Overview Of Cloud Computing

Introduction:

Cloud Computing is the delivery of computing services such as servers, storage, databases,
networking, software, analytics, intelligence, and more, over the Cloud (Internet).

Cloud Computing provides an alternative to the on-premises data center. With an on-premises
data center, we have to manage everything, such as purchasing and installing hardware,
virtualization, installing the operating system, and any other required applications, setting up the
network, configuring the firewall, and setting up storage for data. After doing all the set- up, we
become responsible for maintaining it through its entire lifecycle.

But if we choose Cloud Computing, a cloud vendor is responsible for the hardware purchase and
maintenance. They also provide a wide variety of software and platform as a service.
We can take any required services on rent. The cloud computing services will be charged based
on usage.
The cloud environment provides an easily accessible online portal that makes handy for the user
to manage the compute, storage, network, and application resources. Some cloud service
providers are in the following figure.
Advantages of cloud computing
o Cost: It reduces the huge capital costs of buying hardware and software.
o Speed: Resources can be accessed in minutes, typically within a few clicks.
o Scalability: We can increase or decrease the requirement of resources according to the
business requirements.
o Productivity: While using cloud computing, we put less operational effort. We do not need
to apply patching, as well as no need to maintain hardware and software. So, in this way, the IT
team can be more productive and focus on achieving business goals.
o Reliability: Backup and recovery of data are less expensive and very fast for business
continuity.
o Security: Many cloud vendors offer a broad set of policies, technologies, and controls that
strengthen our data security.

Definition and Characteristics:

Cloud computing refers to the use of hosted services, such as data storage, servers,
databases, networking, and software over the internet. The data is stored on physical servers,
which are maintained by a cloud service provider. Computer system resources, especially data
storage and computing power, are available on-demand, without direct management by the user
in cloud computing.
Characteristics

On-Demand Self-Service

Cloud computing allows on-demand self-services. Services include storage, networking, analysis,
etc. Users can select and use single or multiple services depending on their needs. Users become
more accountable for their intake, which improves their ability to make wise decisions. Users can
make use of resources following their needs and specifications. They are charged at the end of
the billing cycle based on how much they use the services provided by the cloud service providers.

Broad Network Access

The cloud is accessible to any device from any location because of widespread network access.
A cloud provider must offer its clients numerous network access options. Otherwise, a few
systems would be available for using the cloud service.

Broad network access contains configuration for secure remote access, paying special attention
to mobile cloud computing, regulating the data that broad access network providers have
collected, enforcing role-based access control, etc. As a result, cloud computing removes
obstacles and borders because it operates across numerous regions.

Scalability or Rapid Elasticity

A system's capacity to manage an increasing volume of work by adding resources is known as

scalability. Cloud services must quickly develop to keep up with the ongoing expansion of
businesses. One of the most flexible aspects of cloud computing is scalability. In addition to
having the potential to increase the number of servers or infrastructure in response to demand, it
also offers a significant number of features that satisfy the needs of its clients.

Scalability further improves cloud computing’s cost- effectiveness and suitability for business
use. It can be dialed back when demand is low and exponentially expanded when demand is high.
When demand declines, services revert to how they were before. It is comparable to when a
restaurant can accept more people during peak hours, but it is a cloud. This requires a lot of
planning, money, and resources, but cloud service providers handle every element.
Resource Pooling

Resource pooling is one of the core components of cloud computing. A cloud service provider
can provide each client with different services based on their demands by employing resource
pooling to divide resources across many clients.

Resource pooling is a multi-client approach for location independence, network infrastructure

pooling, storage systems, etc. The process of real-time resource assignment does not affect
the client's experience. This is often used in wireless technologies like a radio transmission.

Measured Service

Cloud systems automatically manage and manage resource utilization by using a metering
capability. The consumption of resources is tracked for each application and tenant; it will give
both the user and the resource supplier an account of what has been utilized. Monitoring,
regulating, and reporting resource utilization allows for transparency for the service provider and
the service user.

The metering capability is built into some level of service abstraction, which enables transparency
between the customer and the service provider. Each user must be billed according to how much
of the service they use, and the cloud provider must be able to measure this usage.

Security

Users of cloud computing are particularly concerned about data security. Cloud service providers
store users' encrypted data and offer additional security features like user authentication and
protection against breaches and other threats.

User authentication entails identifying and verifying a user's authorization. Access is denied to
the user if they do not have permission. Data servers are physically protected. These servers are
usually kept in a secure, isolated location to prevent unauthorized access or disruption.

Automation

Automation in cloud computing refers to a cloud service's ability to be installed, configured, and
maintained automatically. In other words, it is the process of maximizing technology and
minimizing the amount of manual labor necessary. However, it is not simple to automate the
cloud ecosystem. It requires the deployment of significant storage, servers, and virtual machines.
After successful deployment, these resources need to be maintained.

Budget Friendly

Businesses can reduce their IT expenses by utilizing this aspect of the cloud. In cloud computing,
the client is responsible for paying the administration for any space they use. There are no
additional fees or hidden costs to be paid.

The payment structure is crucial since it reduces expenses. Due to the extra functionality, cloud
computing choices have a wide range of pricing. The payment option is simple and helps
consumers save time when making frequent payments.

Flexibility

Cloud computing users can access data or services with internet-enabled devices like smartphones
and laptops. You can instantly access anything you want in the cloud with just a click, making
working with data and sharing it simple.

Many businesses prefer to store their work on cloud systems because it facilitates collaboration and saves
money and resources. Its expansion is also being sped up by the number of features analytic tools offer.

Resilience

Resilience in cloud computing refers to a service's capacity to quickly recover from any
disruption. The speed at which a cloud's servers, databases, and network system restart and
recover from damage or harm is a measure of its resilience.
Cloud Service Models:

There are the following three types of cloud service models -

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

1. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

IaaS is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS). It is a computing infrastructure managed over the
internet. The main advantage of using IaaS is that it helps users to avoid the cost and complexity of
purchasing and managing the physical servers.
This model has the capability to replace the traditional infrastructure components and on-premise
data-centers like servers, networking devices, and storage units. It provides a virtual provision of computing
services over the cloud through the Internet. Amazon Web Services, Microsoft Azure, and Google engines are
some of the examples of the CSPs.
Minimized capital cost, simple deployment, and flexibility are the main advantages of the IaaS model. In the
IaaS model, it is very easy to deploy the servers, storage, and networking for smooth functioning. However,
the cost of the IaaS model is more than the PaaS or SaaS model. It's difficult to get the detailed insight details
of the IaaS model due to restrictions imposed by cloud admin.

Characteristics of IaaS

There are the following characteristics of IaaS -

o Resources are available as a service

o Services are highly scalable
o Dynamic and flexible
o GUI and API-based access
o Automated administrative tasks

Example: DigitalOcean, Linode, Amazon Web Services (AWS), Microsoft Azure, Google
Compute Engine (GCE), Rackspace, and Cisco Metacloud.

2. Platform as a Service (PaaS)

PaaS cloud computing platform is created for the programmer to develop, test, run, and manage
the applications.

Default services are offered in terms of the servers, networking, or storage manageable by the
vendors or the platform providers.

The main advantages of the PaaS service model are cost-effectiveness, multiple programming
language support, scalability, minimum development time, and enhanced collaboration. In the
PaaS model, it is difficult to switch from one PaaS vendor to another vendor, which is the major
drawback of this model.

PaaS model is having some security and compatibility issues with the cloud model. So, due to
compatibility issues, we may be required to leave some elements out of the cloud model.

Characteristics of PaaS

There are the following characteristics of PaaS -

o Accessible to various users via the same development application.

o Integrates with web services and databases.
o Builds on virtualization technology, so resources can easily be scaled up or
down as per the organization's need.
o Support multiple languages and frameworks.
o Provides an ability to "Auto-scale".

Example: AWS Elastic Beanstalk, Windows Azure, Heroku, Force.com, Google App Engine,
Apache Stratos, Magento Commerce Cloud, and OpenShift.

3. Software as a Service (SaaS)

SaaS is also known as "on-demand software". It is a software in which the applications are
hosted by a cloud service provider. Users can access these applications with the help of internet
connection and web browser.

The services can be accessed with a paid licensed subscription, or for free but with limited access.
To access the services of the cloud, one is not supposed to install any new application,
infrastructure, or software.

The major benefits of SaaS are affordability, ready-to-use, affordable, and accessible anywhere.
There is no requirement of having on-premise hardware for the cloud service model which is
opted by small-scale organizations. These services can be accessed anywhere with Internet
connectivity. The applications integrated with the SaaS are ready to use services and require no
set-up or installation.
Characteristics of SaaS

There are the following characteristics of SaaS -

o Managed from a central location

o Hosted on a remote server
o Accessible over the internet
o Users are not responsible for hardware and
software updates. Updates are applied automatically.
o The services are purchased on the pay-as-per-use basis

Example: BigCommerce, Google Apps, Salesforce, Dropbox, ZenDesk, Cisco WebEx,

ZenDesk, Slack, and GoToMeeting.
Difference between IaaS, PaaS, and SaaS

IaaS Paas SaaS

It provides a It provides virtual platforms and It provides web software and apps
virtual data tools to create, test, and deploy to complete business tasks.
center to apps.
store information
and create
platforms for
app development,
testing, and
deployment.

It provides It provides runtime environments It provides software as a service to

access to resources and the end- users.
such as virtual deployment tools for applications.
machines, virtual
storage, etc.

It is used by It is used by developers. It is used by end users.

network architects.

IaaS provides PaaS provides SaaS provides

only Infrastructure Infrastructure+Platform Infrastructure+Platfor m

. . +Software.
Cloud Deployment Models:

Today, organizations have many exciting opportunities to reimagine, repurpose and reinvent their businesses
with the cloud. The last decade has seen even more businesses rely on it for quicker time to market, better
efficiency, and scalability. It helps them achieve lo ng-term digital goals as part of their digital strategy.

Though the answer to which cloud model is an ideal fit for a business depends on your organization's
computing and business needs. Choosing the right one from the various types of cloud service deployment
models is essential. It would ensure your business is equipped with the performance, scalability, privacy,
security, compliance & cost-effectiveness it requires. It is important to learn and explore what different
deployment types can offer - around what particular problems it can solve.

Read on as we cover the various cloud computing deployment and service models to help discover the best
choice for your business.

What Is A Cloud Deployment Model?

It works as your virtual computing environment with a choice of deployment model depending on how much
data you want to store and who has access to the Infrastructure.

Different Types Of Cloud Computing Deployment Models

Most cloud hubs have tens of thousands of servers and storage devices to enable fast loading. It is often
possible to choose a geographic area to put the data "closer" to users. Thus, deployment models for cloud
computing are categorized based on their location. To know which model would best fit the requirements of
your organization, let us first learn about the various types.

1. Public Cloud
Public cloud services are provided for public use through a network for general use. End-users do not have
any control over the location of infrastructure. The canonical viewpoint of the public clouds says that services
are available with anyone, from anywhere using the Internet. Public clouds are available as a shared cost
model or pay-per-use per user basis. These kinds of model are best suited for the growing or variable
requirement organizations. They offer the solution to minimize the IT infrastructure cost and can handle the
existing infrastructure.

Benefits of Public Cloud

o Minimal Investment - As a pay-per-use service, there is no large upfront cost and is ideal
for businesses who need quick access to resources
o No Hardware Setup - The cloud service providers fully fund the entire Infrastructure
o No Infrastructure Management - This does not require an in-house team to utilize the public
cloud.

Limitations of Public Cloud

o Data Security and Privacy Concerns - Since it is accessible to all, it does not fully protect
against cyber-attacks and could lead to vulnerabilities.
o Reliability Issues - Since the same server network is open to a wide range of users, it can
lead to malfunction and outages
o Service/License Limitation - While there are many resources you can exchange with
tenants, there is a usage cap.
2. Private Cloud

Now that you understand what the public cloud could offer you, of course, you are keen to know what a
private cloud can do. Companies that look for cost efficiency and greater control over data & resources will
find the private cloud a more suitable choice.

Private cloud can be used by stand-alone organizations. It also provides control over security and backed up
by a firewall that can be hosted externally or internally. These kind of clouds are implemented within the
campus or a building for private use and generally can be accessible to the organization itself. Private clouds
are the best solution for the organizations which require high-security and availability. It also has the
possibility of testing applications and systems with low cost as compared to other cloud services.

Benefits of Private Cloud

o Data Privacy - It is ideal for storing corporate data where only authorized personnel gets access
o Security - Segmentation of resources within the same Infrastructure can help with better
access and higher levels of security.
o Supports Legacy Systems - This model supports legacy systems that cannot access the
public cloud.

Limitations of Private Cloud

o Higher Cost - With the benefits you get, the investment will also be larger than the public
cloud. Here, you will pay for software, hardware, and resources for staff and training.
o Fixed Scalability - The hardware you choose will accordingly help you scale in a certain
direction
o High Maintenance - Since it is managed in-house, the maintenance costs also increase.

3. Community Cloud

Community cloud Community clouds are distributed systems that can be created with the help of
distinguishing cloud integration to address the specific requirements. Basically, it is a mutually shared model
among several organizations which are belonging to a particular community like government agencies, banks,
scientific research, and commercial organizations, etc. These models of cloud can be developed by an internal
employees or third-party vendors by multiple administrative domains.

Benefits of Community Cloud

o Smaller Investment - A community cloud is much cheaper than the private & public cloud
and provides great performance
o Setup Benefits - The protocols and configuration of a community cloud must align with
industry standards, allowing customers to work much more efficiently.

Limitations of Community Cloud

o Shared Resources - Due to restricted bandwidth and storage capacity, community resources
often pose challenges.
o Not as Popular - Since this is a recently introduced model, it is not that popular or available
across industries

4. Hybrid Cloud

As the name suggests, a hybrid cloud is a combination of two or more cloud architectures. While each model
in the hybrid cloud functions differently, it is all part of the same architecture.

Let's understand the hybrid model better. A company with critical data will prefer storing on a private cloud,
while less sensitive data can be stored on a public cloud. The hybrid cloud is also frequently used for 'cloud
bursting'. It means, supposes an organization runs an application on-premises, but due to heavy load, it can
burst into the public cloud.

Hybrid cloud consists of a large hardware and software infrastructure that can fulfill the requirements of
multiple users. This model combines the best practices of a public and private cloud but as separate entities.
A hybrid cloud can provide scalability, security, and flexibility to the end-user. There is an ideal situation of
the organization in which an organization uses a private cloud within the organization and uses the public
cloud to interact with its customers.

Benefits of Hybrid Cloud

o Cost-Effectiveness - The overall cost of a hybrid solution decreases since it majorly uses
the public cloud to store data.
o Security - Since data is properly segmented, the chances of data theft from attackers are
significantly reduced.
o Flexibility - With higher levels of flexibility, businesses can create custom solutions that
fit their exact requirements

Limitations of Hybrid Cloud

Complexity - It is complex setting up a hybrid cloud since it needs to integrate two or more cloud architectures
o Specific Use Case - This model makes more sense for organizations that have multiple use
cases or need to separate critical and sensitive data

A Comparative Analysis of Cloud Deployment Models

Important Factors Public Private Community Hybrid

to
Consider

Setup and Easy Requires Requires Requires

ease of use professional IT professional IT professional IT
Team Team Team

Data Security and Low High Very High High

Privacy

Scalability High High Fixed requirement High

and flexibility s

Cost- Effectivenes Most Most Cost is Cheaper than

s affordabl e expensive distributed among private but
more expensive
than public

Reliability Low High Higher High

Making the Right Choice for Cloud Deployment Models

There is no one-size-fits-all approach to picking a cloud deployment model. Instead,

organizations must select a model based on workload-by-workload. Start with
assessing your needs and consider what type of support your application requires.
Here are a few factors you can consider before making the call:

o Ease of Use - How savvy and trained are your resources? Do you have the time
and the money to put them through training?
o Cost - How much are you willing to spend on a deployment
model? How much can you pay upfront on subscription, maintenance, updates, and
more?
o Scalability - What is your current activity status? Does your
system run into high demand?
o Compliance - Are there any specific laws or regulations in your
country that can impact the implementation? What are the industry standards that
you must adhere to?
o Privacy - Have you set strict privacy rules for the data you gather?

Each cloud deployment model has a unique offering and can immensely add value to your
business. For small to medium- sized businesses, a public cloud is an ideal model to start with.
And as your requirements change, you can switch over to a different deployment model. An
effective strategy can be designed depending on your needs using the cloud mentioned above
deployment models.
Cloud Service Platforms:

There are a ton of ways in which every individual can state the meaning of the cloud
platform. But in the simplest way it can be stated as the operating system and
hardware of a server in an Internet-based data centre are referred to as a cloud
platform. It enables remote and large-scale coexistence of software and hardware
goods.

Compute facilities, such as servers, databases, storage, analytics, networking,

applications, and intelligence, are rented by businesses. As a result, businesses do
not need to invest in data centres or computing facilities. They actually pay for the
services they offer.

Amazon web service (AWS) :

Amazon Web Services began its IT infrastructure services for various firms which
are provisioning web services. These services are known as cloud com- puting
nowadays. The main advantage of this kind of services is that they replace capital
expenditure to operational expenditure (low-cost paradigm). AWS provides a
scalable, reliable, and low-cost infrastructure in the cloud that provides hundreds of
businesses around the world. AWS provides computation services and various other
services to help grow an organization. The services are based on several protocols
such as HTTP, REST, and SOAP protocols.

Microsoft azure:

Microsoft Azure service is provided for Windows platform that mainly have three
components that provide particular services to the end-users such as windows
Azure, SQL, dot NET, and azure services. The services run on the cloud servers.
For example, the SQL server is offered as a service by SQL azure. The local
applications are running through the .net services. There are distinguish services
which are offered for the cloud users like virtual machines, identity, storage, mobile
services, data management, and messaging, etc.
Google cloud platform:

Google provides a cloud platform which is named as Google Compute Engine

(GCE). GCE is the IaaS component that is used for global infrastructure which runs
different services such as Gmail, YouTube, Google search engine, and other
services. A GCE instance can start with a disk resource that is known as persistent
disk. GCE provides the facility to the end users to launch the virtual machine on
demand that can be customized according to their requirements. It provides several
features like VM performance, transparent maintenance, billing, pricing model, and
global scope for images and snap- shots. Google VMs can boot within 30 seconds
that is about 4-10 times faster than other VMs.

IBM cloud :

IBM provides cloud services [35] which is a public platform with different products
like storage, computation, networking, development, testing, secu- rity, etc. The
operation and management of these services is done by IBM. The IBM cloud
platform combines IaaS and PaaS and integrates the ser- vices of infrastructure with
different platforms. This cloud platform supports both large and small
organizations. IBM cloud services are built to support the requirements of public
cloud or multi-cloud model. It provides different open-source technologies such as
Kubernetes, computation options, Red Hat Openshift, VMs, or containers. Cloud
native applications can be deployed to ensure workload portability.

Adobe creative cloud:

The video editing, designing of the graphics, web development, and many more
services are the collection of software services which are provided by the adobe
creative cloud. Adobe creative cloud [36] is available on monthly or annual
subscription and delivered via Internet. It retains several features of adobe creative
suits with new features like instant upgradation, easy-sharing, storage to the cloud,
etc. There are some services provided by the adobe creative cloud such as spark,
premier rush, XD, Fonts, and portfolio. It is a tool which enables both collaboration
and creativity. It builds fully functional websites from ground data to mobile
designing. Creative cloud supports both MAC OS and windows version of the
system.

Kamatera:

Kamatera is a part of global cloud service provider which contains a rich set of
services for all kind of organizations. It uses most advanced tech- nologies with high
level of customer services. Kamatera is operating thirteen global data-centers and
serving thousands of customers including application developers, international
enterprises, SaaS providers, etc. It provides a rich set of services such as cloud server
with web hosting, wordpress server host- ing, storage, cloud private network, virtual
private servers, and many more. Kamatera clients can customize the services of the
company according to their requirements and scale their services on hourly or
monthly basis.

VMware:

VMware is a virtual-machine platform which is an abstraction of x86 PC hardware

to execute the multiple operating system in an unmodified way. It indicates that
multiple deployments are possible for desktop applications without rebooting or
partitioning. VMware cloud comprised SaaS and IaaS which is ideal solution for
application service providers (ASPs), Internet ser- vice providers (ISPs), and PaaS.
The multi-cloud solutions can deliver a cloud operating model for all kind of
applications. It is a world's leading public cloud which provides protection and
scaling for vSphere-based applications. VMware reduces the overall operational
overhead expenses and achieves faster cloud strategy in terms to leveraging the
existing skills. It is still continuing to invest on people, innovation, employee
productivity, and business.

Rackspace:

Rackspace offers cloud backup and block storage. Cloud block storage is released
in the year 2012 and powered by OpenStack service. The Rackspace cloud provides
cloud-based products and services, which offers cloud stor- age, virtual private
server, load balancer, backup, monitoring, and databases. Rackspace cloud services
deliver the innovative capabilities which increase ef- ficiency, and generate new
revenue streams. It provides distinguish services such as management of hosting,
professional services, security and compliance, business intelligence, and
application managed services. It is used to deliver high performance by using solid-
state drives and hard drives. Whereas backup services provide file-level backups
and compression techniques to improve security
Top benefits of cloud computing

Cloud computing represents a significant departure from how companies have

traditionally seen IT services. The following are seven of the most popular reasons
why businesses are moving to cloud computing services:

Cost

Cloud storage reduces the upfront costs of purchasing hardware and software, as
well as the costs of setting up and operating on-site datacenters-server racks, round-
the-clock power and cooling, and IT professionals to manage the infrastructure. It
quickly adds up.

Global scale

The ability to scale elastically is one of the advantages of cloud computing services.
In other words it simply means that we can decide the processing speed , location
of the data centre where data is to be stored, storage and even the bandwidth for our
process and data.

Performance

The most popular cloud computing services are hosted on a global network of
protected datacenters that are updated on a regular basis with the latest generation
of fast and powerful computing hardware.

Security

Many cloud providers have a comprehensive collection of policies, technologies,

and controls to help us to enhance our overall security posture and protect our data,
applications, and infrastructure from threats.

Speed
It means that the huge amount of calculation and the huge data retrieval as in
download and upload can happen just within the blink of an eye, obviously
depending on the configuration.

Reliability

Since data can be replicated at several redundant locations on the cloud provider's
network, cloud storage makes data backup, disaster recovery, and business
continuity simpler and less costly.
Challenges in Cloud Computing
Virtual machine migration
Virtual machine (VM) migration refers to the process of moving a running VM from one
physical host machine to another, or from one data center to another, without disrupting the VM's
availability or performance.
VM migration is commonly used in virtualization environments to optimize resource
utilization, balance workload, and reduce downtime for maintenance and upgrades. This process
is typically automated using virtualization management tools.

To balance the load of the data-centers in the cloud computing, virtual machine migration
comes into picture. It also enables the CSP to provide the highly responsive and robust
mechanism in the data-centers. This process has been evolved from the process migration
techniques, which are used to implement the migration in real-time. Authors of VMware have
performed some live migration of VMs which can be implemented in a part of the milliseconds.
Another team of authors is able to migrate the entire OS and its applications as a single unit
which is able to avoid several problems like migration at the process level and VM level. The
main advantage of VM migration is to avoid the hotspot in the real-time, which helps to detect
workload hotspot. The secure VM migration is an evolving research area in which research is
still going on.
Interoperability and standards:
Cloud computing is a kind of service-based model to provide infrastructure such as water
and electricity. For the proper utilization of the services, several vendors want to provide
interoperability and standards between distinguish solutions. But, vendor lock-in is one of the
major obstacles against the growth of cloud services. If an organization wants to switch its CSP,
then it requires a considerable amount of time, conversion cost, and resources. Hence, the presence
of interoperability and standards provide a room to choose the vendor and switch them easily.
There are some organizations that are leading the path to standardize the services of cloud
computing such as Cloud Computing Interoperability Forum (CCIF), DMTF(Distributed
Management Task Force)Cloud Standards Incubator, and Open Cloud Consortium. Another
approach to provide the standards to the cloud is a general reference architecture and a standard
interface through which a user can interact.
Security and privacy
A secure communication among cloud nodes helps in meeting the confidentiality and privacy of
user's data. To achieve the high-end security among the data-centers, good security measures
should be in place. One cannot rely on CSP for providing better security solutions. The providers
must achieve the following objectives such as auditability as a check point and confidentiality to
secure access. Confidentiality factor can be implemented through the use of encryption techniques,
whereas the auditability can be ensured by using remote attestation techniques. These techniques
need a trusted platform module as a proof of security. However, remote attestation techniques are
not sufficient. Hence, there is a need to build a trust mechanism at each layer of the cloud. The
development and deployment of efficient and robust Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is another
security challenge in cloud.
Energy management:
There is another issue with the cloud services called as management of energy. The 53% of the
total expenditures of the datacenters have invested in powering and cooling of the system. Hence,
CSPs have more pressure to reduce this cost and improve the energy efficiency for the operational
centers and cut down the total cost. It attracts the researchers to improve the energy-efficient
techniques and meet the requirement of government standards as well. There are several solutions
to reduce the power consumption provided by several researchers like the architecture based on
the energy, scheduling of jobs for energy aware, and the protocols used for the networking purpose.
Although several techniques have been proposed by authors. However, it is more challenging to
achieve a trade-off among the application performance and energy-efficient mechanisms.
Accessibility issues:
The access control applies to the read and write allowances for authenticated users. The username
and password are used to provide the authentication of the system. In the multi-tenant cloud
environment, there are a large number of customers. A significant number of customers are in the
multi-tenant cloud world. Each client uses website or front-end GUI to access cloud services.
Therefore, distinguished and efficient access control techniques are required to be developed to
solve the authorization issues.