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Increasing and Decreasing Functions

1. A function 𝑓 is said to be increasing at 𝑥1 if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥1 ) > 0 , 𝑥1 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)
2. A function 𝑓 is said to be decreasing at 𝑥1 if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥1 ) < 0 , 𝑥1 ∈ (𝑎, 𝑏)
Stationary Point
Any point where 𝑓 is neither increasing nor decreasing is called a stationary point, provided that
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 at that point.
EXERCISE 2.9
1. Determine the interval in which f is increasing or decreasing for the domain mentioned in
each case.
i) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 ; 𝒙 ∈ (−𝝅, 𝝅)
Sol. Here, 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 ; 𝑥 ∈ (−𝜋, 𝜋)
Diff. w.r.t. ‘x’
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
Since 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 for 𝑥 ∈ (− 2 , 2 ).Hence 𝑓 is increasing on 𝑥 ∈ (− 2 , 2 ).
𝜋 𝜋
Also, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 for 𝑥 ∈ (−𝜋, − 2 ) or 𝑥 ∈ ( 2 , 𝜋).
𝜋 𝜋
Hence 𝑓 is decreasing on 𝑥 ∈ (−𝜋, − 2 ) ∪ ( 2 , 𝜋)
𝝅 𝝅
ii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ; 𝒙 ∈ (− , )
𝟐 𝟐
𝜋 𝜋
Sol. Here, 𝑓(𝑥) = cos 𝑥 ; 𝑥∈ (− , )
2 2
Diff. w.r.t. ‘x’
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = − sin 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
Since 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 for 𝑥 ∈ (− 2 , 0). Hence 𝑓 is increasing on 𝑥 ∈ (− 2 , 0).
𝜋 𝜋
Also, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 for 𝑥 ∈ (0, 2 ). Hence 𝑓 is decreasing on 𝑥 ∈ (0, 2 )
iii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟒 − 𝒙𝟐 ; 𝒙 ∈ (−𝟐, 𝟐)
2
Sol. Here, 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥 ; 𝑥 ∈ (−2, 2)
Diff. w.r.t. ‘x’
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −2𝑥
Since 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 for 𝑥 ∈ (−2,0). Hence 𝑓 is increasing on 𝑥 ∈ (−2,0).
Also, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 for 𝑥 ∈ (0, 2). Hence 𝑓 is decreasing on 𝑥 ∈ (0, 2)
iv) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟐 ; 𝒙 ∈ (−𝟒, 𝟏)
2
Sol. Here, 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 3𝑥 + 2 ; 𝑥 ∈ (−4, 1)
Diff. w.r.t. ‘x’
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 3
3 3
Since 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 for 𝑥 ∈ (− 2 , 1). Hence 𝑓 is increasing on 𝑥 ∈ (− 2 , 1).
3 3
Also, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 for 𝑥 ∈ (−4, − 2). Hence 𝑓 is decreasing on 𝑥 ∈ (−4, − 2)

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Relative Maxima
Let (𝑐 − 𝛿𝑥, 𝑐 + 𝛿𝑥) ⊆ 𝐷𝑓 , where δx is a smallest positive number. If 𝑓(𝑐) ≥ 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 ∈
(𝑐 − 𝛿𝑥, 𝑐 + 𝛿𝑥) then the function 𝑓 is said to be have a relative maxima at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
Or
A function 𝑓 has relative maxima at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0, before 𝑥 = 𝑐, 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0 after
𝑥 = 𝑐.
Relative Minima
Let (𝑐 − 𝛿𝑥, 𝑐 + 𝛿𝑥) ⊆ 𝐷𝑓 , where δx is a smallest positive number. If 𝑓(𝑐) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 ∈
(𝑐 − 𝛿𝑥, 𝑐 + 𝛿𝑥) then the function 𝑓 is said to be have a relative minima at 𝑥 = 𝑐.
Or
A function 𝑓 has relative minima at 𝑥 = 𝑐 if 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) < 0, before 𝑥 = 𝑐, 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 after
𝑥 = 𝑐.

Note: Both relative maximum and relative minimum are called relative extrema.

Working Rules to Find the Relative Extrima

𝑑𝑦
Step 1. Find the 1 order derivative 𝑑𝑥 or 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
st

𝑑𝑦
Step 2. Put the 𝑑𝑥 = 0 or 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 and solve for ′𝑥′ to find the extreme values.
𝑑2 𝑦
Step 3. Find the 2nd order derivative 𝑑𝑥 2 or 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) , then put values of ′𝑥′ one by one in 2nd order
derivative and evaluate. Then
𝑑2 𝑦
i) If > 0 i.e +ve for a specific value of ′𝑥′ then 𝑓 is relative minima at that value of ′𝑥′.
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑦
ii) If 𝑑𝑥 2
< 0 i.e -ve for a specific value of ′𝑥′ then 𝑓 is relative maxima at that value of ′𝑥′.
Step 4. Apply the extreme values in given function to find the maximum and minimum value of the
function.

Critical Value
If 𝑐 ∈ 𝐷𝑓 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 or 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) does not exist, then the number 𝑐 is called a critical value.
Critical Point
If 𝑐 ∈ 𝐷𝑓 and 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) = 0 or 𝑓 ′ (𝑐) does not exist, then the point (𝑐, 𝑓(𝑐)) on the graph of 𝑓 is called
a critical point.
Turning Point
A stationary point is called turning point if it is either a maximum point or a minimum point.
Point of Inflexion
If the 1st derivative of the function 𝑓 does not change its sign before 𝑥 = 0 and after 𝑥 = 0, then
such a point of the function at 𝑥 = 0 is called point of inflexion.

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2. Find the extreme for the following functions defined as

i) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 iv) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐
2
Sol. 𝑓(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 Sol. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2
Diff. w.r.t. ‘x’ Diff. w.r.t. ‘x’
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = −2𝑥 − −> (1) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − −> (1)
′ (𝑥)
Putting 𝑓 =0 Putting 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
=> −2𝑥 = 0 => 𝑥 = 0 => 6𝑥 = 0 => 𝑥 = 0
Again diff. eq. (1) w.r.t ‘x’ Again diff. eq. (1) w.r.t ‘x’
′′ (𝑥)
𝑓 = −2 = −2 + 0𝑥 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6 = 6 + 0𝑥
At 𝑥 = 0 At 𝑥 = 0
𝑓 ′′ (0) = −2 + 0(0) = −2 < 0 𝑖. 𝑒 − 𝑣𝑒 𝑓 ′′ (0) = 6 + 0(0) = 6 > 0 𝑖. 𝑒 + 𝑣𝑒
′′ (0)
𝑓 < 0, so 𝑓 has relative maxima at 𝑥 = 0 𝑓 ′′ (0) > 0, so 𝑓 has relative minima at 𝑥 = 0
Now, Now,
𝑀𝑎𝑥: 𝑓(0) = 1 − 02 = 1 𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓(0) = 3(0)2 = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
ii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟐 v) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓
2
Sol. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 − 𝑥 − 2 Sol. 𝑓(𝑥) = 3𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 5
Diff. w.r.t. ‘x’ Diff. w.r.t. ‘x’
′ (𝑥)
𝑓 = 2𝑥 − 1 − −> (1) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 4 − −> (1)
′ (𝑥)
Putting 𝑓 =0 Putting 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0
1 4 2
=> 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 => 𝑥 = => 6𝑥 − 4 = 0 => 𝑥 = => 𝑥 =
2 6 3
Again diff. eq. (1) w.r.t ‘x’ Again diff. eq. (1) w.r.t ‘x’
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 2 = 2 + 0𝑥 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6 = 6 + 0𝑥
1 2
At 𝑥 = At 𝑥 = 3
2
1 1 2 2
𝑓 ′′ ( ) = 2 + 0 ( ) = 2 > 0 𝑖. 𝑒 + 𝑣𝑒 𝑓 ′′ ( ) = 6 + 0 ( ) = 6 > 0 𝑖. 𝑒 + 𝑣𝑒
2 2 3 3
′′ 1 1 ′′ 2 3
𝑓 ( ) > 0, so 𝑓 has relative minima at 𝑥 = 𝑓 (3) > 0, so 𝑓 has relative minima at 𝑥 = 5
2 2
Now, Now,
1 1 2 1 1 1 1−2−8 2 2 2 2
𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓 ( ) = ( ) − − 2 = − − 2 = 𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓 (3) = 3 (3) − 4 (3) + 5
2 2 2 4 2 4
1 9 2 4 8
𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓 (3) = 3 (9) − 3 + 5
𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓 ( ) = − 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
2 4 2 4 8
iii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓𝒙𝟐 − 𝟔𝒙 + 𝟐 𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓 ( ) = − + 5
Sol. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 − 6𝑥 + 2 3 3 3
2 4 − 8 + 15
Diff. w.r.t. ‘x’ 𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓 ( ) =
3 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 10𝑥 − 6 − −> (1) 2 11
Putting 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓 ( ) = 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
3 3
6 3
=> 10𝑥 − 6 = 0 => 𝑥 = => 𝑥 =
10 5
Again diff. eq. (1) w.r.t ‘x’
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 10 = 10 + 0𝑥
3
At 𝑥 =
5
′′
3 3
𝑓 ( ) = 10 + 0 ( ) = 10 > 0 𝑖. 𝑒 + 𝑣𝑒
5 5
′′ 3 3
𝑓 (5) > 0, so 𝑓 has relative minima at 𝑥 = 5
Now,
3 3 2 3 9 18
𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓 (5) = 5 (5) − 6 (5) + 2 = 5 (25) − 5 + 2
1 9 18 9 − 18 + 10 1
𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓 ( ) = − +2= = 𝐴𝑛𝑠
2 5 5 5 5

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vi) 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 3

Sol. 𝑓(𝑥) = 2𝑥 3 − 2𝑥 2 − 36𝑥 + 3
Diff. w.r.t. ‘x’
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 36 − −> (1)
Putting 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 => 6𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 − 36 = 0 => 2(3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 18) = 0
=> 3𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 − 18 = 0
Let, 𝑎 = 3, 𝑏 = −2, 𝑐 = −18
Using quadratic formula
−𝑏 ± √𝑏 2 − 4𝑎𝑐 −(−2) ± √(−2)2 − 4(3)(−18) 2 ± √4 + 648
𝑥= => 𝑥 = => 𝑥 =
2𝑎 2(3) 6
2 ± √652 2 ± √4 × 55 2 ± 2√55 2(1 ± √55)
=> 𝑥 = => 𝑥 = => 𝑥 = => 𝑥 =
6 6 6 6
1 ± √55 1 + √55 1 − √55
=> 𝑥 = => 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑥=
3 3 3
Again diff. eq. (1) w.r.t ‘x’
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 − 4
1+√55
At 𝑥 = 3
1 + √55 1 + √55
𝑓 ′′ ( ) = 12 ( ) − 4 = 4(1 + √55) − 4 = 4 + 4√55 − 4 = 4√55 > 0 𝑖. 𝑒 + 𝑣𝑒
3 3

1+√55 1+√55
𝑓 ′′ ( ) > 0, so 𝑓 has relative minima at 𝑥 =
3 3
Now,
3 2
1+√55 1+√55 1+√55 1+√55
𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓 ( 3
) = 2( 3
) − 2( 3
) − 36 ( 3
)+ 3
3 2
1+√55 (1)3 +(√55) +3(1)(√55)(1+√55) (1)2 +(√55) +2(1)(√55) 1+√55
𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓 ( 3
) = 2( 27
)− 2( 9
) − 36 ( 3
)+ 3

1+√55 1+55√55+3√55+3(55) 1+55+2√55

𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓 ( ) = 2( )− 2( ) − 12(1 + √55) + 3
3 27 9
1+√55 1+55√55+3√55+165 56+2√55
𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓 ( 3 ) = 2( 27
) − 2 ( 9 ) − 12 − 12√55 + 3
1+√55 166+58√55 112+4√55
𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓 ( 3 ) = 2( 27
)− 9
− 9 − 12√55
1+√55 332+116√55 112+4√55
𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓 ( ) = − − 9 − 12√55
3 27 9
1+√55 332+116√55−336−12√55−243−324√55
𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓 ( 3 ) = 27
1 + √55 −247 − 220√55
𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓 ( )=
3 27
1−√55
At 𝑥 = 3
1 − √55 1 − √55
𝑓 ′′ ( ) = 12 ( ) − 4 = 4(1 − √55) − 4 = 4 − 4√55 − 4 = −4√55 < 0 𝑖. 𝑒 − 𝑣𝑒
3 3

1+√55 1−√55
𝑓 ′′ ( 3
) < 0, so 𝑓 has relative maxima at 𝑥 = 3
Now,
3 2
1−√55 1−√55 1−√55 1−√55
𝑀𝑎𝑥: 𝑓 ( ) = 2( ) − 2( ) − 36 ( )+ 3
3 3 3 3

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3 2
1−√55 (1)3 −(√55) −3(1)(√55)(1−√55) (1)2 +(√55) −2(1)(√55) 1−√55
𝑀𝑎𝑥: 𝑓 ( ) = 2( )− 2( ) − 36 ( )+3
3 27 9 3

1−√55 1−55√55−3√55+3(55) 1+55−2√55

𝑀𝑎𝑥: 𝑓 ( 3
) = 2( 27
) − 2( 9
) − 12(1 − √55) + 3
1−√55 1−55√55−3√55+165 56−2√55
𝑀𝑎𝑥: 𝑓 ( 3 ) = 2( 27
) − 2 ( 9 ) − 12 + 12√55 + 3
1−√55 166−58√55 112−4√55
𝑀𝑎𝑥: 𝑓 ( 3 ) = 2( 27
)− 9
− 9 + 12√55
1−√55 332+116√55 112−4√55
𝑀𝑎𝑥: 𝑓 ( 3 ) = 27
− 9
− 9 + 12√55
1−√55 332−116√55−336+12√55−243+324√55
𝑀𝑎𝑥: 𝑓 ( 3 ) = 27
1 − √55 −247 + 220√55
𝑀𝑎𝑥: 𝑓 ( )= 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
3 27
𝟒 𝟐 Again diff. eq. (1) w.r.t ‘x’
vii) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙 − 𝟒𝒙
Sol. 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 4 − 4𝑥 2 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 1(3𝑥 − 4) + 3(𝑥 − 2)
Diff. w.r.t. ‘x’ 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 3𝑥 − 4 + 3𝑥 − 6
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 4𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 − −> (1) 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 − 10
Putting 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 => 4𝑥 3 − 8𝑥 = 0 At 𝑥 = 2
=> 4𝑥(𝑥 2 − 2) = 0 => 4𝑥 = 0 ; 𝑥 2 − 2 = 0 𝑓 ′′ (2) = 6(2) − 10 = 12 − 10 = 2 > 0 𝑖. 𝑒 + 𝑣𝑒
=> 𝑥 = 0 ; 𝑥 2 = 2 => 𝑥 = ±√2 𝑓 ′′ (2) > 0, so 𝑓 has relative minima at 𝑥 = 2
Now,
=> 𝑥 = √2 ; 𝑥 = −√2
𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓(2) = (2 − 2)2 (2 − 1) = 0 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
Again diff. eq. (1) w.r.t ‘x’ 4
At 𝑥 =
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 12𝑥 − 8 3
At 𝑥 = 0 4 4
𝑓 ′′ ( ) = 6 ( ) − 10 = 8 − 10 = −2 < 0 𝑖. 𝑒 − 𝑣𝑒
𝑓 ′′ (0) = 12(0)2 − 8 = −8 < 0 𝑖. 𝑒 − 𝑣𝑒 3 3
′′ 4 4
𝑓 ′′ (0) < 0, so 𝑓 has relative maxima at 𝑥 = 0 𝑓 ( ) < 0, so 𝑓 has relative maxima at 𝑥 =
3 3
Now, Now,
𝑀𝑎𝑥: 𝑓(0) = (0)4 − 4(0)2 = 0 4 4 2
4
At 𝑥 = √2 𝑀𝑎𝑥: 𝑓 ( ) = ( − 2) ( − 1)
2
3 3 3
𝑓 ′′ (√2) = 12(√2) − 8 = 24 − 8 = 16 > 0 𝑖. 𝑒 + 𝑣𝑒 4 4−6 2 4−1 −2 2 1
𝑀𝑎𝑥: 𝑓 ( ) = ( ) ( )=( ) ( )
𝑓 ′′ (√2) > 0, so 𝑓 has relative minima at 𝑥 = √2 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 1 4
Now, 𝑀𝑎𝑥: 𝑓 ( ) = ( ) ( ) = 𝐴𝑛𝑠.
4 2 3 9 3 27
𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓(√2) = (√2) − 4(√2) = 4 − 8 = −4 ix) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟓 + 𝟑𝒙 − 𝒙𝟑
At 𝑥 = −√2 Sol. 𝑓(𝑥) = 5 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 3
2
𝑓 ′′ (−√2) = 12(−√2) − 8 = 24 − 8 = 16 > 0 + 𝑣𝑒 Diff. w.r.t. ‘x’
𝑓 ′′ (−√2) > 0, so 𝑓 has relative minima at 𝑥 = −√2 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 3 − 3𝑥 2 − −> (1)
Putting 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 => 3 − 3𝑥 2 = 0 => 3(1 − 𝑥 2 ) = 0
Now,
4 2 => 1 − 𝑥 2 = 0 => 𝑥 2 = 1 => 𝑥 = ±1
𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓(−√2) = (−√2) − 4(−√2) = 4 − 8 = −4 => 𝑥 = −1 ; 𝑥 = 1
viii) 𝒇(𝒙) = (𝒙 − 𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝟏) Again diff. eq. (1) w.r.t ‘x’
Sol. 𝑓(𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)2 (𝑥 − 1) 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 3 − 6𝑥
Diff. w.r.t. ‘x’ At 𝑥 = −1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 1) + 1(𝑥 − 2)2 𝑓 ′′ (−1) = 3 − 6(−1) = 3 + 6 = 9 > 0 𝑖. 𝑒 + 𝑣𝑒
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)[2(𝑥 − 1) + (𝑥 − 2)] 𝑓 ′′ (−1) > 0, so 𝑓 has relative minima at 𝑥 = −1
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(2𝑥 − 2 + 𝑥 − 2) 𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓(−1) = 5 + 3(−1) − (−1)3 = 5 − 3 + 1 = 3
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 − 2)(3𝑥 − 4) − −> (1) At 𝑥 = 1
Putting 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 => (𝑥 − 2)(3𝑥 − 4) = 0 𝑓 ′′ (1) = 3 − 6(1) = 3 − 6 = −3 < 0 𝑖. 𝑒 − 𝑣𝑒
=> 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ; 3𝑥 − 4 = 0 𝑓 ′′ (1) < 0, so 𝑓 has relative maxima at 𝑥 = 1
4
=> 𝑥 = 2 ; 𝑥 = 3 𝑀𝑎𝑥: 𝑓(1) = 5 + 3(1) − (1)3 = 5 + 3 − 1 = 7

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3. Find the maximum and minimum values of the function defined by the following equation
occurring in the interval [𝟎, 𝟐𝝅]
𝒇(𝒙) = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙.
Sol. 𝑓(𝑥) = sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥
Diff. w.r.t. ‘x’
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 − −> (1)
Putting 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 => cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = 0 => − sin 𝑥 = − cos 𝑥 => sin 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
sin 𝑥
=> = 1 𝐷. 𝑇. 𝑂 𝑏𝑦 cos 𝑥
cos 𝑥
𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋 𝜋 5𝜋
=> tan 𝑥 = 1 => 𝑥 = tan−1 1 => 𝑥 = 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 𝜋 + = => 𝑥 = ; 𝑥=
4 4 4 4 4
Again diff. eq. (1) w.r.t ‘x’
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = − cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥
𝜋
At 𝑥 = 4
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1 1 2
𝑓 ′′ ( ) = − cos − sin = − − =− < 0 𝑖. 𝑒 − 𝑣𝑒
4 4 4 √2 √2 √2
𝜋 𝜋
𝑓 ′′ ( 4 ) < 0, so 𝑓 has relative maxima at 𝑥 = 4
Now,
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 1 1 2
𝑀𝑎𝑥: 𝑓 ( 4 ) = cos 4 + sin 4 = + 2 = = √2
√2 √ √2
5𝜋
At 𝑥 = 4
5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 1 1 1 1 2
𝑓 ′′ ( ) = − cos − sin = − (− ) − (− ) = + = > 0 𝑖. 𝑒 + 𝑣𝑒
4 4 4 √2 √2 √2 √2 √2
5𝜋 5𝜋
𝑓 ′′ ( 4 ) > 0, so 𝑓 has relative minima at 𝑥 = 4
Now,
5𝜋 5𝜋 5𝜋 1 1 2
𝑀𝑖𝑛: 𝑓 ( 4 ) = cos 4
+ sin 4
=− − =− = −√2
√2 √2 √2
𝐥𝐧 𝒙
4. Show that 𝒚 = 𝒙
has maximum value at 𝒙 = 𝒆.
ln 𝑥
Sol. 𝑦 = 𝑥
Diff. w.r.t. ‘x’
1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑥 . 𝑥 − 1. ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 1 − ln 𝑥
= ( ) => = 2
=> =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
Again diff. w.r.t. ‘x’
1 2
𝑑2 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 2𝑥(1 − ln 𝑥) 𝑑2 𝑦 −𝑥 − 2𝑥(1 − ln 𝑥)
=> 2 = => =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥4 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥4
2 2
𝑑 𝑦 −𝑥[1 + 2(1 − ln 𝑥)] 𝑑 𝑦 −[1 + 2(1 − ln 𝑥)]
=> 2 = 4
=> 2 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥3
At 𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑑2 𝑦 −[1 + 2(1 − ln 𝑒)] 𝑑2 𝑦 −[1 + 2(1 − 1)] 𝑑2 𝑦 −[1 + 0]
=> 2 = => = => =
𝑑𝑥 𝑒3 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑒3 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑒3
2 2
𝑑 𝑦 −1 𝑑 𝑦
=> 2 = 3 < 0 => 2 < 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑥
Hence, 𝑦 = has maximum value at 𝑥 = 𝑒
𝑥

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𝟏
5. Show that 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒙 has minimum value at 𝒙 = .
𝒆
Sol. 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥
Taking ‘ln’ on both sides
ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 𝑥
=> ln 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥
Diff. w.r.t. ‘x’
1 𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 1. ln 𝑥 + 𝑥 => = ln 𝑥 + 1 => = 𝑦(ln 𝑥 + 1)
𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Again diff. w.r.t. ‘x’
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
=> 2 = (ln 𝑥 + 1) + 𝑦 => 2 = 𝑦(ln 𝑥 + 1)(ln 𝑥 + 1) + ∵ = 𝑦(ln 𝑥 + 1)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 1
=> 2 = 𝑦(ln 𝑥 + 1)2 + => 2 = 𝑦 [(ln 𝑥 + 1)2 + ]
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 1
=> 2 = 𝑥 𝑥 [(ln 𝑥 + 1)2 + ] ∵ 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
1
At 𝑥 =
𝑒
1
2
𝑑2 𝑦 1 𝑒 1 1 𝑑2 𝑦
=> 2 = ( ) [(ln + 1) + ] => 2 = 𝑒 𝑒 [(ln 1 − ln 𝑒 + 1)2 + 𝑒]
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑒 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑒
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
=> 2 = 𝑒 𝑒 [(0 − 1 + 1)2 + 𝑒] => 2 = 𝑒 𝑒 [(0)2 + 𝑒] => 2 = 𝑒 𝑒 [0 + 𝑒]
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦
=> 2 = 𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
𝑑𝑥
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
=> 2 = 𝑒 𝑒+1 > 0 => 2 > 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
Hence, 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 has minimum value at 𝑥 =
𝑒

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