


values of two array3, ...)
$a2=array('PHP','ASP','Java','Python');
arrays, and
return the array_diff($a1,$a2);
differences. output :

Array ( [1] => C [3] => Perl )

Array_intersect() Compare the array_intersect(array1, $a1=array('PHP','C','Java','Perl');


values of two array2, array3, ...)
$a2=array('PHP','ASP','Java','Python');
arrays, and
return the array_intersect($a1,$a2);
matches output :

Array ( [0] => PHP [2] => Java )

Array_chunk() Split an array array_chunk(array, size, $a1=array('PHP','C','Java','Perl');


into chunks of preserve_key)
$ac=array_chunk($a1,2,true);
two and
preserve the Output :
original keys Array ( [0] => Array ( [0] => PHP [1] => C ) [1]
=> Array ( [2] => Java [3] => Perl ) )

Array_combine() Create an array array_combine(keys, values) $a1=array("PHP","Java","Perl");


Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-25 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Function Description Syntax Example


by using the $a2=array("10","20","30");
elements from
$ac=array_combine($a1,$a2);
one "keys"
array and one Output :
"values" array
Array ( [PHP] => 10 [Java] => 20 [Perl] => 30 )

Array_unique() Remove array_unique(array, $a1=array("10","20","30","20");


duplicate sorttype)
$ac=array_unique($a1);
values from an
array Output :

Array ( [0] => 10 [1] => 20 [2] => 30 )

Array_count_values () Count all the array_count_values(array) $a1=array("10","20","30","20");


values of an
print_r(array_count_values($a1));
array
Output :

Array ( [10] => 1 [20] => 2 [30] => 1 )

Array_merge() Merge two array_merge(array1, $a1=array("10","20");


arrays into one array2, array3, ...)
$a2=array("30","40");
array
print_r(array_merge($a1,$a2));

Output :

Array ( [0] => 10 [1] => 20 [2] => 30 [3] => 40 )

Array_pop() Delete the last array_pop(array) $a1=array("10","20","30");


element of an
array_pop($a1);
array
Output :

Array ( [0] => 10 [1] => 20 )

Array_product() Calculate and array_product(array) $a1=array(10,20);


return the
echo(array_product($a1));
product of an
array Output : 200

Array_push() Inserts one or array_push(array, value1, $a1=array(10,20);


more elements value2, ...)
array_push($a1,"PHP","Perl");
to the end of an
array. Output :

Array ( [0] => 10 [1] => 20 [2] => PHP [3] =>
Perl )

Array_reverse() Return an array array_reverse(array, $a1=array("a"=>"PHP",


in the reverse preserve) "b"=>"Java","c"=>"Perl");
order
print_r(array_reverse($a1));
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-26 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Function Description Syntax Example

Output :

Array ( [c] => Perl [b] => Java [a] => PHP )

Array_search() Searchs an array_search(value, array, $a1=array("a"=>"PHP",


array for a strict) "b"=>"Java","c"=>"Perl");
value and
echo(array_search("Java",$a1));
returns the key
output : b

Array_sum() Return the sum array_sum(array) $a1=array(10,20,30);


of all the values
echo(array_sum($a1));
in the array
output : 60

Count() Returns the count(array) $a1=array(10,20,30);


number of
echo(count($a1));
elements in an
array output : 3

2.4 Functions and Its Types

Q. Define function. How to define user defined function? Explain with example (4 Marks)

 PHP functions are similar to other programming languages. A function is a piece of code which takes one more input
in the form of parameter and does some processing and returns a value.
 They are built-in functions but PHP gives you option to create your own functions as well. A function will be executed
by a call to the function. You may call a function from anywhere within a page.

 There are two parts which should be clear to you


o Creating a PHP Function
o Calling a PHP Function
 It’s very easy to create your own PHP function. Suppose you want to create a PHP function which will simply write a
simple message on your browser when you will call it. Following example creates a function called writeMessage()
and then calls it just after creating it.

 A user-defined function declaration starts with the word function :

Syntax :

function functionName()
{
code to be executed;
}
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-27 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Example :

<html>
<head>
<title>Writing PHP Function</title>
</head>
<body>

<?php
/* Defining a PHP Function */
function writeMessage(){
echo "Welcome to PHP world!";
}

/* Calling a PHP Function */


writeMessage();
?>
</body>
</html>
Output :

Welcome to PHP world!


PHP Functions with Parameters :

PHP gives you option to pass your parameters inside a function. You can pass as many as parameters you like. These
parameters work like variables inside your function. Following example takes two integer parameters and add them
together and then print them.

Example :

<?php
function addfunc($num1, $num2)
{
$sum = $num1 + $num2;
echo "Sum of the two numbers is : $sum";
}
addfunc(50, 20);
?>
This will display following result :
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-28 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Sum of the two numbers is : 70


PHP Functions returning value :

 A function can return a value using the return statement in conjunction with a value or object. return stops the
execution of the function and sends the value back to the calling code.

 You can return more than one value from a function using return array (1, 2, 3, 4).
 Following example takes two integer parameters and add them together and then returns their sum to the calling
program. Note that return keyword is used to return a value from a function.

For example,

<?php
function add($num1, $num2)
{
$sum = $num1 + $num2;
return $sum;
}
$return_value = add(50, 20);
echo "Returned value from the function : $return_value";
?>
This will display following result :

Returned value from the function : 70

2.4.1 Variable Function

 PHP supports the concept of variable functions. This means that if a variable name has parentheses appended to it,
PHP will look for a function with the same name as whatever the variable evaluates to, and will attempt to execute it.
Among other things, this can be used to implement callbacks, function tables and so forth.

 Variable functions won't work with language constructs such as echo, print, unset(), isset(), empty(), include, require
and the like. Utilize wrapper functions to make use of any of these constructs as variable functions.

Example 1 :

<?php
function simple()
{
echo "In simple()<br />\n";
}
function data($arg = '')
{
echo "In data(); argument was '$arg'.<br />\n";
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-29 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

}
$func = 'simple';
$func(); // This calls simple()
$func = 'data';
$func('test'); // This calls data()
?>
Output :

In simple()
In data(); argument was 'test'.
Example 2 :

<?php
// Declare a variable and initialize with function
$function = function()
{
echo 'InformationTechnology';
};
// Check is_callable function contains
// function or not
if( is_callable( $function ) )
{
echo "It is function";
}
else
{
echo "It is not function";
}
// Declare a variable and initialize it
$var = "IF";
echo "<br>";
// Check is_callable function contains function or not
if( is_callable( $var ) )
{
echo "It is function";
}
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-30 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

else
{
echo "It is not function";
}
?>
Output :

It is function
It is not function
Above example uses is_callable() function to verify whether the parameter is a function or not.

2.4.2 Anonymous or Lambda Function

There are times when you need to create a small localized throw-away function consisting of a few lines for a
specific purpose, such as a callback. It is unwise to pollute the global namespace with these kind of single use functions. For
such an event you can create anonymous or lambda functions using create_function (). Anonymous functions allow the
creation of functions which have no specified name. An example is as follows :

Example 1 :

<?php
$str = "hello world!";
$lambda = create_function('$match', 'return "friend!";');
$str = preg_replace_callback('/world/', $lambda, $str);
echo $str ;
?>
Output :

hello friend!!
 Here we have created a small nameless (Anonymous) function which is used as a callback in the
preg_replace_callback( ) function. preg_replace_callback( ) — Perform a regular expression search and replace using
a callback.
 Although create_function lets you create anonymous functions. We create an unnamed function and assign it to a
variable, including whatever parameters the functions accept and then simply use the variable like an actual function.

Example 2 :

<?php
$greet = function($name)
{
printf("Hello %s\r\n", $name);
};
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$greet('World');
echo"<br>";
$greet('PHP');
?>
Output :

Hello World
Hello PHP
Note the ending semicolon at the end of the defined function. This is because the function definition is actually a
statement, and statements always end with a semicolon.

Example 3 :

<?php
$str = "Hello World!!";
$func = function($match)
{
return "PHP!!!";
};
$str = preg_replace_callback('/World/', $func, $str);
echo $str ;
?>
Output :

Hello PHP!!!!!

2.5 Operations on String and String Functions

2.5.1 Operations on Strings

 PHP is a string oriented and it comes packed with many string functions.

 A string is a collection of characters. String is one of the data types supported by PHP.

 The string variables can contain alphanumeric characters.


Creating a string : There are 2 ways to create a string in php.

(i) Creating Strings Using Single quotes: The simplest way to create a string is to use single quotes. Let’s look at an
example that creates a simple string in PHP.

<?php
var_dump(‘PHP is string-oriented’);
?>
Output:
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-32 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

string(22) "PHP is string-oriented"

(ii) PHP Create Strings Using Double quotes

 The double quotes are used to create relatively complex strings compared to single quotes.

 Variable names can be used inside double quotes and their values will be displayed.

Example :

<?php
$name='PHP';
echo "$name is string-oriented";
?>
Output :

PHP is string-oriented
(A) Converting to and from Strings

 Because data is sent to you in string format, and because you will have to display your data in string format in the
user’s browser, converting between strings and numbers is one of the most important interface tasks in PHP.

 To convert to a string, you can use cast(string) or the strval(), which returns the string value of the item you pass to it.

 Strings in PHP can be converted to numbers (float / int / double) very easily. In most use cases, it won’t be required
since PHP does implicit type conversion. There are many methods to convert string into number in PHP some of them
are as follows :

(i) Using number_format() Function :

 The number_format () function is used to convert string into a number.


 It returns the formatted number on success otherwise it gives E_WARNING on failure.

Example :

<?php
$num = "20100.3145";
// Convert string in number using number_format()
echo number_format($num), "<br>";
// Convert string in number using number_format()
echo number_format($num, 3);
?>
Output :

20,100
20,100.315
(ii) Using type casting :
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-33 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Typecasting can directly convert a string into float, double or integer primitive type. This is the best way to convert a
string into number without any function.

Example :

<?php

// Number in string format


$num = "20100.3145";

// Type cast using int


echo (int)$num, "<br>";

// Type cast using float


echo (float)$num, "<br>";

// Type cast using double


echo (double)$num;
?>
Output :

20100
20100.3145
20100.3145
(iii) Using intval() and floatval() Function :

The intval() and floatval() functions can also be used to convert the string into its corresponding integer and float
values respectively.

Example 1 :

<?php
// Number in string format
$num = "1300.314";
// intval() function to convert string into integer
echo intval($num), "<br>";
// floatval() function to convert string to float
echo floatval($num);
?>

Output :
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-34 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

1300
1300.314

(B) Formatting Text Strings :

 Because all the data sent to your PHP scripts and the data you send back to the browser is in text form, formatting
that data is one of the most important things you’ll be doing in PHP.
 For example, what if you want to make sure that price you’re displaying has exactly two places after the decimal
point? It turns out that there are two PHP functions that specifically handle formatting of text strings, and here they
are- printf( ) and sprintf( ).
 printf( ) function prints a string (much like echo), and sprintf( ) also “prints” its data, but in this case, the output is a
string-that is, it returns a string.

Syntax :

printf (format [ , args] );


sprintf (format [ , args] );

The following is a brief discussion of the Formats and Datatypes that can be specified in PHP. Each one of them is
implemented with a preceding percentile symbol or ‘%’.

Formatting Values

 Sign specifier can be used to forcibly display the sign (- or +) to be used on a number. By default, only the – sign is
displayed on negative numbers. Using this specifier positive numbers are shown with a preceding +. This can be
achieved using a + symbol and can be implemented only upon numeric values.

Example :

%+d // Specify the integer along with it's sign (+ or -).

 Padding specifier can be used to specify what character will be used for padding the results to any defined string size.
By default, spaces are used as padding. An alternate padding character can be specified by prefixing it with a single
quote or ‘.

Example :

%'0d // Pad with 0s to achieve the right length.


 Alignment specifier can be used to specify the alignment of the result i.e. whether left-justified or right-justified. By
default it is right-justified. Using a – character makes it left-justified.

Example :

%-s // Specifies the alignment as left-justified.


 Width specifier can be used to specify the minimum number of characters to be present in the result itself. It can be
specified using any number denoting the minimum width. It is seen in use with padding specifier the most.

Example :

%'05d // Specifies there should be at least 5 digits, if less, then 0s are filled to get the desired result.
 Precision Specifier can be used to specify the precision while working with real numbers. A period or ‘.’ followed by
an optional decimal digit string that refers to the decimal digits to be displayed after the decimal.
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-35 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

When using this specifier on a string, it specifies the maximum character limit on the string.
Example,
%.5f // Defines Real Number Precision.
%.2s // Maximum Character to be allowed in a string.
 Type Specifier that says what type the argument data should be treated as.

Here are the possible Type specifiers :


o % : To display %. No directive is required.
o b : The directive refers to an integer and displayed as a binary number.
o c : The directive refers to an integer and displayed as the corresponding ASCII character.
o d : The directive refers to an integer and displayed as a decimal number.
o e : The directive refers to scientific notation (e.g. 2.12e+3).
o E : Alias of ‘e’.
o f : The directive refers to a float and displayed as a real number (locale aware).
o F : The directive refers to a float and displayed as a real number (non-locale aware).
o o : The directive refers to an integer and displayed as an octal number.
o s : The directive is treated and displayed as a string.
o u : The directive refers to an integer and displayed as an unsigned decimal number.
o x : The directive refers to an integer and displayed as a hexadecimal number (with lowercase letters).
o X : The directive refers to an integer and displayed as a hexadecimal number (with uppercase letters).
For example,

<?php
printf("I have %s pens and %s pencils. <br><br>", 4,18);
$str=sprintf("After using I have %s pens and %s pencils.<br>",2,9);
echo $str, "<br>";
$y=2019;
$m=11;
$date=4;
echo "The date is:";
printf("%04d-%02d-%02d<br>", $y, $m, $date);

?>
Output :

I have 4 pens and 18 pencils.


After using I have 2 pens and 9 pencils.

The date is:2019-11-04

2.5.2 String Functions


Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-36 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Q. Explain any four string functions in PHP (4 Marks)

Q. What are the use of strlen() and strops() functions (4 Marks)

Q. PHPPHPPHPPHP. Which string function is used to get this type of output ? (2 Marks)

PHP string functions are used to manipulate string values.

Function Description Syntax Example

str_word_count( ) Count the number of Str_word_count(String) <?php


words in a string
echo str_word_count("Welcome to
PHP world!");

?>
Output:

strlen() Returns the length Strlen(String) <?php


of a string echo strlen("Welcome to PHP");

?>

Output: 14

strrev() Reverses a string Strrev(String) <?php

echo strrev("Information
Technology");
?>

Output:

ygolonhceT noitamrofnI

strpos() Returns the position Strops(String, text) <?php


of the first echo strpos("PHP contains for loop,
occurrence of a for each and while loop","loop");
string inside another
string (case- ?>
sensitive) Output:

17

str_replace() Replaces some characters Str_replace(string tobe <?php


in a string (case-sensitive) replaced, text, string)
echo
str_replace("Clock","Click","Click and
Clock");

?>

Output:

Click and Click


Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-37 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Function Description Syntax Example

ucwords() Convert the first Ucwords(String) <?php


character of each word to
echo ucwords("welcome to php
uppercase
world");

?>

Output:

Welcome To Php World

strtoupper() Converts a string to Strtoupper(String) <?php


uppercase letters
echo strtoupper("information
technology ");

?>

Output:
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

strtolower() Converts a string to Strtolower(String) <?php


lowercase letters
echo strtolower("INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY");
?>

Output:

information technology

Str_repeat() Repeating a string with a Str_repeat(String, repeat) <?php


specific number of times.
echo str_repeat("*",10);

?>

Output: **********

strcmp() Compare two strings Strcmp(String1, String2) <?php


(case-sensitive).
echo strcmp("Hello world!","Hello
If this function returns 0, world!");
the two strings are equal.
?>
If this function returns
Output:
any negative or positive
numbers, the two strings 0
are not equal.

Another example:

<?php
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-38 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Function Description Syntax Example

echo strcmp(" world!","Hello PHP!");

?>

Output:

-40

Substr() substr() function used to Substr(String, start, length) <?php


display or extract a string
echo substr("Welcome to
from a particular position.
PHP",11)."<br>";

echo substr("Welcome to
PHP",0,7)."<br>";

?>

Output:

PHP
Welcome

Str_split() To convert a string to an str_split(string,length); $str=”PHP”


array
Str_split($str);

Output:

Array ( [0] => P [1] => H [2] => P )

Str_shuffle() To randomly shuffle all str_shuffle ( string $str ) $str=”PHP”


the character of a string
Str_shuffle($str);

Output: PPH

Trim() Removes white spaces trim(string,charlist) $str=” Welcome “


and predefined
Output”
characters from a both
the sides of a string. Welcome

Rtrim() Removes the white string rtrim ( string $str [, $str=”Hello PHP”
spaces from end of the string $character_mask ] )
Rtrim($str,”PHP”)
string
Output: Hello

Ltrim() Removes the white ltrim(string,charlist); $str=” PHP”


spaces from left side of
Output: PHP
the string

Chop() Remove whitespace or chop(string,charlist); $str=”Hello PHP”


other predefined
Cho($str,”PHP”);
character from the right
Output: Hello
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-39 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Function Description Syntax Example


end of a string.

Chunk_split() Splits a string into smaller chunk_split(string,length,en $str=”Hello PHP”;


parts or chunks. d)
Chunk_split($str,6,”…”);
Output: Hello… PHP…

2.5.3 PHP Maths Functions

PHP provides many predefined functions that can be used to perform mathematical operations.

Function Description Syntax Example

abs() Returns absolute value of given number abs Abs(-7)= 7


number.
( mixed $number)

ceil() Rounds fractions up. float ceil Ceil(3.3)=4

( float $value ) Ceil(-4.6)=-4

floor() Rounds fractions down. float floor Floor(3.3)=3

( float $value ) Floor(-4.6)=-5

sqrt() Returns square root of given float sqrt Sqrt(16)=4


argument.
( float $arg )

decbin() Converts decimal number into binary. string decbin Decbin(2)=10


It returns binary number as a string.
( int $number) Decbin(10)=1010

dechex() Converts decimal number into string dechex Dechex(10)=a


hexadecimal. It returns hexadecimal
( int $number) Dechex(22)=16
representation of given number as a
string.

decoct() Converts decimal number into octal. string decoct Decoct(10)=12


It returns octal representation of
( int $number) Decoct(22)=26
given number as a string.

bindec() Converts binary number into decimal. number bindec Bindec(10)=2


(string $binary_string ) Bindec(1010)=10

sin() Return the sine of a number. float sin ( float $arg ) Sin(3)=

0.1411200080598

cos() Return the cosine of a number. float cos ( float $arg ) Cos(3)=

-0.989992496600

tan() Return the tangent of a number. float tan ( float $arg ) Tan(10)=

0.64836082745
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-40 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Function Description Syntax Example

Base_convert() Convert any base number to any base string base_convert Base_convert($n1,
number. For example, you can
( string $number , 10,2)=1010
convert hexadecimal number to
binary, hexadecimal to octal, binary int $frombase ,
to octal, octal to hexadecimal, binary int $tobase )
to decimal etc.

Pi() Returns the value of pi. pi() 3.14159265

Exp() Returns exponent of e exp(x); Exp(0)=1

Fmod() Returns the floating point remainder. float fmod Fmod(5,2)=1

( float $x , float $y );

Hexdec() Convert a hexadecimal to a decimal number hexdec Hexdec(a)=10


number.
( string $hex_string )

Log() To find the natural logarithm of a log(number,base); Log(2)=


number
0.69314718055

Max() To find the highest value. max(array_values); Max(20,30,5,10)=

30

Min() To find the lowest value. min(value1,value2, Min(20,30,5,10)=

value3...); 5

Octdec() To convert an octal number to a octdec(octal_string); Octdec(36)=30


decimal number.

Pow() It raises the first number to the number pow ( number $base Pow(3,2)=9
power of the second number.
, number $exp )

Round():This function takes numeric value as argument and returns the next highest integer value by rounding up
value if necessary.

 PHP_ROUND_HALF_UP : (set by Default) Rounds number up to precision decimal, when it is half way there. Rounds
1.5 to 2 and -1.5 to -2

 PHP_ROUND_HALF_DOWN : Round number down to precision decimal places, when it is half way there. Rounds 1.5
to 1 and -1.5 to -1

 PHP_ROUND_HALF_EVEN : Round number to precision decimal places towards the next even value.

 PHP_ROUND_HALF_ODD : Round number to precision decimal places towards the next odd value.

Example :

round(1.95583, 2)= 1.96


Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-41 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

round(1241757, -3)= 124200


round(9.5, 0, PHP_ROUND_HALF_UP)=10
round(9.5, 0, PHP_ROUND_HALF_DOWN)=9
round(9.5, 0, PHP_ROUND_HALF_EVEN)=10
round(9.5, 0, PHP_ROUND_HALF_ODD)=9

2.5.4 PHP Date Functions

PHP date function is an in-built function that works with date data types. The PHP date function is used to format a
date or time into a human readable format.

Syntax: date(format, timestamp)

Example:

<?php
echo "Today's date is :";
$today = date("d/m/Y");
echo $today;
?>
Output :

Today's date is :11/11/2019


Format: Specifies the format of the outputted date string. The following characters can be used to display various
formatted output :

Format Description

d The day of the month (from 01 to 31)

D A textual representation of a day (three letters)

j The day of the month without leading zeros (1 to 31)

l A full textual representation of a day

(lowercase 'L')

N numeric representation of a day (1 for Monday, 7 for Sunday)

S The English ordinal suffix for the day of the month (2 characters st, nd, rd or th. Works well
with j)

z The day of the year (from 0 through 365)

w A numeric representation of the day (0 for Sunday, 6 for Saturday)

W week number of year (weeks starting on Monday)

F A full textual representation of a month (January through December)

m A numeric representation of a month (from 01 to 12)


Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-42 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Format Description

M A short textual representation of a month (three letters)

t The number of days in the given month

Y A four digit representation of a year

y A two digit representation of a year

a Lowercase am or pm

A Uppercase AM or PM

g 12-hour format of an hour (1 to 12)

G 24-hour format of an hour (0 to 23)

h 12-hour format of an hour (01 to 12)

H 24-hour format of an hour (00 to 23)

Time():The time() function is used to get the current time as a Unix timestamp (the number of seconds since the
beginning of the Unix epoch: January 1 1970 00:00:00 GMT).

Example:

<?php
$timestamp = time();
echo($timestamp);
echo "<br/>";
echo(date("F d, Y h:i:s A", $timestamp));
?>
Output :

1573445225
November 11, 2019 05:07:05 AM

2.6 Basic Graphics Concepts

Basic Graphics concepts :

The Web is more than just text. Images appear in the form of logos, buttons, photographs, charts, advertisements,
and icons PHP supports graphics creation with the GD and Imlib2 extensions. In this chapter we'll show you how to
generate images dynamically with PHP, using the GD extension.

2.6.1 Creating an Image

To create an image in memory to work with, you start with the GD2 imagecreate () function.
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-43 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Syntax :

imagecreate(x_size, y_size);
The x_size and y_size parameters are in pixels.

Here’s how to create a first image.


$img_height = 100;
$img_width=300;
$img=imagecreate($img_height, $img_width);
Next, to set colors to be used in the image, you use the imagecolorallocate( ) function.

Syntax :

imagecolorallocate(image, red, green, blue);


You pass this function the image you’re working with, as well as the red, green, and blue components as 0- 255
value. For example, if you want solid red, you’d pass imagecolorallocate a red value of 255, and blue and green values of 0.
$back_color= imagecolorallocate ($image, 200, 0, 0);
To send a JPEG image back to the browser, you have to tell the browser that you’re doing so with the header
function to set the image’s type, and then you send the image with the imagejpeg() function like this:
$img_height = 100;
$img_width=300;
$img=imagecreate($img_height, $img_width);
back_color= imagecolorallocate ($image, 200, 0, 0);
header(‘Content-Type:image.jpeg’);
imagejpeg($img);
Here are some of the image-creating functions for various image formats you can use:

 imagegif(): Output a GIF image to browser or file.


 imagejpeg(): Output a JPEG image to browser or file.

 imagewbmp(): Output a WBMP image to browser or file.

 imagepng(): Output a PNG image to browser or file.

After sending the image, you can destroy the image object with the imagedestroy() function.

2.6.2 Images with text PLZ add this

The imagestring() function is an inbuilt function in PHP which is used to draw the string horizontally. This function draws
the string at given position.

Syntax:
bool imagestring( $image, $font, $x, $y, $string, $color )

 $image: The imagecreate or imagecreatetruecolor() function is used to create an image in a given size.

 $font: This parameter is used to set the font size. Inbuilt font in latin2 encoding can be 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or other font
identifiers registered with imageloadfont() function.
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-44 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

 $x: This parameter is used to hold the x-coordinate of the upper left corner.

 $y: This parameter is used to hold the y-coordinate of the upper left corner.

 $string: This parameter is used to hold the string to be written.

 $color: This parameter is used to hold the color of image.

Example: img2.php

Q. Write a program to display Text in a Image (4 Marks)

<?php
header ("Content-type: image/png");
$handle = ImageCreate (130, 50);
$bg_color = ImageColorAllocate ($handle, 240, 240,140);
$txt_color = ImageColorAllocate ($handle, 0, 0, 0);
ImageString ($handle, 5, 5, 18, "MSBTE.org.in", $txt_color);
imagepng ($handle);
?>
Output :

Displaying images in HTML pages :

The image created by img2.php is a standard PNG image, so there’s no reason you can’t embed it in a Web page. For
example, if you had a PNG on the server, pqr.png, you could display it this way in a web page:

<img src=”pqr.png”>
In the same way, you can give the name of the script that generates a PNG image, img2.php, as the src attribute like
this :
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-45 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

<img src=”img2.php”>
Here’s what a Web page, img2.html that displays the blank box created by img2.php looks like:

<html>
<head>
<tilte>
Embedding created images in HTML pages
</title>
</head>
<body>
<h2> Embedding created images in HTML pages </h2>
This is a blank image created on the server:
<br>
<img src="img2.php">
</body>
</html>
Output :

2.6.3 Scaling Images

 There are two ways to change the size of an image. The ImageCopyResized( ) function is available in all versions of
GD. The ImageCopyResampled( ) function is new in GD 2.x and features pixel interpolation to give smooth edges and
clarity to resized images (it is, however, slower than ImageCopyResized( )).

 imagecopyresampled() copies a rectangular portion of one image to another image, smoothly interpolating pixel
values so that, in particular, reducing the size of an image still retains a great deal of clarity.
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-46 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

 In other words, imagecopyresampled() will take a rectangular area from src_image of width src_w and height src_h
at position (src_x,src_y) and place it in a rectangular area of dst_image of width dst_w and height dst_h at position
(dst_x,dst_y).

 If the source and destination coordinates and width and heights differ, appropriate stretching or shrinking of the
image fragment will be performed. The coordinates refer to the upper left corner. This function can be used to copy
regions within the same image (if dst_image is the same as src_image) but if the regions overlap the results will be
unpredictable.

Syntax:

imagecopyresampled ( resource$dst_image , resource$src_image , int$dst_x , int$dst_y , int$src_x ,


int$src_y , int$dst_w , int$dst_h , int$src_w , int$src_h )
Parameters

dst_image : Destination image link resource.

src_image : Source image link resource.

dst_x: x-coordinate of destination point.

dst_y: y-coordinate of destination point.

src_x: x-coordinate of source point.


src_y: y-coordinate of source point.

dst_w: Destination width.

dst_h: Destination height.


src_w: Source width.

src_h: Source height.

Example :

<?php
$src = ImageCreateFromJPEG('php.jpg');
$width = ImageSx($src);
$height = ImageSy($src);
$x = $width/2;
$y = $height/2;
$dst = ImageCreateTrueColor($x,$y);
ImageCopyResampled($dst,$src,0,0,0,0,$x,$y,$width,$height);
header('Content-Type: image/png');
ImagePNG($dst);
?>
Output :
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-47 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

 imagecopyresized() copies a rectangular portion of one image to another image. dst_image is the destination image,
src_image is the source image identifier.
 In other words, imagecopyresized() will take a rectangular area from src_image of width src_w and height src_h at
position (src_x,src_y) and place it in a rectangular area of dst_image of width dst_w and height dst_h at position
(dst_x,dst_y).
 If the source and destination coordinates and width and heights differ, appropriate stretching or shrinking of the
image fragment will be performed. The coordinates refer to the upper left corner. This function can be used to copy
regions within the same image (if dst_image is the same as src_image) but if the regions overlap the results will be
unpredictable.

Syntax :

imagecopyresized ( resource$dst_image , resource$src_image , int$dst_x , int$dst_y , int$src_x ,


int$src_y , int$dst_w , int$dst_h , int$src_w , int$src_h )

Parameters:

dst_image: Destination image link resource.


src_image: Source image link resource.
dst_x: x-coordinate of destination point.
dst_y: y-coordinate of destination point.
src_x: x-coordinate of source point.
src_y: y-coordinate of source point.
dst_w: Destination width.
dst_h: Destination height.
src_w: Source width.
src_h: Source height.

Example :

<?php
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-48 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

$src = ImageCreateFromJPEG('php.jpg');
$width = ImageSx($src);
$height = ImageSy($src);
$x = $width/2;
$y = $height/2;
$dst = ImageCreateTrueColor($x,$y);
imagecopyresized($dst,$src,0,0,0,0,$x,$y,$width,$height);
header('Content-Type: image/png');
ImagePNG($dst);

?>
Output :

2.6.4 Creation of PDF Document

FPDF is a PHP class which allows to generate PDF files with PHP code. F from FPDF stands for Free: It is free to use
and it does not require any API keys. you may use it for any kind of usage and modify it to user needs.
Advantages of FPDF :

 Choice of measure unit, page format and margins

 Allow to set Page header and footer management

 It provides automatic line break, Page break and text justification

 It supports Images in various formats (JPEG, PNG and GIF)


Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-49 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

 It allows to setup Colors, Links, TrueType, Type1 and encoding support


 It allows Page compression

Link to Download latest version of FPDF class: http://www.fpdf.org/en/download.php

 - Procedure to create a PDF in PHP:

 Link to download latest version of FPDF class: http://www.fpdf.org/en/download.php


 Download v1.82 and extract and place the folder names as “fpdf182” at C:\xampp\htdocs\test.

 Open fpdf182 folder and copy all sub-folders and files at C:\xampp\htdocs\test.

 Write the following script on notepad, save and execute.

Example:

<?php
require('fpdf.php');
$pdf=new FPDF();
$pdf->AddPage();
$pdf->SetFont('Arial','B',16);
$pdf->Cell(60,10,'Hello PHP World!',1,1,'C');
$pdf->Output();
?>
Output :
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-50 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

The include() and require() function :

Q. What's the difference between include and require? (4 Marks)

 We can include the content of a PHP file into another PHP file before the server executes it. Two functions are used to
do this :

 The include() function : The include() function takes all the text in a specified file and copies it into the file that uses
the include function. If there is any problem in loading a file then the include() function generates a warning but the
script will continue execution.

 The require() function : The require() function takes all the text in a specified file and copies it into the file that uses
the include function. If there is any problem in loading a file then the require() function generates a fatal error and
halt the execution of the script.

Syntax : Include ‘filename’ or require ‘filename’

 Cell parameters: Prints a cell (rectangular area) with optional borders, background color and character string.

Syntax : cell(float w [,float h, [,String txt [, mixed border [, int ln [, string align [, boolean fill [, mixed link]]]]]]])

w Cell width. If 0, the cell extends up to the right margin.h

h Cell height. Default value: 0.

txt String to print. Default value: empty string.

border Indicates if borders must be drawn around the cell. The value can be either a number:

0: no border

1: frame

or a string containing some or all of the following characters (in any order):

L: left T: top

R: right B: bottom Default value: 0.

ln Indicates where the current position should go after the call. Possible values are:
0: to the right

1: to the beginning of the next line

2: below

Putting 1 is equivalent to putting 0 and calling Ln() just after. Default value: 0.

align Allows to center or align the text. Possible values are:


L or empty string: left align (default value)
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-51 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

C: center

R: right align

fill Indicates if the cell background must be painted (true) or transparent (false). Default
value: false.

link URL or identifier returned by AddLink().

Programs

1. Write a PHP program to print factorial of number using function (4 Marks)


?php
function Factorial($number)
{
$factorial = 1;
for ($i = 1; $i <= $number; $i++){
$factorial = $factorial * $i;
}
return $factorial;
}

$number = 5;
$fact = Factorial($number);
echo "Factorial = $fact";
?>
Output:

Factorial = 120

2. Write a PHP program to check whether number is even or odd using function
<?php
function check($number){
if($number % 2 == 0){
echo "Even";
}
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-52 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

else{
echo "Odd";
}
}
$number = 20;
check($number)
?>
Output :

Even

3. PHP program to calculate the sum of digits using function


<?php

function sum($num) {
$sum = 0;
for ($i = 0; $i < strlen($num); $i++){
$sum += $num[$i];
}
return $sum;
}

$num = "234";
echo sum($num);
?>

4. PHP program to check whether a number is prime or Not

<?php

function primeCheck($number)
{
if ($number == 1)
return 0;
Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-53 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

for ($i = 2; $i <= $number/2; $i++)


{
if ($number % $i == 0)
return 0;
}
return 1;
}

// Driver Code
$number = 13;
$flag = primeCheck($number);
if ($flag == 1)
echo "Prime";
else
echo "Not Prime"
?>
Output :

Prime

Review Questions
Q, 1. Explain any four math function available in PHP.

Q, 2. How will you create arrays in PHP.

Q, 3. Write notes on formatting strings with PHP.

Q, 4. Describe about drawing a new image in PHP.

Q, 5. What is anonymous function.

Q, 6. Write the difference between built in function & user defined function.

Q, 7. Explain any four string manipulating function with example.

Q, 8. Explain exploding & imploding function with example.

Q, 9. How to remove leading and trailing spaces of the strings.

Q, 10. How to traversing array with different ways.

Q, 11. How to search an element from array using built in function.

Q, 12. Write a short note sorting on array?

Q, 13. How to remove any element from array?

Q, 14. How will you find number of elements in array?


Web Based Application Development using PHP (MSBTE) 2-54 Arrays, Functions and Graphics

Q, 15. List string related function? Explain any two.

Q, 16. List date related functions. Explain any two.

Q, 17. Write a PHP program to create one dimensional array?



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