Unit 1: ADVANCED SPREADSHEET II

1.1. Advanced Spreadsheet functions

1.1.1. Logical functions
A condition is an expression that either evaluatesto true orfalse.
Logical Function is a feature in Excel that allows excel users to introduce automated decision-making when
executing formulas and functions
the role of functionsin thisisto check if a condition istrue orfalse.
A.IF Function
The If function checks whether data in a cell meets a certain condition and returns one value which can
be True or False • Syntax: = IF(Logical_test, Value_If_True, Value_If_False )

B.AND Function
The Excel AND function is a logical function used to test if two or many conditions are true. The result is TRUE if all
the conditions are true else the result is FALSE.
Syntax: =AND (Logical1, Logical2, logical3,…)
C.FALSE Function
The FALSE function takes no arguments and generates the Boolean value FALSE. It is used to compare the results of a
condition or function that either returns true or false • Syntax: =False ( )
D.NOT Function
The Excel NOT function returns the opposite of a given logical or Boolean value. When given TRUE, NOT returns
FALSE. When given FALSE, NOT returns TRUE. Use the NOT function to reverse a logical value.
• Syntax: =NOT(Logical)
E.The OR function
The OR function is a logical function to test multiple conditions at the same time. OR returns either TRUE or FALSE. •
Syntax: = OR(logical1, Logical2, …)
1.1.2. Advanced Math Spreadsheet functions
Mathematical functions are used to calculate values basing on what is in cells, perform operations on a cell content,
fetch values after an operation based on the search criteria and much more. Some of the functions to be seen
here are Abs ( ), Arabic ( ), Roman ( ), Base ( ), Mod ( ) and Sqrt ( )
A.ABS
The Excel ABS function returns the absolute value of any provided number. The syntax of the function is: ABS
(number) MEANS IT CONVERT NEGATIVE NUMBER TO POSITIVE NUMBER BUT POSITEVE
REMAIN UNAFFECTED EX:ABS(B5)
B.ARABIC
The Excel Arabic function converts a Roman numeral into an Arabic numeral. The syntax of the function is: ARABIC
(text)
EX: =ARABIC(“IV”)
C.ROMAN
The Excel ROMAN function converts an Arabic number to a Roman number.
SYNTAX : ROMAN (Number)
Roman Function use examples
=ROMAN(100)
D.BASE
The Excel Base function converts a number into a supplied base and returns a text representation of the calculated
value.
EXAMPLE: =BASE(1000,2)
=BASE(1600,16)
E.MOD
The Excel MOD function returns the remainder of a division between two supplied numbers.
The syntax of the function is: =MOD (number, divisor)
F. SQRT The Excel SQRT Function calculates the positive square root of a supplied number. The syntax of
the function is: =SQRT (number)
1.1.3. Advanced Statistical Spreadsheet functions
A. AVERAGE The AVERAGE function in Excel returns the arithmetic mean of a list of
supplied numbers, where the number arguments are a set of one or more numeric values, or
arrays of numeric values, for which the average is to be calculated. • Syntax of AVERAGE
Function in Excel = Average (Number1, Number2, …)
 B. AVERAGEIF
AVERAGEIF Function in Excel finds and returns the average of array that meets the specific condition. The
AVERAGEIF function in Excel supports logical operators (>, <>, =) • Syntax of AVERAGEIF Function in
Excel: =AVERAGEIF (range, criteria, [average_range]) Where:
• Range: An Array of range to be tested against the supplied criteria.
• Criteria: The criteria or condition on which average has to be calculated.
• [average_range]: An optional array of numeric values for which the average is to be calculated.
EX: = AVERAGEIF(A2:A4,”DANNY”,C2:C4)
C. MEDIAN MEDIAN function in Excel returns the statistical median or middle value of a list of supplied
numbers. WE ADD BETTWEEN 2 NUMBERS THEN WE DIVIDE BY 2. When is even number. If is odd
number we choose the middle number of them.
d.MODE function in Excel returns themode which is the most frequently occurring number in a group of
supplied arguments`
The Syntax of MODE Function in Excel is =MODE (number1, [number2],…)
1.1.4. Text spreadsheet functions
a. CHAR
The CHAR function returns the character based on the ASCII (American Standard for information )value.
The syntax for the CHAR function is: CHAR( ascii_value )
Ex: char(118) is v and = char(64) is @ etc……
The ASCII value is used to retrieve the character
=CHAR(A1) : Gives Result: “v” =CHAR(A2) : Gives Result: “@” =CHAR(72) : Gives Result: “H” =CHAR(109) :
Gives Result: “m”
b. CONCATENATE The CONCATENATE function in Excel is designed to join different
pieces of text together or combine values from several cells into one cell. The syntax of
Excel CONCATENATE is as follows: CONCATENATE (text1, [text2], …)
=CONCATENATE(A1, B1)
c. UPPER
The UPPER function is a built-in function in Excel that is categorized as a String/ Text Function. It converts a text
(String) into uppercase
 d. LOWER The LOWER function is used to convert text (String) into small cap text
Example: B1=”EXCEL SCIENCES THROUGH TECHNOLOGY” =LOWER (B1) Result:
excel sciences through technology
1.2. Using formula & functions from different sheets
When the workbook has many sheets there is a possibility to get data from one sheet into another by using formula or
functions.
Example =Sheet1!C3+Sheet2!C3
Ex 2=AVERAGE (Sheet1:Sheet2! C2:C10)
1.3.1. Protecting & unprotecting worksheet;
Worksheet protection is to prevent other users from accidentally or deliberately changing,
moving, or deleting data in a worksheet, you can lock the cells on your Excel worksheet and
then protect the sheet with a password`
Rules to follow for protecting worksheets with strong protection
a. Protect your sheets with strong passwords that include different types of alpha numeric characters and special
symbols. At that, try to make passwords as random as possible
b. Protect the workbook structure to prevent other people from adding, moving, renaming or deleting the sheets.
c. For workbook-level security, encrypt the workbook with different passwords from opening and modifying. If
possible, store your Excel files with sensitive information in a secure location, e.g. on an encrypted hard
drive.
To protect a sheet in Excel 2019, 2016, 2013 and 2010, perform the following steps.
a. Under the Review tab click on Protect Sheet.
b. Type the password and click on Ok
c. Reenter password and click on Ok
1.3.2. Lock &unlock cells, style, contents and other elements
1. select the cells element you want to lock or unlock
2. click the format button on the home tab
3. select format cells
4. click the protection tab
5. clear the locked check box. Or un lock.
1.4. Data validation
Excel Data Validation is a feature that restricts (validates) user input to a worksheet.
How to do data validation in Excel
1. Select the cell(s) you want to create a rule for.
2. Select Data >Data Validation
3. On the Settings tab, under Allow, select an option.
4. Under Data, select a condition:
5. On the Settings tab, under Allow, select an option:
6. Set the other required values, based on what you chose for Allow and Data. For example, if you select between, then
select the Minimum: and maximum: values for the cell(s).
7. Select the Ignore blank checkbox if you want to ignore blank spaces.
8. If you want to add a Title and message for your rule, select the Input Message tab, and then type a title and input
message.
9. Select the Show input message when cell is selected checkbox to display the message when the user selects or hovers
over the selected cell(s).
10. Select OK.
1.5. Using other Excel templates
Microsoft Excel templates are a powerful part of Excel experience and a great way to save time. Excel templates can
also help you create consistent and attractive documents that will impress your colleagues or supervisors.
How to create new workbook template
• Switch to the File tab
• Click New
. choose one of them do you want
UNIT 2: ADVANCED POWER POINT
2.1. Create and Manage Presentations
A presentation is an organized report or message prepared as a talk before an audience, with the help of a computer
program.
A presentation software is a program used to create slide shows for presentation on screen to an audience. E
Example of programs/software which can be used to create presentations are the following:
• Harvard Graphics, • Corel Presentations, • Lotus Freelance Graphics • Microsoft PowerPoint
The role of Presentation applications is to help the presenter convey the message easily.
2.1.1 Starting PowerPoint Presentation
To start Microsoft PowerPoint 2013, 2016 & 2019 go through these steps:
• Click to the start icon
• Select and click on PowerPoint 2013 located on the startup menu
• Click on one of the PowerPoint templates
2.1.2 Creating and inserting a slide in a presentation
click on the Insert tab
then click on New Slide
then choose the slide theme to apply
2.1.3 Copying a slide
copy a slide, do the following:
• Open the presentation containing the slide to copy
• In the left pane outlining the slides select the slide to copy
• Do a Right click and click on copy
• In the left pan click in the location where to put the copied slide so as to have a red line and do a right click and click
Paste
2. 2. Managing Slides
Once the slides are created, one needs to know how to manipulate them by hiding some slides, moving in slides,
rearrange slides, delete some slides, dividing slides into sections, etc. a. Hiding a slide When a slide is not
currently needed it can be hidden by selecting it then doing a Right click and clicking on Hide Slide
Moving in slides
A slide that will be displayed on the computer screen or on the projector is the one which is selected. In the Normal
view to move from one slide to another use the Arrow keys found on the keyboard. The Up key will move
to the previous slide while the Down key will move to the next slide.

c. Rearranging slides Slides are not stationary, they can be moved and rearranged making for example the first slide
be the third. To rearrange slides, select the slide, hold down the left button and move the slide by moving
the mouse up or down.
d. Deleting slides A slide that is no longer needed can be completely deleted by selecting it and hitting the Delete key
or selecting that slide, doing a Right click and clicking on Delete Slide.
2.3. Apply Design Themes and Format Background
a. Design theme PowerPoint provides a variety of design themes which are predefined colors, fonts and visuals that
can be applied to slides to make them have a beautiful look without doing a lot of formatting work.
b.Format background A background is an object which can be just a color, an image behind whatever text, charts,
images in a PowerPoint presentation.
To set a presentation’s background follow these steps:
• Open the presentation for which the background is
to be set
• Under the DESIGN tab Click on Format Background • Choose o n e o f t h e p r o v i d e d o p t i o n s and customize
those options accordingly
2.4. Adding Notes and Comments, Inserting Header and Footer
a. Adding comment In PowerPoint presentation, a comment is an explanation that is attached to a text or an object on
a slide, or to an entire slide.
To add a comment in a slide go through the following steps:
Step 1. On the Review tab, click New comment
2. Select the thumbnail of the slide to add notes to
3. The notes pane will appear under the slide. Click where it says Click to add notes and type whatever notes depending
on your choice
c. Insert header and footer Header and footer in a presentation is the top and bottom parts of the slides. These include
the slide number, text footer and date
. To add a header or footer follow these steps:
1. Click Insert then go to Header & Footer
2. In the box below Footer, type the text to use as footer such as the presentation title
3. Check Date and time to add that to the slides
4. Check Slide number to add to the created slides
5. Click on Apply or Apply to all if all slides are to have the same header or footer
2.5. Add Sound and Animation to Slides
2.5.1. Animate text and picture in slides
In PowerPoint, it is possible to animate text and objects such as clip art, shapes and pictures on the slide.
a. Inserting pictures To insert pictures in a slide, select the Insert tab, and then click the Pictures command.
Browse where the images are located and select one image and click Insert.
b. Animating a text or a picture. When a text is written in a slide or an image inserted they can be animated
using the options available in PowerPoint.
2.6 Add audio and Video Content to Slides
PowerPoint allows to use images, audio and video to have a greater visual impact. These visual and audio cues may
also help a presenter be more improvisational and interactive with the audience
presentation.
a. Inserting an audio or a video
To insert an audio or a video do the following: 1. On the Insert tab click on Media
2. Choose the media to use which can be a video, an audio or a recording which is taken using a computer.
3. Select the media to use and click on Insert
2.7. Slide Transitions
A slide transition is the visual effect that occurs when moving from one Slide to the next during a presentation. Hereby
one can control the speed, add sound, and customize the look of transition effects
Using a transition To use the different transitions, do the following:
• To select the text or image on which to apply the transition
• Click on the Transition tab then choose one of the transitions. In the image below the chose n transition is “Dissolve”.
2.8 Presenting Using PowerPoint
Microsoft PowerPoint can add a visual dynamic to a business meetings and presentations
Presenting using a projector
A projector is an output device that can take images generated by a computer and produce them by projection onto a
screen, wall or another surface
A projector is connected to the computer through the VGA port but new projectors and computers can be connected
using the HDMI ports.
Steps for connecting a laptop to a projector
1. Make sure the laptop is turned off
2. Connect the video cable(VGA) from the laptop’s external video port to the projector
3. Plug the projector into an electrical outlet and press the “power” button to turn it ON.
4. Turn on the laptop
For a presentation to be effective, the PowerPoint document have to have these qualities:
• Make the PowerPoint presentation short. Slides will contain short and concise sentences which are bulleted,
• Highlight important points by using animations and transitions wisely not randomly as these are used with a purpose
like attracting attention on certain section, notifying of the change in the topic, etc
• For long slides provide short partial synthesis to make the audience keep track of what is so far presented • Rehearse
the presentation and use scripts and notesto help you not forget the important points to mention
• Be polite and use appropriate language
UNIT 3: COMPUTER GRAPHICS TOOLS.
3.1. Introduction to Computer Graphics
Modifying a hard drawing can be hard, swapping colors or resizing a picture on such a drawing is more complicated.
Computer Graphics involves the ways in which images can be displayed, manipulated and stored using a computer.
3.1.1. Definitions of Different Terms
Computer graphic: This is the use of a computer and specialized programs to produce and manipulate pictorial
images.
Pixel: is the smallest unit of a digital image
Is also known as a picture element. A pixel can have different colors produced by mixing the three colors RGB (Red,
Green and Blue) and each of the three colors can take values ranging from 0 to 256.

3.2. Image Format

3.2.1. DEFINITION
Image file formats are standardized means of organizing and storing digital images.
3.2.2 Image compression
Image compression is minimizing the size in bytes of a graphic file without degrading the quality of the image to an
unacceptable level.
Image compression techniques Lossy and Lossless
Lossless: The compression technique where compressed data (byte) will be the same replica of actual data
Lossy: File compression results in lost data and quality from the original version.
3.2.3 Viewing an image’s file size and dimensions
Right clicking the icon of the image file, In the pop up menu, click on property and details.
3.2.4 Calculating size of an uncompressed image file
Computer storage and memory is measured in Megabytes (MB) and Gigabytes (GB).
A bit is the smallest unit of measurement used to quantify computer data and byte is a group of 8 binary digits.
Unit of memory size. 1Byte= 8bits
1KB= 1024Bytes
1MB = 1024 KB
1GB=1024 MB
1TB=1024 GB
It takes 2 to 3 bytes to store one pixel of a color image. The pixels in an image store a color at a given point in the
image, but it takes 2 to 3 bytes of storage to record this value. If we consider 3 bytes of storage, the file size
of a color image is equivalent to: width * height * 3 79 Example: Let‘s consider an image whose Width is
1152 and height is 648. If we consider 3 bytes of storage, the file size of a color image is equivalent to:
width * height * 3 which is =1152*648*3 = 2,239,458 which gives the file size in bytes
3.3 Image Capturing Tools
A digital camera is a camera which produces digital images that can be stored in a computer and displayed on screen
There are two types:
SLR: Single Lens reflex camera; which is a camera that typically uses a mirror and a prism system that permits the
photographer to view through the lens and see exactly what will be captured
. DSLR: is a digital camera that combines the optics and the mechanisms of a single lens reflex camera with a digital
imaging sensor.
The following steps are followed to successfully import a picture from camera to computer by using a USB
cable.
Step 1: Connect one end of the USB cable to the port in your camera.
Step 2: Connect the other end of the USB cable to the USB port in the computer. This may be in the front or back of
the computer.
Step 3: Turn on the camera
Step 4: A dialog box may appear on the screen. If it does, select “View Files” or “Open Folder.”
3.3.2 Scanner
A scanner is an electronic device which can capture images from physical items (printed text, handwriting,
photographic prints, posters, magazine pages, and similar sources) and convert them into digital formats,
which in turn can be stored in a computer and viewed or modified using software applications
b. The different parts of scanner A scanner has the following five parts visible externally: (1)Start button,
(2) Copy button, (3) Scan to E-mail button, (4) Scan to Web button, (5) Scanner cover
3.4 Screenshots Capturing
A screenshot is an image of a computer desktop that can be saved as a graphic file
The main ways used to get the screen of computer is to use the Print Screen key (PrtSc) or the Snipping Tool
3.4.1. Use of Print Screen Key
A print screen is a computer key which is used to copy to the clipboard an image of the screen and paste it in any other
application for saving or manipulation
Steps to follow in screen shot capturing using Print screen key: Open the screen that is going to be copied. Press the
Print Screen key Paste (CTRL+V) the image into an Office program or any other application.
3.4.2 Use of Snipping tool
Snipping Tool is a Microsoft Windows screenshot utility included in Windows Vista and in later versions.
To open the Sniping tool: Click on Start Write Snipping Tool in the search box and once found click on it to launch or
click on All Programs then click on Accessories and click on the snipping tooI.
3.5. Graphic Software-Paint
3.5.1. Starting and saving a Paint file
A paint program is a software graphics program that allows the user to draw or paint bitmapped images on a computer.
To start Paint go through the following steps: Type Paint in the search box which appears in the startup menu Click
Paint to open the program. The following window will appear
Saving a paint file From File menu, choose Save as. From a dialog box, choose PNG picture or any other image file
format.
3.5.2. Paint tools
Text tool: The tool allows text to be typed onto the current layer using the primary color.
The pencil tool: is a freehand drawing tool, much like an actual pencil.
Eraser tool: This tool is used to remove parts of the active layer or selection like in the image below
Fill color tool: Is used to fill an area of similar color with another color
Color picker tool: is used to select a color on the active layer.
3.5.3. Insertion of Shapes
A shape is a geometric figure such as square, triangle or rectangle.
Select any shape from the toolbar to draw that shape
3.5.4. Select, Cut, Copy, Paste and Crop
a. Copy and Paste
If you wish to copy the image: Right-click inside the selection box And click "Copy."
 c. Cut and Paste Click on the area of an image you want removed, click and hold the mouse to drag the box
as far down and over as needed Press and hold "Ctrl" and "X" to cut the selection. Press and hold
"Ctrl and "V" to paste the selection, either elsewhere in the same document or in a separate
document.
UNIT 4: E COMMERCE, SOCIAL MEDIA AND ONLINE SERVICES
4.1. E- commerce
4.1.1. Understanding E –Commerce
a. History
E-Commerce or Electronic Commerce also known as e-Business, Is the buying and selling of goods, products, or
services over the internet using electronic means of payment like credit cards
b.Some Ecommerce platforms With ecommerce the buying and selling parties don’t need to meet at the same
location, the buyer does not go to the store but there is an electronic platform that is used as a market where
the buyer and the seller meet.
c. Buying on an e-commerce platform case of kikuu.com As stated earlier kikuu.com is one of the platforms available
in Rwanda with which one can buy available goods and have themdelivered to his/her preferred location in
Kigali.
4.1.2. E-commerce models
lectronic commerce can be classified into four main categories
a. Business to Business In a business to business model companies are doing business with each other.
b. . Business to Consumer Here the company will sell their goods and/or services directly to the consumer.
c. Consumer to Consumer Consumers are in direct contact with each other. No company is involved
d. Consumer to Business The consumer provides goods or services to the company.
4.2. Online Payment Methods
. Online Payment Methods Is the way that a buyer chooses to compensate the seller of a good or service that is
also acceptable to the seller. Typical payment methods used in a modern business context include
cash, checks, credit or debit cards, money orders, bank transfers and online payment services such as
PayPal. 1. Cash Payment Buying online requires using electronic means which are acceptable by the
selling companies for example as seen in previous sections buying with Kikuu requires using MTN
Money. Other online platforms may require special cards known as debit or credit cards
4.3. Facebook
 Social media is the collective of online communications channels dedicated to community-based input,
interaction, content-sharing and collaboration which enable users to create or share content or
participate in social networking. Examples of social media are: Facebook, twitter, Instagram and
WhatsApp
Facebook is one of the most popular free social networking websites. It allows registered users to create
profiles, upload photos and videos, send messages and stay in touch with friends, family and
colleagues.
4.5 Instagram
Instagram is a free social networking service built around sharing photos and videos
1. Enter in the browser’s address bar the URL of the application (www.instagram. com)
2. In the form that appear to the right of the new page fill in the requireddetails and click on Sign up.
3. in the next screen click on Turn on (to turn on notification) or Not so as to be directed to the Instagram first
page
4.6. WhatsApp
WhatsApp is a popular messaging app with end-to-end encrypted instant messaging that can be used on various
platforms, including Android, iPhone and Windows smartphones, and Mac or Windows PCs
4.7. E-Banking and E-Payment
4.7.1 Online Services
An online service refers to any information and services provided over the Internet.
. Online services may include E Banking, E payment, etc
4.7.2 E-Banking and E-Payment
It is also a method of banking in which the customer conducts transactions electronically via the Internet.
c. E payment
An e-payment system is a way of making transactions or paying for goods and servicesthrough an electronic
medium, without the use of checks or cash.
4.8. Irembo Local Online Services
Irembo is an initiative by the Government of Rwanda aiming at improving its service delivery to the citizens
and businesses. Irembo is the one-stop portal for e-Government services.
How to create account from irembo
• Type www.irembo.gov.rw in the address bar of your browser
Fill in dialogue box black space
a. Password place
b. Confirm Password
c. Email
d. Captcha Text
Advantages of using irembo
1. Helps citizens to save a time
2. Save transport
3. People can request a service when he or she is at home
4. Reducing corruption malpractices
5. It creates jobs
6. It simplifies access to the Government services
7. Avoiding friendship
UNIT 5: DATABASE basics
5.1: Introduction to Database
5.1.1 Definition of Database
A database is an organized collection of related data.
A database is a collection of one or more relations, where each relation is a table made of rows and columns.
5.1.2 Definition of Data and Information
Data is commonly referred to as ‘raw’ data: a collection of text, numbers and symbols, images with no
meaning.
information is the result of processing data, usually by computer. This results in facts, which enables the
processed data to be used in context and have meaning. Information is data that has meaning.
Note: An information system is a combination of computer hardware and software that is designed to create,
store, process and present information. The heart of all information systems is a database
5.2 Database Approach
The most efficient way to store data is with the help of a database. A database is made up of tables that contain
columns and rows.
For a database however each row is called a record and each cell is called a field.
5.2.1: Traditional File Processing Systems (TFP) approach
Is include manual systems and also computer based file systems that were linked to particular application
programs.
 a. Advantages of the Traditional File Processing Compared to manual management of
information, the Traditional File Processing presents the following advantages:
Simplicity: the design of file processing is more simple than designing Database
Efficiency: file processing cost less and can be more speed than Database
Customization: you can customize file processing more easily and efficiently than Database because files
are related with the application and it have all the data needed for that application.
b. Disadvantages of Traditional File Processing System
Separation and Isolation of Data: In file-based approach, data are isolated in separate files. Hence it is
difficult to access it.
Duplication of Data: Duplication of data means same data being stored more than once. This can also be
termed as data redundancy.
Wastage of storage space: Duplication of data leads to wastage of storage space.
Security problems: File based approach is not secured because different files are stored in different
locations.
5.2.2 Database Management System (DBMS)
The Database Management system (DBMS) is a referred to as a software system that is used to store,
access, manage, organize, maintain, modify and delete data from databases. of the most popular
software include, Microsoft Access, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, MySQL. MySQL is, one of
the most popular database management systems used by online entrepreneurs.
5.3 Area where database can be applie
Below are some of the applications and uses of the database management system (DBMS).
Human resources: to track information about employees
Banking: to keep customer information, accounts, and loans, and banking transactions.
Universities: to keep student information, course registrations, and grades.
Finance: to keep storing information about holdings, sales, and purchases of financial instruments such as stocks and
bonds. Etc…….
5.4 Database Access Levels and Users
5.4.1 Database access levels
A major purpose of a database system is to provide users with an abstract view of the data.
There are three-levels that form the basis of modern database architectures:
a. The Internal Level
 The Internal level has an internal schema, which describes the physical storage structure of the database.
a. The conceptual level
The conceptual level has a conceptual schema, which describes the structure of the whole database for a community of
users.
b. The external or view level:
The external view level is closest to the users.
5.4.2 Database users
The purpose of the three-level architecture is to separate the user application and the physical database. The reasons of
this separation are that different users need different views of the same data.
5.4.3 Data Independence
Data Independence: The ability to modify a scheme definition in one level without affecting the programs.
There are two kinds:
1. Logical data independence The ability to modify the conceptual scheme without causing application
programs to be rewritten
2. Physical data independence The ability to modify the internal scheme without having to change the
conceptual or external schemas.
5.5 Relational Model
5.5.1 Definition of Relational Database Model
The Relational Database Model represents the database as a collection of relations. A relation is nothing but a table
of values.
5.5.2 Relational Model Concepts in DBMS
Entity is a real-world object or an object which is exist
Primary Key is a uniquely identify.
Foreign Key is a set of attributes (columns) in a table that refers to the primary key of another table
Table: is a collection of related data held in a table format within a database
Attribute is a characteristics of an entity
Constraint: In DBMS is the set of rules that ensures that when an authorized user modifies the database they do
not disturb the data consistency.
Tuple: It is nothing but a single row of a table, which contains a single record.
Degree: is the total number of attributes which in the relation is called the degree of the relation.
Cardinality: is the total number of rows present in the table.
Column: The column represents the set of values for a specific attribute