Practical Research

Research
- to look for something (Chapman 1979)
- Process of searching for something to solve an existing problem.
- it is a systematic investigation or inquiry entailing collection of data, documentation of cirtical
info, analysis, interpretation of information (Williams 2007)
- Formation of new knowldedge and the employment of previous or existing knowledge into new
and creative way (O’Donnell 2012)
CHARACTERISTICS OF RESEARCH
1. Systematic– the researcher needs to carry out a serios of interrelated steps in conducting
the study.
2. Objective – should be based on factual information and evidences.
3. Feasible – time, effort, and cost must be analyzed in order to determine if the research is
possible.
4. Empirical – should be drawn from concrete experimentation, observation, and verifiable
experience.
5. Clear – The researcher must use comprehensible language, and the topic must pbe
explained from the introductory part to ensure a deeper understanding of the study.
PHASES OF RESEARCH
1. Conceptual – identifying the problem, rrl, hypothesis, determining the research purpose
and obj.
2. Design and Planning – selecting a research design, developing study proc, and
determining the sampling and data collection.
3. Empirical Phase – collection of data, and preparing data for analysis
4. Analytical – interpreting results, and making conclusion
5. Dissemination – communacting results to appropriate audience, and utilize the findings
RESEARCH PROCESS
1. Define the research problem – look at a significant real life problem. Factors like area
of interest, availability of fund, socio-economic significance of the study, and safety
measures to be undertaken should be considered in finding and defining the research
problem.
2. Review the literature – read varioud publications to become aware of the previous
works about the chosen topic.
3. Formulate hypothesis – it is a theoretical statement in solving a logical relationship
between variables.
4. Prepare the research design – identifying the best means to cllect and analyze data in
the study to clarify and improve the research problem.
5. Collect Data – use an appropriate data collection method to elicit the needed
information.
6. Analyze Data – methods that make sense of the data to answer the research problem
7. Interpret and Report the Findings – put the information perspective and present the
solution to the proposed problem based on the findings of the investigation.
ETHICAL CODES AND POLICIES FOR RESEARCH
1. Honesty – researcher should strive to truthfully report data in whatever form of
communcation all throughout the study.
2. Objectivity – avoid being biased.
3. Integrity – should establish credibility through the consistency of his/her thought and
action. He/she should act with sincerity especially on keeping agreements
4. Care – researcher should never neglect even the smallest detail of the study.
5. Openness – open to criticisms. Research should be shared to the public
6. Respect for Intellectual Property – should not plagiarize, credit and cite all the
information taken from the other publications.
7. Confidentiality – protect all confidential communcations or documents from being
discovered by others.
8. Reponsible Publication – should ensure that his/her work is clear, honest, complete,
accurate, and balanced, avoiding wasteful and duplication publication.
9. Reponsible Mentoring – researchers should teach responsible conduct of research and
share professinal knowledge for those less experienced researchers.
10. Repect for Colleagues – should show courtesy to his/her colleagues by treating them
equally and fairly.
11. Social Responsibility – should promote social good by working for the best intersts and
benefits of the environment and society as a whole.
12. Non-Discrimination – should not discrimante based on sex, etc.
13. Competence – should possess necessary knowledge and skills in conducting a study.
14. Legality – abide relevant laws
15. Legality – human subject protection, should protect human lives.
RIGHTS OF RESEARCH PARTICIPANTS
1. Voluntary Participation – free will of the participants to participate.
2. Informed Consent – partici must be provided with sufficient info about procedures and
risks involved.
3. Risk of Harm – avoid, prevent, or minimize threats espically when they are exposed and
engaged in invasive and risky procedures.
4. Confidentiality – must be assured of their privacy particularly on personal information.
 5. Anonymity – The research participants must remain anonymous or unidentified
throughout the study. They have the right to keep their identities secrest as they
particiapte.

Qualitative Research
- It is concerned with non-statistical methods ofinquiry and analysis of social
- This design seeks to answer questions about whyand how people behave in the way that
they do
- Qualitative research is an inductive, subjective process of inquiry donein a natural setting.
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALI
1. Involves processes, feelings, and motives (the why’s and how’s) and produces in-depth
and holistic data.
2. Generating hypothesis from data rather than testing a hypothesis.
3. Uses either unstructured or semi-structured instruments.
4. Small sample sizes
5. Has high validity
6. Used to gain greater understanding of individual differences in terms of feelings,
motives, and experiences.
7. Uses more flexible processes
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUANTI
1. Aims to characterize trends and patterns
2. Starts with either a theory or hypo about the relationship between two or more variables
3. Uses structures research instruments like questionaires or scheduels
4. Large sample sizes
5. High output replicability
6. Gain greater understanding of group similartities
7. Structured process
8. Census, survey, experiment, and secondary analysis.
KINDS OF RESEARCH ACROSS FIELDS
1. Phenomenology – approach to philosphy and not specifically a method of inquiry; has
often been misunderstood.
2. Ethnography – direct description of a group, culture or community. Sometimes
researchers use it as synonymous with qualitative research in general, while at other times
it’s meanign is more specific.
3. Grounded Theory – development of theory directly based and grounded data collected
by the researcher.
4. Case Study – can be both quali and quanti.

Characteristic – refers to a distinguishing trait, quality or property

Strenghts – strong attribute or inherent asset
Kind – pertains to a group united by common traits
Importance – it implies the significant worth of something
CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALI RESEARCH
1. Naturalistic – based on real-life situations, unfold the study in a natural manner.
2. Purposeful – selecting the participants in a purposive manner, they have easy access to
the information needed or simply have the knowlede to provide a great deal of inormation
needed to the study.
3. Detailed – researcher should capture the direct quotations.
4. Requires Engagement and Neutrality – immersing oneself would enable the researcher
to aquire personal experiences and insights which are essential to better understand the
phenomenon.
5. Follows an Inductive Procedure – Specific details and data will be gathered from the
target patricipants that can be used to discover emerging patterns and themes.
6. Viewed in a Holistic Perspective – viewing the whole phenomenon under investigation
in a complex system, different varibales can either cause or effect the phenomenon.
STRENGTHS OF QUALi
1. Complements quanti data
2. Detailed info to explain complex problem
3. Cost efficient
WEAKNESSES OF QUALI
1. Cannot generalize the findings to the study
2. More difficult to analyze
3. Time consuming

RATIONALE OF THE STUDY

Rationale – an explanation of controlling principles of opinion, belief, practice, or
phenomena. Pertaints to the reasons why the study must be conducted.
HOW TO WRITE RATIONALE
1. Existing Literature – background on what researches have already been done about the
given subj.
2. Relevance to Local/Global Context – interconnectedness of individuals or things in
varying perspective
3. Critical BG/Contectual Info – info that enables the readers to underand the nature of the
problem
4. Research Gap – problems, issues or questions that have not been addressed or are yet to
be understood.
5. Proof of Urgency – urgent need to solve the existing problem
6. Research Goals/Objective – purpose why there is a need for the proposed study to be
conducted.
 SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
Scope – informative part of research, this is where you declare the things you have to carry out
and follow through the course of research.
Delimitation – choiced mady by researcher that serves as boundary (Simon 2011).
Research Locale – particular location where the study is conducted.
Significance of the Study – identify the contribution to the society.
Specific Duration – time frame when the research is conducted
Research Method – systematic plan for conducting research that includes procedures for
collengting and analyzing data.
a. Ethnography – investigation about customs of individual and culture
b. Phenomenology – commonality of lived experience within a group of individuals
c. Case study – investigation of a phenomenon within the context of real life situation
d. Grounded theory – aims toward a development of a theory in an inductive manner.
Protocols Followed – standard procedure, system, or rules that you follow in gathering data. It
can be the permission in the conduct of the study.
Data Gathering Procedures – step-by-step procedures that you employ before and during the
data gathering.
Instrument – measurement devices that you use in your research in a form of test, survey,
questionaire, and the like.
Data Analysis – these are the systematical processess you employ to describe or interpret your
data. It can be thematic network analysis, dendogramming, structural analysis, text analysis, and
Collaizi procedure.
FOUR TYPES OF READING
1. Elementary Reading – word-recognition type of reading wherein sentence are literally
comprehended.
2. Systematic Reading – this employs skimming strategy wherein the researcher-reader
may focus on the highlighted terms in the sample manuscript.
3. Analitic Reading – requires the researcher-reader to break the whole scholarly work into
parts for better understadngin. It may also observe the connection with the author by
asking the 5Ws and 1 H. Use of a dictionary for concept clarification is also often
considered in this type of reading.
4. Comparative Reading – two or more scholaryly works which will be analyzed for
comparing-contrasting.
PLAGIARISM
1. Direct Plagiarism – copy word-for-word (Roig, 2002)
2. Self Plagiarism – when you mixed your previous works to come up with new article
without proper citation.
3. Mosaic Plagiarism – when you take phrases from a source without using quotation
marks or citation; thus you just find synonyms to the authors’ words while keeping the
same thouigh as it is in the original (Roka, 2017)
4. Accidental Plagiarism – when unintentionally neglected to cite a source or quoted by
using similar words or sentence structure.