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Manufacturing Process

Manufacturing encompasses various processes that convert raw materials or scrap into valuable products, categorized into primary, secondary, and advanced manufacturing processes. Primary processes create basic shapes and sizes, secondary processes enhance properties and quality, while advanced processes allow for direct conversion of materials into high-quality products with reduced production time and cost. Each category employs different techniques, such as casting, machining, and 3-D printing, to meet diverse manufacturing needs.

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2 views2 pages

Manufacturing Process

Manufacturing encompasses various processes that convert raw materials or scrap into valuable products, categorized into primary, secondary, and advanced manufacturing processes. Primary processes create basic shapes and sizes, secondary processes enhance properties and quality, while advanced processes allow for direct conversion of materials into high-quality products with reduced production time and cost. Each category employs different techniques, such as casting, machining, and 3-D printing, to meet diverse manufacturing needs.

Uploaded by

nvvsuresh
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Manufacturing refers to all the processes that are used to convert raw materials or scrap into useful prod-

ucts by adding substantial value. It must be noted that Manufacturing is not any single process; instead, it
is the term that represents a number of processes that are used to convert raw material or scrap into de -
sired product. There exists a large number of manufacturing processes in order to process a wide variety
of materials in different ways to satisfy perpetually varying demand. Thus it is convenient to group them
depending on their primary objective to use; and hence, three classes arise, as discussed below.

a. Primary Manufacturing Processes


b. Secondary Manufacturing Processes
c. Advanced Manufacturing Processes

In general, primary processes convert raw material or scrap to a basic primary shaped and sized product.
Secondary processes further improve the properties, surface quality, dimensional accuracy, tolerance,
etc. Advanced processes usually (but not necessarily) manufacture desired products at one step. Ad-
vanced processes are beneficial to provide magnificent properties and qualities to the products.

Primary manufacturing processes


These processes are used to convert raw material or scrap to a basic primary shaped and sized product.
Such processes cannot provide exactly same product that is desired (unless the required product has
very ordinary & simple shape with broad allowance on dimensions). Close dimensional tolerance cannot
be achieved by these processes. Achievable surface finish and surface integrity of the products are not
very impressive. Appearance of the product is also poor. However, these processes are much useful to
give a basic property, shape and size so that it can be further processed in the secondary manufacturing
processes. Various primary manufacturing processes are:

 Casting
 Forming, such as Forging, Rolling, Extrusion, etc.
 Joining, such as Welding, Soldering, etc.

Secondary manufacturing processes


These processes are used to further modify the output of primary manufacturing processes in order to im-
prove the material properties, surface quality, surface integrity, appearance and dimensional tolerance.
The input material for these processes must have some specific shape and size; otherwise products may
not be accommodated within the machine facility. Various secondary manufacturing processes are:

 Machining
 Surface working, such as Heat Treatment, Coating, etc.

Advanced manufacturing processes


(This classification is ambiguous, but widely accepted!) With the advancement of technology, a number of
new methods and technical systems have been developed that can directly convert raw material or scrap
into products having close tolerance and dimension, superb surface quality, desired properties and mag-
nificent appearance. Thus these processes eliminate the need to pass a product through a number of pri-
mary and secondary processes; and therefore, production time and cost can be reduced. Some of these
processes are unique and completely different from above two groups; however, others are the devel-
oped version of processes from above two groups. Most of these processes use efficient, costlier and
precision machines inbuilt with computer control system. The concept of Additive and Subtractive Manu-
facturing is associated with advanced manufacturing system. Various advanced manufacturing processes
are:

 Powder Metallurgy (PM)


 Rapid Prototyping (RP) or 3-D Printing
 CNC machines, machining centers, etc.
 Dye Casting, etc.

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