ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT

AND EXPERT SYSTEM

Basic concepts of A.I
What is an intelligent?
The ability to learn and understand, and to apply this knowledge to achieve a goal or complete a
task.
Artificial intelligence is simply intelligence exhibited by machines. It describes when a machine
can learn from information (data) and then use that knowledge to do something.

Artificial Intelligence is a branch of computer science that simulate human intelligence in a

machine, so machines can perform tasks that typically require human intelligence. Some
programmable functions of AI systems include planning, learning, reasoning, problem solving, and
decision making. The Goals of Artificial Intelligence include Perception, Reasoning, and Learning.

An Artificially Intelligent machine reads the real-time data, understands the business scenario and
reacts accordingly. Some of the activities that the artificially intelligent machines are designed for:

 Speech recognition
 Learning
 Planning
 Problem-solving

AI has highly technical and specialized research associated with it. The biggest problems with AI
include coding and programming computers for certain functions like

 Knowledge
 Reasoning
 Problem-solving
 Perception
 Learning

Goals of Artificial Intelligence

1. To Create Intelligent and Expert Systems: The development began to making systems that
exhibit intelligent behavior. The functions that were expected out of these machines are learning,
demonstrating, explaining, and advising its users.

2. To Inculcate Human Intelligence into the Machines: Creating systems and developing
software that understands, think, learn, and behave like humans.

Types of AI
Weak Artificial Intelligence: Weak Artificial Intelligence uses a system designed to carry out a
particular job. Weak Artificial system includes Amazon Alexa, Siri.

Strong Artificial Intelligence: Strong Artificial Systems uses a system designed to carry out
complex tasks like human tasks without any person intervention. They have applications such as
Self-driving cars, Hospitality, Navigation, etc.

A.I. Techniques
There are four artificial intelligent techniques

i. Machine learning

It is one of the applications of AI where machines are not explicitly programmed to perform certain
tasks; rather, they learn and improve from experience automatically.

There are various machine learning algorithms, such as Unsupervised Learning, Supervised
Learning, and Reinforcement Learning.

Unsupervised Learning: the algorithm does not use classified information to act on it without any
guidance.

Supervised Learning: it deduces a function from the training data, which consists of a set of an
input object and the desired output.

Reinforcement learning: is used by machines to take suitable actions to increase the reward to find
the best possibility which should be taken in to account.
 ii. NLP(Natural Language Processing)

It is the interactions between computers and human language where the computers are programmed
to process natural languages. Machine Learning is a reliable technology for Natural Language
Processing to obtain meaning from human languages. Applications of Natural Language Processing
can be found in IVR (Interactive Voice Response) applications used in call centres, language
translation applications like Google Translate and word processors such as Microsoft Word to
check the accuracy of grammar in text.

iii. Automation and Robotics

The purpose of Automation is to get the monotonous and repetitive tasks done by machines which
also improve productivity and in receiving cost-effective and more efficient results. Many
organizations use machine learning, neural networks, and graphs in automation. Such automation
can prevent fraud issues while financial transactions online by using CAPTCHA technology.
Robotic process automation is programmed to perform high volume repetitive tasks which can
adapt to the change in different circumstances.

iv. Machine Vision

Machines can capture visual information and then analyze it. Here cameras are used to capture the
visual information, the analogue to digital conversion is used to convert the image to digital data,
and digital signal processing is employed to process the data. Then the resulting data is fed to a
computer. In machine vision, two vital aspects are sensitivity, which is the ability of the machine to
perceive impulses that are weak and resolution, the range to which the machine can distinguish the
objects. The usage of machine vision can be found in signature identification, pattern recognition,
and medical image analysis, etc.

Application areas of A.I

Below are the various applications of artificial intelligence.
1. Machine Learning

In Machine Learning, a goal is defined and the steps to reach the target have to be learned by the
machine. Let’s take an example where we have a sample set of pictures of a cat and a lion. The goal
of the model is to say a yes whenever a picture of a cat comes on the screen. The machine can learn
this by exposing it to a huge number of pictures of cat beforehand so that it can train itself enough
to identify the cat as soon as it comes on the screen.

2. Robotics in Artificial Intelligence Tools

This area of machine learning focusses on the building and manufacturing of robots. As we see,
today robots exist in any form. The ATM from where we withdraw cash is also one form of a robot
and then there are many intelligent working robots. Amazon warehouse is having more than a
hundred thousand robots that do the work of shipping inside the warehouse.

3. Natural Language Processing (NLP)

The process of manipulating speech or voices and texts is known as Natural language processing.
We can derive many important conclusions from NLP. For e.g. we can automate the task of
feedback categorization, if some users are happy or sad with the service, we can implement an NLP
to arrive at the conclusion by analyzing their comments through NLP.
4. Vision in Artificial Intelligence Tools

This field gives the machine the ability to see. For example, this ability can be given to a robot or to
a car that can use digital signal processing techniques to see through a camera.

5. Autonomous Driving and Vehicles

This area of Artificial Intelligence focuses on making driving and vehicles autonomous. For
instance, Uber has started making autonomous vehicles without a driver that are operating in very
few cities as well.

6. Gaming

The strategic games like Chess, Poker and Tic Tac Toe require the assessment of real-time data.
The machine should be able to think of various possible actions and should be able to weigh those
options and make a decision based on heuristic knowledge. AI plays a crucial role in these strategic
games.

7. Natural Language Processing

In order to make the program run efficiently, it is necessary that the machines the language of
different users. The machine should not only be adaptive to various languages but also various
dialects and accents. AI is proven to be very useful in such use cases.

8. Expert Systems

The main function of an intelligent machine is decision making. These machines require software
that accepts the information as input, understands it, weighs various options, and comes to a
conclusion. These machines are used to impart reasoning to the given situation. Such software
provides explanations and advice to the users to make informed decisions.

9. Vision Systems

Visual input is that form of information that is crucial and difficult to interpret. Hence a system
integrated with Intelligence, must read, understand, interpret and comprehend the visual inputs and
make decisions based on this information.

10. Speech Recognition

Some systems imparted with AI are designed to make them capable of hearing the voice and
comprehending the language in order to understand the meaning of the words. This comprehension
is not only in the terms of the words but also in terms of sentences, their meanings, and the tone
while human talks in various languages to the system. The software is built to recognize different
accents, dialects, slang words, background noise, change in voice modulation, change in the voice
due to pain, cold, etc.

11. Handwriting Recognition

The kind of software is programmed so as to read the text. This text can be written using a pen or
pencil on paper. The text can also be on a screen written by a mouse or using a stylus. It can read
the text and recognize the shapes of the letters and numbers and then convert it into editable text
that can be manipulated, changes and stored, thus, increasing the speed of the process.

12. Intelligent Robots

Robots are machines that are programmed as the slaves built to perform the tasks commanded by a
master. They are built with various sensors. These sensors read the physical data as input from the
real world. This physical data is in the form of light, heat and temperature, movement and pressure,
sound, obstruction, spatial coordinates and bump. They are installed with efficient processors,
multiple sensors and huge storage memory. All this is installed to exhibit intelligence. Besides, they
are capable of adapting to the changing environment and learning from their mistakes.

13. AI is used in the finance industry, where personal data is collected, which can be later used to
provide financial advice.

14. AI is used in the field of education, where the grading system can be automated, and the
performance of the students can be assessed based on which the learning process can be improved.

15. In the field of Healthcare, AI is used to perform a better diagnosis where the technologies used
to understand the natural language and respond to the questions asked. Also, computer programs
like chatbots are used to assist customers in scheduling appointments and ease of billing process,
etc
16. AI is used in Business to automate the repetitive tasks performed by humans with the help of
Robotic Process Automation. To increase customer satisfaction, machine learning algorithms are
integrated with analytics to gather information which helps in understanding customer needs

17. AI is used in Smart Home devices, security and surveillance, navigation and travel, music and
media streaming and video games, etc.

Technologies used in Artificial Intelligence

Some of the few top technologies rocking the world are listed below:

1. Natural Language Generation: AI converts the data into a readable form allow the system to interact ideas
with perfect accuracy. It is widely used in customer services to generate reports and pull market data.

2. Speech Recognition: Siri is the best example of speech recognition which understands and interacts with
the voice response of human language by mobile apps.

3. Virtual Agents: The Chatbot is a suitable example that is programmed to interact with a human.

4. Machine Learning Platform: The main aim is to develop techniques that enable the computer to learn.
They are currently developed for prediction and acts as an audience management tool. It is most profitable
for digital marketing.

5. AI Optimized Hardware: The new graphics and processing unit are designed and developed to perform
Artificial Intelligent oriented tasks.

6. Decision Management: Intelligent machines are designed to frame new rules and logic to AI systems for
setting up, prolonged maintenance and optimum tuning and make you run a profitable organization.

7. Deep Learning Platform: It is mainly used for classification and pattern recognition for large scale data.

Advantages and Disadvantages

Below are the advantages and disadvantages of AI which are as follows:

Advantages
i. The error rate, when compared to the human counterpart, is much lower
 ii. The precision, accuracy, and speed with which AI systems work is incredible
iii. Can work with equal efficiency in hostile environments
iv. Complete dangerous tasks which pose challenges to man, it becomes possible to perform
tasks like exploring space without any physical damage to humans
v. Mining and digging fuels become easy when such machines are used
vi. Repetitive, monotonous and tedious tasks can be taken care of without losing on efficiency
vii. Prediction and Decision Making
viii. Detecting frauds become easier especially in card-based systems
ix. Organize and manage records
x. Robotic pets can be built to interact with people and help reduce depression and inactivity
xi. Making rational decisions as the machines think logically without emotions

Disadvantages
i. A building, rebuilding, and repairing requires skilled professional and costs a lot of money
and time
ii. Storage is expensive
iii. Access and retrieval of data from the memory may not be as efficient as the human system
iv. Machines can be programmed to learn and get better but not as good as humans
v. The scope of their operations is restricted to the program written
vi. They could never receive creativity that humans have
vii. Unemployment is the biggest threat because of development in intelligent machines
viii. Lazy as humans are, they can become too dependent on machines and underutilize their
mental capabilities

Prospects and progress of A.I

AI is diversified to almost all the fields, and we would discuss the future of AI in following the
major fields.

1. Health Care Industries

Health care facilities are not available to all individuals living in the country. It is because of the
lack of good doctors, not having good infrastructure, etc. Still, there are people who couldn’t reach
to doctors/ hospitals. AI has the ability to provide the facility to detect disease based on symptoms;
even if you don’t go to the doctor, AI would read the data from Fitness band/medical history of an
individual to analyze the pattern and suggest proper medication and even deliver it on one’s
fingertips just through cell-phone.

2. AI in Education

The development of a country depends on the quality of education youth is getting. Right now, we
can see there are lots of courses are available on AI. But in future AI is going to transform the
classical way of education.

3. AI in Finance

Quantification of growth for any country is directly related to its economic and financial condition.
As AI has enormous scope in almost every field, it has great potential to boost individuals’
economic health and a nation. Nowadays, the AI algorithm is being used in managing equity funds.

An AI system could take a lot number of parameters while figuring out the best way to manage
funds. It would perform better than a human manager.

4. AI in Military and Cybersecurity

AI-assisted Military technologies have built autonomous weapon systems, which won’t need
humans at all hence building the safest way to enhance the security of a nation. AI-assisted
strategies would enhance mission effectiveness and will provide the safest way to execute it.

What is the Intelligent Agent in AI

In Artificial Intelligence, an AI agent is an acting entity that performs actions to achieve goals,
which are set by decisions made using artificial intelligence. Intelligent agents are also called as
intelligent because they may also learn in the process of achieving goals. In a simple agent, two
main functionalities are to percept through sensors and act through actuators. An agent could be
very simple as well as very complex, too, it depends on the problem statement.
Depending on the problem statement and ability to perceive the agents can be categorized into 5
categories.

1. Simple Reflex agent

This type of agent works on current perception and does not consider the history of perception. And
that is why these are only successful when they have an environment that can be perceived fully.
Based on this perception agent creates condition action rule and then according to current
perception takes action. Simple reflex agents are limited because of their limited intelligence. If
something is not perceived in the current state, it will not be part of the action. The agent is not
adaptive to the environment.

2. Model-based reflex agent

The advantage of a model-based agent over simple is that it considers history. Which makes it work
even in an environment which is not fully observed. Model-based has the model and internal state,
the model will tell about the current state of the world, and on the other hand, the internal state will
tell about the current state based on the history of perception.

3. Goal-based agents

These types of agents need a goal towards which action should be performed, so in addition to the
current state of the environment, then another input it needs a goal. This agent is an extension of the
model-based agents. Here the agent chooses the best action from the available option (decisions
made by artificial intelligence) which will help to reach the goal. Because these agents do make a
choice, it is referred to as searching and planning to make an action.

4. Utility-based agents

Utility-based agents have utility measurement as an extra component which gives them an edge
over goal-based agents. For situations where it is possible to have more than one option to choose
from, and then utility measurement helps an agent to select the best among them.

5. Learning Agents
This agent is capable of learning from the experience that is whatever the actions it has performed;
it takes feedback and adapts accordingly. For a Learning agent to work the way, it has four
components. First is the learning element, which learns from experience. Second is the critic, which
is a feedback system about how well the agent is doing. The third is the performance element,
which decides what external action should be taken. The last one is a problem generator which is a
feedback agent that keeps history and makes new suggestions.

Process of Intelligent Agent in AI

An AI agent is one who perceives the environment using its sensors and then with its artificial
intelligence makes a decision and via actuators perform actions. Sensors are the medium to provide
input to an agent for humans, input sensors are eyes, ears, touch, tongue, etc., in the same way for
AI agent it could be cameras, NLP, or output from various sensors. As actuators we humans have
hands, legs, expression, and mouth to perform actions, the same way the AI agents have robotic
arms, motors, or performing any software integral action. An AI agent is a combination of
architecture (the machinery part) and an agent program (functions and conditions).

The following steps are involved in the process of AI agents:

i. An AI agent shall take inputs from the environment using sensors.
ii. These observations are then considered for making decisions using artificial intelligence.
iii. The decision shall trigger action from agents through actuators.
iv. Depending on the agent, it will keep the history of past action and will use the feedback of
past actions in deciding for future events
AGENT IN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENT
What is an Agent?

An Agent is anything that takes actions according to the information that it gains from the
environment. A human agent has sensory organs to sense the environment and the body parts to act
while a robot agent has sensors to perceive the environment.

HOW DOES THE AGENT INTERACT WITH THE ENVIRONMENT

The agents interact with the environment in two ways:

1. Perception

Perception is a passive interaction, where the agent gains information about the environment
without changing the environment. The sensors of the robot help it to gain information about the
surroundings without affecting the surrounding. Hence, gaining information through sensors is
called perception.

2. Action

Action is an active interaction where the environment is changed. When the robot moves an
obstacle using its arm, it is called an action as the environment is changed. The arm of the robot is
called an “Effector” as it performs the action.

Agent diagram
  The interaction of the Agent with the Environment is through Sensors and Effectors.
 Consider the example of a chatbot which is a virtual assistant. When it reads and
understands the meaning of a user’s messages, it is called perception. And when it replies to
the user after analyzing the user’s message, it is called the action.

Types of Agents in Artificial Intelligence

Following are the 4 types of agents

1. Reflex Agent

Reflex Agent works similar to our body’s reflex action (e.g. when we immediately lift our finger

when it touches the tip of the flame). Just as the prompt response of our body based on the current

situation, the agent also responds based on the current environment irrespective of the past state of

the environment. The reflex agent can work properly only if the decisions to be made are based on

the current percept.

 Reflex agent

2. Agents that keep Track of the World

These are the agents with memory. It stores the information about the previous state, the

current state and performs the action accordingly. Just as while driving, if the driver

wants to change the lane, he looks into the mirror to know the present position of

vehicles behind him. While looking in front, he can only see the vehicles in front, and as

he already has the information on the position of vehicles behind him (from the mirror a

moment ago), he can safely change the lane. The previous and the current state get

updated quickly for deciding the action.

 Agents that keep Track of the World

Goal-based Agents
In some circumstances, just the information of the current state may not help in making the right

decision. If the goal is known, then the agent takes into account the goal information besides the

current state information to make the right decision. For, e.g., if the agent is a self-driving car and

the goal is the destination, then the information of the route to the destination helps the car in

deciding when to turn left or right. ‘Search’ and ‘planning’ are the two subfields of AI that help the

agent achieve its goals. Though the goal-based agent may appear less efficient, yet it is flexible.

Considering the same example mentioned above, if the destination changes then the agent will

manipulate its actions accordingly. This will not be the case with the reflex agent as all the rules

need to be rewritten with the change in goal.

 Goal-based Agents

Utility Agents
There can be many possible sequences to achieve the goal, but some will be better than others.

Considering the same example mentioned above, the destination is known, but there are multiple

routes. Choosing an appropriate route also matters to the overall success of the agent. There are

many factors in deciding the route like the shortest one, the comfortable one, etc. The success

depends on the utility of the agent-based on user preferences. The utility is a function that maps a

state to a real number that describes the degree of happiness. The utility function specifies the

appropriate trade-off in case the goals are conflicting.

Utility Agents