Abstract

In shipbuilding, the scantling refers to the collective dimensions of the framing (apart
from the keel) to which planks or plates are attached to form a hull. Ship structural
scantlings are a contract design level task. They form the general plan for the
material thicknesses and section profiles on a vessel.
The scantlings are based on rule book calculations. The classification society has a
published set of rules. The naval architect will use those rules to design the vessel
structure. The rule book followed here is ‘Germanischer Lloyd’.
 Scantling Calculation
Midship
Reference Book: GL
Principle Dimension

Principle Particulars Refference

Ship type Oil tanker Owner's Requirements
LBP, m 129m Owner's Requirements
LWL, m 131.1769m
LOA, m 133.6443m
Breadth, m 19.11m BY Calculation using Series 60
Depth, m 11.466m BY Calculation using Series 60
Draft(T), m 7.644m BY Calculation using Series 60
Cb 0.75 BY Calculation using Series 60
Deadweight
Displacement
Route Type Sea going Owner's Requirements
Framing system Longitudinal
(nf =0.83)
Material factor, K(ReH , 235 in N/mm2) 1

Material Factor, K 1

ReH 235 N/mm^2 Ref: Part 1 Chapter 1 Sec2

ρ 1025 kg/m^3
g 9.81 ms^-2
Young’s Modulus (E, N/mm^2) 0.69*10^5 Ref: part 1 Chapter 1 sec 1
 Probability Factor, F 1 Part 1 chapter 1 sec 4_A
Pg47
Distribution Factor, Cf 1 Part 1 chapter 1 sec 4
table 4.1
Wave Coefficient, C0 (for 90 <L< 300m) 8.514 Part 1 Chapter 1 sec 4
Formula: 10.75-
((300-
Lbp)/100^1.5)*Crw
Length Coefficient, CL For L >90 m 1 Part 1 Chapter 1sec 4

Basic external Formula: 25.93KN/mm2 Part 1 Chapter 1sec 4

Dynamic Load, p0 2.1(Cb+.7)*C0*CL*F
Factor to take the For longitudinal frame 0.83 Part 1 Chapter 1sec 6
framing system, nf spacing
Service Range For unlimited service 1 Part 1 Chapter 1sec 4
Coefficient, Crw
Corrosion addition, tk t<10mm 1.5 Part 1 Chapter 1sec 3 G.1

Load on bottom, PB 10T+P0*CF 102.37 kN/m^2 Part 1 Chapter 1sec 4 B.5

Frame Spacing,a 0.7m
Web spacing e 1.4m
Unsupported span l 2.2m
Service Speed v 12 Knots

Bottom Shell Plating: [Chapter – 01; Section – 06; Paragraph – B.1; Page (6 - 2)]
[Spans from Keel to the edges of the Bilge Plating(Transition
to the sides of the hull)]

Determined by the following formula:

For ships without proven longitudinal strength:
𝑡B = max[tB1;tB2] within 0.1 L forward of the aft

end of the length L and within 0.05 L aft of F.P.

𝑡B1 = 1.9 × 𝑛f × 𝑎 × √(𝑝𝐵 × 𝑘) + 𝑡𝑘 [𝑚𝑚]
=1.9*0.83*0.7*√(102.37 *1)+1.5
=12.67 mm
 𝑡B2 = 1.21 × a× √(𝑝𝐵 × 𝑘) + 𝑡𝑘 [𝑚𝑚]

=1.21*0.7*√(102.37*1)+1.5

𝑡B2 = 10.069 mm

But minimum plate thickness , tmin = √𝐿 × 𝑘

=√129 ∗ 1
=11.3578 mm [Chapter 1, Section 24, G.2]

Therefore, we take the thickness of bottom shell plating as 12mm

Flat keel Plating: [ Chapter – 01; Section – 06; Paragraph – B.4.1; Page (6 - 4)]

The width b of the flat plate keel is not to be less than determined by the following
formula:
b = 800 + 5.L [mm]
=800+ 5*129
=1445 mm

The thickness tFK of the flat plate keel is not to be less than

be determined by the following formulae:

tFK = tB + 2 [mm] within 0.7 L amidships and in way of the engine seating
= 12.67+2
= 14.67 mm

Therefore, We take the width of the flat keel as 1450 mm and thickness as 15
mm.

Blige Plating: [Chapter:01, section:06, paragraph:B.3, page (6-4)]

Bilge plating is considered to be taken as same as flat keel plating with the width
of 1450mm and the thickness of 15 mm

Side Shell Plating: [Chapter – 01; Section – 06; Paragraph – C.1; Page (6 - 4)]

The thickness tS of the side shell plating is not to be less than

determined by the following formulae:
For ships without proven longitudinal strength:
𝑡S = max[𝑡S1; 𝑡S2] within 0.1 L forward of the

aft end of the length L and within 0.05 L aft of F.P.

tS1= 1.9 × 𝑛𝑓 × 𝑎 × √(𝑝𝑠 × 𝑘 )+ 𝑡𝑘 [𝑚𝑚]

𝑡s2= 1.21 × 𝑎× √(𝑝𝑠 × 𝑘) +

𝑡𝑘 [𝑚𝑚]

Z =0.5(depth-double-bottom depth)+double bottom depth

[z : vertical distance [m] between load centre of element and base line]
=0.5(11.466-1.2640)+1.2640 = 6.365 m

Here,
pS = Load on ship’s side
= 10*(T-Z)+P0*CF*(1+(Z/T)) =10*(7.644-6.365)+ 25.93*1*(1+(6.365/7.644)
= 60.31 kN/m^2

[Chapter – 01; Section – 04; Paragraph – B.2; Line – 6; Page (4 - 5)]

 Therefore
ts1= 1.9 × .83 × 0.7 × √(60.31*1)+ 1.5
= 10.07 mm
𝑡s2= 1.21 × 0.7× √(60.31*1)+ 1.5
= 8.07 mm

But minimum plate thickness , tmin =Cl*√𝐿 × 𝑘

=√129 ∗ 1 [C1=1 for L ≥50]
=11.3578 mm

[Chapter 1, Section 24, G.2]

Therefore, We take the thickness of the side shell is 12 mm

Strength deck plating:

[Chapter:01, section:07, paragraph: B.4.3.2, page (7-6)]

The thickness of strength deck plating tE for 0.1L from the ends and between hatch
ways is not to be less than determined by the following formulae:

tE=max [tE1; tE2] with tE≥tE min

tE1=1.21*a*√(𝑃D ∗ 𝑘) +tk [mm]
tE2=1.10*a*√(𝑝L * 𝑘) +tk [mm]

Here, tE,min=minimum thickness [mm]

= (5.5+0.02*LBP)*√𝐾
= (5.5+0.02*129)*√1
 =`8.08 mm

[CD=1 from table 4.1]

20 × 𝑇
𝑃𝐷 = 𝑃0 × × 𝐶𝐷
(10 + 𝑧 − 𝑇) × 𝐻

20 × 7.644
𝑃𝐷 = 25.93 × × 𝐶𝐷
(10 + 6.365 − 7.644) × 7.644
=59.465 KN/m2

PD min = max [16f; 0.7Po]

=max[16*1; 0.7*25.93]
=18.151mm

tE1=1.21*a*√(𝑃D ∗ 𝑘) +tk [mm]

=1.21*0.7*√(18.151*1)+1.5
=5.11 mm

Therfore, we take the thickness of strength deck is 9 mm.

Sheer Strake:
The width b of the sheer strake is not to be less than determined by the following
formula:
b = 800 + 5 × L [mm]
[Chapter – 01; Section – 06; Paragraph – C.3.1; Page (6 - 5)]
= 800 + 5 × 129

=1445 mm b ≤ bmax and bmax = 1800

 The thickness t of the sheer strake is, in general, not to be less than determined
by the following formula:
t = 0.5 × (tD + t𝑆) [mm]
[Chapter – 01; Section – 06; Paragraph – C.3.2; Page (6 - 5)]
= 0.5 × (9 + 12)
= 10.5 mm

Therefore, we take the width of sheer strake as 1450 mm and thickness of sheer
strake as 11 mm

Web Frame:
[Chapter – 01; Section – 09; Paragraph – B.5.3.1; Page (9 - 5)]

The web frames and supporting stringers are fitted instead of tiers of beams, their
section modulus W is to be determined by the following formulae:
𝑊 = 0.55 × 𝑒 × 𝑙2 × 𝑝 × 𝑛𝑐 × 𝑘 [cm3]

Here,
nc = 1 for zero cross ties
[Chapter – 01; Section – 09; Paragraph – B.5.3.1; Table – 9.1; Page (9 -
5)]

Now, 𝑊 = 0.55 × 1.4 × 2.22 ×60.31 × 1× 1

=224.76 cm3

[ps Taken]
 Mainframe Spacing: [Chapter – 01; Section – 03,B.3.3.3]

𝑙𝑘𝑢 𝑙𝑘𝑢
𝑚𝐾3 = 1 − ( + 0.4 × )
𝑙 𝑙

lku,lko : length of lower/upper bracket connection of main frames within the length
􀁁 [m],

Section Modulus for Main Frame:

Deck Stringer: [Chapter:01, Section:07,B.4.2.2]

If the thickness of the strength deck plating is less than that of the side shell plating a
stringer plate is to be fitted having the width equal to side shell plating.

Therefore, We take the width of the deck stringer as **** mm and thickness 12
mm.

Bulk-Head Plating:
[Chapter:01, section:11, paragraph:B.1, page:(11-2)]
The thickness t of the bulkhead plating is not to be less than determined by the
following formulae:
𝑡 = 𝐶𝑝 × 𝑎 × √𝑝 + 𝑡𝑘
p=9.81*h
h= distance [m] from load centre of plate panel or stiffener respectively to top of
overflow or to a point 2.5 m above tank top, whichever is the greater
[Chapter:01 ,section:12,E.2.2]
*****************************************************************
But the thickness anywhere in the tank must be greater than tmin,
[Chapter:01, section:12, B.1.3]

𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5.5 + 0.02𝐿

𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 5.5 + 0.02 ∗ 129

= 8.08 mm

We take 9mm.
The thickness of Bulkhead plating inside the tank is 9 mm and outside the tank is
**

Inner Hull Plating:

Considering Inner hull as longitudinal bulkhead is contact with the oil, i.e it’s part
of a tank.

So, we take the thickness of Inner hull =9 mm

Inner Bottom Plating:

[Chapter:01, section:08, C.4.1]

The thickness t of the inner bottom plating is not to be less than determined by the
following formula:

𝑡 = 1.1 × 𝑎 × √𝑃 × 𝐾 + 𝑡𝑘

𝑡 = 1.1 × 𝑎 × √𝑃 × 𝐾 + 𝑡𝑘
Therefore, we take the dimension of web frame as

Dimension of Side Stringer:

[Chapter:01, section:09, B.5.3.1]

We take the dimension of side stringer

Dimension of Deck Girder:

[Chapter:01, section:10, paragraph:B.2.2.1]

Dimension of Deck Web:

[Chapter:01, section:10, B.2.2.1, page:10-3]

We take the dimension of Deck web same as deck girder.

Therefore , we take the dimension of Deck web as

Dimension of Center Girder:

[Chapter:01, section:08,B.2.2.1] [For Double Bottom]
The depth h of the centre girder is not to be less than determined by the following
formula:
ℎ = 350 + 45. 𝑙 ℎ ≥ ℎ𝑚𝑖𝑛

h_min : minimum depth [mm], defined as: hmin = 600mm

l= unsupported span [m] of the floor plates, defined as:

l=B ; in general

Now, ℎ = 350 + 45 ∗ 19.11

ℎ = 1209.95 𝑚𝑚

The thickness tm of the centre girder is not to be less than determined by the
following formulae:

ℎ ℎ
𝑡𝑚 = ×( + 3) × √𝑘 ha= depth [mm] of centre girder as built
ℎ𝑎 120

However, tm ≥ t

The plate thickness t of the longitudinal girders is not to be less than determined by
the following formula: [Chapter:01, section:8,C6.4]

t = (5+0.03*L). √𝑘
t = (5+0.03*129). √1
=8.87mm
Dimension of Side Girder:

The thickness tm of the side girders is not to be less than determined by the
following formula:
ℎ2
𝑡𝑚 = × √𝑘 ; with tm ≥ t
120⋅ℎ𝑎

h = depth of the centre girder = 1209.95mm

ha = built depth [mm] of side girders. ha need not be taken less than h to calculate t.

t = (5+0.03*L). √𝑘
t = (5+0.03*129). √1
=8.87mm
Dimension of longitudinals:

[Chapter – 01; Section – 09; Paragraph – C.3.2; Page (9 - 8)]

Deck Longitudinal:
Section modulus Wl and shear area Al of longitudinals and longitudinal beams of
the strength deck are not to be less than determined by the following formulae:

2
83 2 2 𝑚𝑘
𝑤𝑙 = (𝑚𝑘𝑙 − 𝑚𝑎2 ) ⋅ 𝑎 ⋅ 𝑙 2 ⋅ 𝑝 [cm3] with (𝑚𝑘𝑙 − 𝑚𝑎2 ) ≥
𝜎𝑝𝑟 2

𝐴𝑙 = 0.05(1 − 0.817𝑚𝑎 ). 𝑎. 𝑙. 𝑝. 𝑘 [cm2]

Here, σpr = permissible local stress [N / mm2]

= 𝜎𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚 − |𝜎𝐿| with 𝜎𝑝𝑟 𝑘

σperm = total permissible stress [N / mm2] = (0.8 + 450𝐿 ) × 230𝑘 with 𝜎𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚
𝑘 σL = Longitudinal bending stress = 30 [Given]
p = design pressure
[Chapter – 01; Section – 09; Paragraph – C.2; Page (9 - 7) & (9 - 8)]
= pD for longitudinals of the weather
deck
= pS for longitudinals at ship’s side
= pB for bottom longitudinals

Now,
 𝜎𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑚 = (0.8 +0.246) ×
=240.733
𝜎𝑝𝑟 = 240.733 − 30
= 210.733
𝑊𝑙 =0.4× {(0.9997)2 − (0.16)2} × 0.65 × 22 ×32.19
= 32.59 cm3

Therefore, we take the dimension of deck longitudinal as 𝑳 − 80× 𝟓5 × 𝟕

Bottom Longitudinal:
Section modulus WBL of bottom longitudinals are not to be less than
determined by the following formulae:
𝑊𝐵𝐿 = 83.3𝜎𝑝𝑟 × (𝑚𝑘12 − 𝑚𝑎2) × 𝑎 × 𝑙2 × 𝑝 [cm3] with (𝑚𝑘12
− 𝑚𝑎2) ≥ 𝑚2𝑘12

Therefore, we take the dimension of bottom longitudinal as

Side Longitudinal:
Section modulus WSL of side longitudinals are not to be less than determined
by the following formulae:
𝑊𝑆𝐿 = 83.3 × (𝑚𝑘12 − 𝑚𝑎2) × 𝑎 × 𝑙2 × 𝑝 [cm3] with (𝑚𝑘12 −
𝑚𝑎2) ≥ 𝑚2𝑘12
𝜎𝑝𝑟
Minimum Midship section modulus:

[Chapter:01, section:05, E.1.2.2.1]

The minimum section modulus Wmin related to deck and bottom is not to be less
than the following minimum value:

𝑤𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 𝑘 ⋅ 𝐶0 ⋅ 𝐿2 ⋅ 𝐵 ⋅ (𝐶𝐵 + 0.7) ⋅ 𝐶𝑅𝑆 × 10−6 (m3)

=1*8.514*(129)2 * 19.11*(0.75+0.7)*1× 10−6
=3.926 m3