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Stats Reviewer

The document provides an overview of statistics, including descriptive and inferential statistics, and the distinction between populations and samples. It discusses variables, types of data, levels of measurement, random variables, and the normal distribution, along with key concepts such as the probability mass function and standard normal distribution. Additionally, it covers the empirical rule and methods for finding Z-scores and percentiles.

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raiya ezri
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8 views3 pages

Stats Reviewer

The document provides an overview of statistics, including descriptive and inferential statistics, and the distinction between populations and samples. It discusses variables, types of data, levels of measurement, random variables, and the normal distribution, along with key concepts such as the probability mass function and standard normal distribution. Additionally, it covers the empirical rule and methods for finding Z-scores and percentiles.

Uploaded by

raiya ezri
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS 2.

Inferential Statistics:
➢​ Uses a sample to draw conclusions
1. Overview of Statistics about a population.
➢​ Leads to predictions or generalizations.
➢​ Data: Information from observations, ➢​ Example: Studies on sleep duration
counts, measurements, or responses. affecting test performance.
➢​ Statistics: The science of collecting,
organizing, analyzing, and interpreting 3. Variables & Data
data.
Definition of Variables
Populations & Samples ➢​ Variable: A characteristic that changes
●​ Population: The entire group of among individuals or objects.
individuals or instances being studied. ➢​ Examples: Age, height, number of errors
●​ Sample: A subset of the population. in a test.
Example:
A survey of 250 students from Union College Types of Data
about smoking habits: ➢​ Qualitative Data: Non-numerical
attributes.
●​ Population: All students at Union ➢​ Example: Gender, school type, rice
College. variety.
●​ Sample: The 250 students surveyed.
➢​ Quantitative Data: Numerical
Parameter vs. Statistic measurements.
●​ Parameter: A numerical description of a ➢​ Example: Age, height, test scores.
population characteristic.
●​ Statistic: A numerical description of a Quantitative Variables Classification:
sample characteristic.
Example: Discrete: Countable values (e.g., number of
●​ Sample statistic: The average income of students).
450 students is ₱325. Continuous: Can take any value within a range
●​ Population parameter: The average (e.g., weight, salary).
income of all students is ₱405.
4. Levels of Measurement
2. Branches of Statistics
➢​ Nominal: Qualitative data only; names,
1. Descriptive Statistics: labels, or categories.
➢​ Organizes, summarizes, and displays ➢​ Example: Colors of a flag, student
data. names.
➢​ Example: Graphs, tables, percentages ➢​ Ordinal: Data arranged in order, but
in newspapers. differences are not meaningful.
➢​ Example: Class rankings, top 50 songs ●​ Range Space = {0, 1, 2}.
on the radio.
➢​ Interval: Ordered data with meaningful Rolling two dice, where Y is the sum:
differences but no true zero. ●​ Range Space = {2, 3, 4, ..., 12}.
➢​ Example: Temperature, years on a ●​ Y(3,2) = 5, Y(4,6) = 10, Y(1,3) = 4.
timeline.
➢​ Ratio: Ordered data with meaningful DISCRETE PROBABILITY DISTRIBUTION
differences and a true zero.
➢​ Example: Salary, age, grade point ➢​ Also called the probability mass function
averages. (PMF).

RANDOM VARIABLES ➢​ A table showing probability values


assigned to each outcome.
➢​ Also called a stochastic variable.
➢​ Assigns a numerical value or Example:
characteristic to an experiment outcome.
➢​ Represented by X or any capital letter. Tossing four coins, where X is the number of
heads.
Two Categories:
●​ Range Space = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4}.
➢​ Discrete Random Variable: Countable ●​ 16 Possible Outcomes (e.g., HHHH,
values (e.g., 0,1,2,3,...). HTTH, etc.).
➢​ Continuous Random Variable: Infinite
possible values, including decimals. PROBABILITY MASS FUNCTION HISTOGRAM

Example: ➢​ Horizontal axis: Values of X.


➢​ Vertical axis: Corresponding
➢​ Discrete: Number of tails in 30 coin probabilities P(X).
tosses.
➢​ Continuous: Time until a machine NORMAL DISTRIBUTION OVERVIEW
glitches.
➢​ Also called Gaussian Distribution.
RANGE SPACE ➢​ A continuous random variable is normal
if its values are mostly close to the
➢​ The set of all possible values for a given expected value, with very few extreme
random variable. values.
➢​ Examples: Heights of students, blood
Example: pressure, test scores, weights.

Tossing two fair coins, where X is the number of


heads:
PROPERTIES: ●​ Values below x.
●​ Values x and above.
➢​ The graph is a bell-shaped curve ➢​ Use the upper boundary when asked
(normal curve). for:
➢​ The maximum point is at x = μ (mean). ●​ Values x and below.
➢​ Symmetrical about the line x = μ. ●​ Values above x.
➢​ Mean, median, and mode are equal. ➢​ Use both boundaries for ranges.
➢​ Asymptotic (never touches the x-axis).
➢​ The total area under the curve is 1. STANDARD NORMAL TABLE USAGE
➢​ 50% of the area is to the left of the
mean, 50% to the right. Provides areas under the normal curve for
➢​ Standard deviation (σ) affects the given Z-scores.
width and height of the curve.
➢​ Inflection points are at μ ± σ. Examples:
➢​ Area between 0 and 2.36: Find row 2.3,
EMPIRICAL RULE column 0.06 → 0.4909.
➢​ Area between -1.3 and 0: Find area for
68% of values fall within ± 1σ of the mean. 1.3, which is 0.4032.
95% of values fall within ± 2σ of the mean.
99.7% of values fall within ± 3σ of the mean. Finding Areas Between Two Z-values
➢​ Case 1: Opposite sides of Z = 0 → Add
STANDARD NORMAL DISTRIBUTION probabilities.
➢​ Case 2: Same side of Z = 0 → Subtract
Converts any normal distribution into a standard probabilities.
one.
FINDING PERCENTILES OR Z-SCORES
Uses the formula: Example:
Z = (x - μ) / σ Find z-score where area to the left is 0.4681:
Z = -0.08.

Z-score interpretation: Find Z-score where 83.15% of the area is to the right:
●​ 0 = Exactly at the mean. Z = -0.96.

➢​ Positive Z-score = Above the


mean.
➢​ Negative Z-score = Below the
mean.

APPROXIMATIONS USING THE NORMAL


CURVE

➢​ Use the lower boundary when asked


for:

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