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Statistics and Probability Quarter 3 Module 2

Statistics and Probability (San Jacinto National High School)

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Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Mean and Variance of Discrete Random
Variable

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Statistics and Probability 11

Al ter nat iv e Deli
Deliver
ver y Mo
Mode
de
Quarter 3 – Module 1: Mean and VaVariance
riance of Discr ete Random
Random Variable
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education

Secretary: Leonor Magtolis Briones
Undersecretary: Diosdado M. San Antonio

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Statistics and
Probability
Quarter 3 – Module 2:
Mean and Variance of Discrete
Random Variable

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Introductory Message
This Self-Learning Module (SLM) is prepared so that you, our dear learners,
can continue your studies and learn while at home. Activities, questions, directions,
exercises, and discussions are carefully stated for you to understand each lesson.

Each SLM is composed of different par

parts.
ts. Each part shall guide you step-by-

step as you discover and understand the lesson prepared for you.
Pre-tests are provided to measure your prior knowledge on lessons in each
SLM. This will tell you if you need to proceed on completing this module or if you
need to ask your facilitator or your teacher’s assistance for better understanding of
the lesson. At the end of each module, you need to answer the post-test to self-check
your learning. Answer keys are provided
provided for each activity
activity and test. We trust that you
will be honest in using these.

In addition to the material in the main text, Notes to the Teacher are also
provided to our facilitators and parents for strategies and reminders on how they can
best help you on your home-based learning.

Please use this module with

wi th care. Do not put unnecessary marks on aany
ny part
of this SLM. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises and tests. And
read the instructions carefully before performing each task.

If you have any questions in using this SLM or any difficulty in answering the
tasks in this module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator.
facilitato r.

Thank you.

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What I Need to Know

At the end of the lesson, the students are expected to:

1. Illustrate the mean and variance of a discrete random variable; (M11/12SP-IIIb-
2)

2. Calculate the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable; (M11/12SP-
IIIb-2)

3. Interpret the mean and the variance of a discrete random variable;

(M11/12SP-IIIb-3) and

4. Solve problems involving mean and variance of probability distributions.

(M11/12SP-IIIb-4)

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What I Know

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet of

paper.

1. It is the central or average of its corresponding probability mass function.

A. mean C. standard deviation
B. variance D. probability

2. Determine the Mean or Expected Value of random variable below.

Tile Number of times picked

1 2
15
2 4
15
8
3 15
4 1
15
A. 2.53 C. 2.55

B. 2.54 D. 2.56

3. What is the mean outcome if a pair of die is rolled once?

A. 1.5 C. 3.5

B. 2.5 D. 4.5

4. Find the mean of the probability distribu

distribution
tion involving the ran
random
dom variable
X that gives the number of heads that appear after tossing four coins once.

A. 4 C. 2
B. 3 D. 1

5. The probabilities that a printer produces 0,1,2, and 3 misprints are 42%,
28%, 18%, and 12% respectively. What is the mean value of the random
variable?
A. 1 C. 3
B. 2 D. 4

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6. The random variable X, representing the number of nuts in a chocolate bar

has the following probability distribution. What is the mean?

Y 0 1 2 3 4

P(y) 1 3 3 2 1
10 10 10 10 10
A. 1.5 C. 1.7
B. 1.3 D. 1.9

7. These are two values that describe how scattered or spread out the scores
are from the mean value of the random variable.
varia ble.
A. variance and standard deviation
B. mean and probability distribution
C. probability and statistics
D. mean and variance
For numbers 8 and 9.
Complete the table below using mean (µ) = 5. Write the answer in your answer
sheets.
Probability Distribution Table of Random Variable X
X 2 4 6 8
P(x) 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
(x-µ) ? ? ? ?
(x-µ)2 ? ? ? ?

10. Compute for the variance and standard deviation of the Probability
Distribution table of the Random Variable X .

A. Variance = 5; Standard Deviation = 2.24

B. Variance = 4; Standard Deviation = 3.24
C. Variance = 3; Standard Deviation = 4.24
D. Variance = 2; Standard Deviation = 5.24

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Lesson
Mean of the Discrete
1 Random Variable
Covid-19 is continuously spreading around the world, that is why reports
regarding average infected people per country is being updated every day. For this
kind of report, experts used Statistics and Probability to show reliable analysis in
their data. In this lesson, you will le
learn
arn how to compute the average or mean of a
discrete probability distribution as well as the variance and standard deviation of a
discrete random variable.

What’s In

Let’s find out if you are ready to learn this new lesson. Do the following
following,, write your
answer in your answer sheet.

A. Given the values of the variables X and Y, evaluate the following summations.

X1 = 5, Y1 = 3 X3 = 3, Y3 = 1

X2 = 4, Y2 = 2 X4 = 2, Y4 = 0

(1) ∑ (3) ∑( + ) (5) ∑ 4

(2) ∑  (4) ∑

B. Construct a probability distribution of W representing the square of the number

when a die is rolled once. Copy the table in your answer sheet then write your
answer.

P(w)

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Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that w

will
ill help you in
guiding the learners.

What’s New

Consider the outcomes of a coin tossed as a random event. The probability of

 
getting tail is or 50%, and the prob
probability
ability of getting head is or 50% also, but
 
it is hard to predict the outcome that will occur. In this lesson,
les son, you will learn how
to determine the likeliness of the happening of an event.
eve nt.

Mean of a Discrete Random Variable

The Mean µ of a discrete random variable is the central value or
average of its corresponding probability mass function. It is also called
as the Expected Value. It is computed using the formula:

µ= ∑ ()

Where x is the outcome and p(x) is the probability of the outcome .

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What is It

Examples:

1. Determine the mean or Expected Value of random variable below.

X 0 1 2 3 4
P(x) 1 1 1 1 1
5 5 5 5 5

Solution:
µ=∑ ⟮()⟯

= ∑ ⟮0(  ) + 1(  ) + 2(  ) + 3(  ) + 4(  ) ⟯

=
∑ ⟮0 +  +  +  +  ⟯

= or 2

Therefore, mean is 2 for the above random variable.
2. Find the mean of the random variable Y representing the number of red color
col or
chocolates per 160-gram pack of colored chocolate packages that has the following
probability distribution.
Y 4 5 6 7
P(y) 0.10 0.37 0.33 0.20

Solution
µ = ∑ ⟮()⟯
= ∑ ⟮4
⟮4(0
(0.1
.10)
0) + 5(0
5(0.3
.37)
7) + 6(0.3
6(0.33)
3) + 7(0
7(0.2
.20)⟯
0)⟯
= ∑ ⟮0.
⟮0.40
40 + 1.8
1.855 + 1.98
1.98 + 1.40
1.40⟯⟯
= 5.63
So, the mean of the probability distribution is 5.63. This implies that the average
number of red chocolates per 160-gram is 5.63.
3. The probabilities that a customer will buy 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5 items in a grocery
 1 1 2 3 , respectively. What is the average nu
store are , 10, 10, 10, and 10 number
mber of items


that a customer will buy?

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To solve the above problem, we will follow 3 s

steps
teps below.

STEPS IN FINDING THE MEAN

Step 1: Construct the probability distribution for the random v
variable
ariable X
representing the number of items that the customer will buy.

Step 2: Multiply the value of the random variable X by the corresponding

probability.

Step 3: Add the results obtained in Step 2. Results obtained is the mean of the
probability distribution.

Solution:

Steps Solution
1. Construct the probability Number of Items Probability
distribution for the random variable X X P(x)
representing the number of items that 1 3
the customer will buy. 10
2 1
10
3 1
10
4 2
10
5 3
10
2. Multiply the value of the random Number of Probability X P(x)
variable X by the corresponding Items X P(x)
probability. 1 3 3
10 10
2 1 2
10 10
3 1 3
10 10
4 2 8
10 10
5 3 15
10 10

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3. Add the results obtained in Step 2. Number of Probability X P(x)

Results obtained is the mean (µ) of Items X P(x)
the probability distribution. 1 3 3
10 10
2 1 2
10 10
3 1 3
10 10
4 2 8
10 10
5 3 15
10 10
TOTAL 31
= 3.1
10
Using the formula:
() = 
µ = ∑ (

=.

So, the mean of the probability distribution is 3.1. This implies that the average

number of items that the customer will buy is 3.1.

Lesson Variance and Standard

Deviation of the Discrete
2 Random Variable
The variance
v ariance and standard deviation describe the amount of spread, dispersion, or
variability of the items in a distribution. How can we describe the spread or
dispersion in a probability distribution? In this lesson, you will learn how to compute
the variance and standard deviation of a discrete probability distribution.

Now, let us find out how can we find the varianc

variancee and standard deviation of a
discrete probability distribution.

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What’s New

Variance and Standard Deviation of a Random Variable

The variance and standard deviation are two values that describe
how scattered or spread out the scores are from the mean value of
the random variable. The variance, denoted as σ2, is determined
using the formula:
σ2 = ∑( − µ)2p(x)

The standard deviation σ is the square root of th

the
e variance, thus,
σ= ඥ∑( − µ)
µ)²²(
()
)

σ2 - variance σ – standard deviation

µ - mean p(x) – probability of the outcome

What is It

Let’s try!

Let’s have examples:

1. The number of cars sold per day at a local car dealership, along with its
corresponding probabilities, is shown in the succeeding table. Compute the
variance and the standard devi
deviation
ation of the probability distribution by follow
following
ing the
given steps. Write your answer in your answer sheets.

Number of Cars Sold X Probability P(x)

0 10%
1 20%
2 30%
3 20%
4 20%

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In solving the problem, let’s follow the steps below.

STEPS IN FINDING THE VARIANCE AND STANDARD DEVIATION

1. Find the mean of the probability distribution.

2. Subtract the mean from each value of the random variable X.

3. Square the result obtained in Step 2.

4. Multiply the results obtained in Step 3 by the corresponding probability.

5. Get the sum of the results obtained in Step 4. Results obtained is the value of
the variance of probability distribution.

Now let’s
let’s solve the problem.

STEPS SOLUTION
1. Find the mean of the probability Number of Probability X P(x)
Car Sold P(x)
distribution using the formula:
X
µ = ∑ () 0 0.1 0
1 0.2 0.2
2 0.3 0.6
3 0.2 0.6
4 0.2 0.8
TOTAL 2.2
µ = ∑ (
() =  . 
2. Subtract the mean from each X P(x) X-µ
X P(x) ·
value of the random variable X
X.. 0 0.1 0 0 – 2.2
= -2.2
1 0.2 0.2 1 – 2.2
= -1.2
2 0.3 0.6 2 – 2.2
= - 0.2
3 0.2 0.6 3 – 2.2
= 0.8

4 0.2 0.8 4=–1.8

2.2

3. Square the results obtained in X P(x) X-µ (X - µ)2

X · P(x)
Step 2. 0 0.1 0 -2.2 4.84
1 0.2 0.2 -1.2 1.44
2 0.3 0.6 -0.2 0.04
3 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.64
4 0.2 0.8 1.8 3.24

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4. Multiply the results obtained in X P(x) X-µ (X - µ)2

X·P(x) (X - µ)2 · P(x)
Step 3 by the corresponding
0 0.1 0 -2.2 4.84 0.484
probability. 1 0.2 0.2 -1.2 1.44 0.288
2 0.3 0.6 -0.2 0.04 0.012
3 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.64 0.128
4 0.2 0.8 1.8 3.24 0.648

5. Get the sum of the results X P(x) X·P(x) X-µ (X - µ)2 (X - µ)2 · P(x)
obtained in Step 4. The result is
0 0.1 0 -2.2 4.84 0.484
the value of the variance. So, the 1 0.2 0.2 -1.2 1.44 0.288
formula is: 2 0.3 0.6 -0.2 0.04 0.012
3 0.2 0.6 0.8 0.64 0.128
4 0.2 0.8 1.8 3.24 0.648
σ
2=
∑( − µ)2p(x) TOTAL 1.56
2=
σ ∑( − µ)2p(x) = 1.56

To Solve for Standard Deviation:

Deviation:

Get the square root of the variance

σ2 = ∑( − µ)2p(x)

= 1.56

σ= √1.56
= 1.25

So, the variance of the number of c

cars
ars sold per day is 1.56 and the standard
s tandard
deviation is 1.25.

2. When three coins are tossed once, the probability distribution for the random

variable X representing the number of heads that occur is given below. Compute the
variance and standard deviation of the probability distribution.

Solution:

Follow the steps in finding variance and standard deviation of the probability
distribution.

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STEPS SOLUTION
1. Find the mean of the probability Number of Probability X · P(x)
Heads P(x)
distribution using the formula
X
µ = ∑ () 0 1 0

8
1 3 3
8 8
2 3 3
8 8
3 1 1
8 8
TOTAL 
= 1.5

µ= ∑ () = 

=.
2. Subtract the mean from each X P(x) X-µ
X · P(x)
value of the random variable X. 0 1 0 0 – 1.5
= -1.5
8
1 3 3 1 – 1.5
= -0.5
8 8
2 3 6 2 – 1.5
= 0.5
8 8
3 1 3 3 – 1.5
= 1.5
8 8
3. Square the results obtained in X P(x) X·P(x) X-µ (X - µ)2
Step 2.
0 1 0 -1.5 2.25

8
1
3 3 -0.5 0.25
8 8
2 3 6 0.5 0.25

8 8
3 1 3 1.5 2.25

8 8

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4. Multiply the results obtained in X P(x) X·P(x) X-µ (X - µ)2 (X - µ)2 · P(x)
Step 3 by the corresponding
0 1 0 -1.5 2.25 2.25/8 =
probability. 0.28
8
1 3 3 -0.5 0.25 0.75/8 =
0.09
8 8
2 0.5 0.25 0.75/8 =
38 68 0.09

3 1 3 1.5 2.25 2.25/8 =

0.28
8 8
5. Get the sum of the results X P(x) X·P(x) X-µ (X - µ)2 (X - µ)2 · P(x)
obtained in Step 4. The result is
2
0 1 0 -1.5 2.25 0.28
the value of the variance (σ ). The
8
formula is:
1 3 3 -0.5 0.25 0.09

σ
2=
∑( − µ)2p(x) 8 8
2 3 6 0.5 0.25 0.09

8 8
3 1 3 1.5 2.25 0.28

8 8
TOTAL 0.74

σ
2=
∑( − µ)2p(x) = 0.74

To solve for Standar

Standard
d Deviation

σ2 = ∑( − µ)2p(x)

= 0.74

σ= √0.74
= 0.86

The mean in to
tossing
ssing 3 coins w
with
ith probability of Head will show up
up is 0.86 and
the variance is 0.74, then the standard deviation is 0.86.

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What’s More

A. Determine the mean or expected value of each Random Variable. Write your
answer in your answer sheets.

1. s 3 4 12 20
P(s) 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.2

t 5 10 20
2. P(t) 50% 12% 38%

w 1/12 1/6 1/3 1/2

3.
P(w) 1/2 1/10 1/5 1/5

4. Find the mean of the probability distribution of the random variable X, which
  12
can take only the values 1, 2, and 3, given that P(1) = , P(2) = , and P(3) = .
  33
5. The probabilities of a machine manufacturing 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 defective parts
in one day are 0.75, 0.17, 0.04, 0.025, 0.01, and 0.005 respectively. Find the mean
of the probability distribution.

B. Determine the Variance and Standard Deviation of each

eac h random variable. Write
your answer in your answer sheets.
1. x 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 1 1 1 1 1
5 5 5 5 5

2. z 2 4 6 8
P(z) 0.6 0.1 0.2 0.1

m 1 3 5 7
3. P(m) 40% 25% 15% 20%

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4. The random variable X, representing the number of nuts in a chocolate bar has
the following probability distribution. Compute the variance and standard
deviation.

X 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 1 3 3 2 1
10 10 10 10 10

5. The number of items sold per day in a sa

sari-sari
ri-sari store, with its corresponding
probabilities, is shown in the table below. Find the variance and standard deviation
of the probability distribution.

Number of Items Sold Probability

X P(x)
19 0.20
20 0.20
21 0.30
22 0.20
23 0.10

What I Have Learned

Answer the following questions in your own understanding.

1. How to compute the mean of a discrete random variable? State

the 3 steps. Write your answer in your answer sheets.

2. How to find the variance and standard deviation of a discrete

random variable? Write your answer in your answer sheets.

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What I Can Do

Make a study about how many sheets of paper you consumed weekly in

answering your Self Learning Modules. Record the quantity (total number of sheets)
per subject, then construct a probability distribution. Compute the mean, variance,
and the standard deviation of the probability distribution you made. Interpret the
result, then find out how many weeks you will consume 50 sheets of pad paper.

Assessment

Find the mean, variance, and standard deviation of the following probability
distribution then interpret the computed values. Write your answer in your answer
sheets.
1. Variable z representing the number of male teachers per Elementary school.
z 2 3 4 5 6
P(z) 40% 32% 11% 9% 8%

2. The number of mobile phones sold per day at a retail store varies as shown in
the given probability distribution below. Find the expected number of mobile
phones that will be sold in one day.

x 30 33 38 40 50
P(x) 0.2 0.2 0.35 0.23 0.02

3. Number of monthly absences of Juan Dela Cruz based on his previous records of
absences as presented in the probability distribution below.
Number of Absences (X) Percent P(x)
3 25%
4 30%
5 30%
6 15%

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4. The number of computers sold per day at a local computer store, along with its
corresponding probabilities, is shown in the table below.
Number of Computer Sold X Probability P(x)
0 0.1
2 0.2
5 0.3
7 0.2
9 0.2

5. The number of inquiries received per day by the office of Admission in SHS X last
enrolment is shown below.
Number of Inquiries X Probability P(x)
22 0.08
25 0.19
26 0.36
28 0.25
29 0.07
30 0.05

Additional Activities

Observe yourself in a day. Find out how many hours you spend iin
n the following
activities: house chores, answering Self Learning Modules, planting/gardening,
using social media like Facebook, messenger, tiktok, Instagram, and YouTube,
listening to music, watching television, and sleeping. Record your data. Construct a
probability distribution, then compute the mean (µ), variance (σ 2), and standard
deviation (σ) of the probability distribution that you made.

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Answer Key

A . 01 942. 1 = 65. 1 √ =) σ( noi t ai ve D dr a d nat S

4, 1, 1, 9 . 9 65. 1 = ) ² σ( ec nai r a V. 5
3, 1, 1- , 3- . 8
A.7 531. 1 = 982. 1 √ =) σ( noi t ai ve D dr a d nat S
D. 6 982. 1 = ) ² σ( ec nai r a V. 4
A.5
920. 5 = 92. 52 √ =) σ( noi t ai ve D dr a d nat S
C.4
C.3 92. 52 = ) ² σ( ec nai r a V. 3
A.2
51. 2= 46. 4 √ =) σ( noi t ai ve D dr a d nat S
A.1
46. 4 = ) ² σ( ec nai r a V. 2
wo n KI t a h W
414. 1 = 2 √ =) σ( noi t ai ve D dr a d nat S
2 = ) ² σ( ec nai r a V. 1

. B
93. 0 . 5
yr av 60. 2 . 4
522. 0 . 3
y a msr e ws na s’ t ne d ut S
3. 11 . 2
o D na CI t a h W 7. 8 . 1

.A
er o Ms' t a h W
39. 1 =) σ( noi t ai ve D dr a dnat S
47. 3 = ) ² σ( ec nai r a V
4. 62 = ) µ( nae M. 5
6/1 6/1 6/1 6/1 6/1 6/1 ) w( P
88. 2 =) σ( noi t ai ve D dr a dnat S 63 52 61 9 4 1 W
92. 8 = ) ² σ( ec nai r a V
1. 5 = ) µ( nae M. 4 . B

24. 1 =) σ( noi t ai ve D dr a dnat S 401) 5(

4720. 2 =) ² σ( ec nai r a V 6) 4(
53. 3 = ) µ( nae M. 3 02) 3(
62) 2(
62. 4 =) σ( noi t ai ve D dr a dnat S 41) 1( . A
51. 81 = ) ² σ( ec nai r a V
7. 53 = ) µ( nae M. 2 nI s' t a h W

52. 1 =) σ( noi t ai ve D dr a dnat S

2375. 1 = ) ² σ( ec nai r a V
31. 3 =) µ( nae M. 1
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References

Books
Banigon Jr., Ricardo B. et. Al., 2016 Statistics and Probability for Senior High School,
Educational Resources Corporation, 11-B Sunrise Drive Barangay Bagong
Lipunan ng Crame, Cubao, Quezon City.
Belecina, Rene R. et. Al., 2016 Statistics and Probability, Rex Bookstore, 856 Nicanor
Reyes Sr. St. Sampaloc, Manila

Canlapan, Raymond B., Statistics and Probability Module, Diwa Learning Systems
Inc. 4/F SEDCCO 1 Bldg. 120 Thailand corner Legaspi Streets, Legaspi Village,
1229 Makati City, Philippines

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region III,

Schools Division of Bataan - Curriculum Implementation Division
Learning Resources Management and Development Section (LRMDS)

Provincial Capitol Compound, Balanga City, Bataan

Telefax: (047) 237-2102

Email Address: [email protected]

[email protected]

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