LAB MANUAL

NETWORK THEORY
Department of Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering

National Institute Of Agartala, Barjala, Tripura(West), 799046

 NETWORK THEORY LAB
Lesson plan
Sl.no. Description Week Remarks

01. To verify Superposition Theorem for a given 1 Circuit based

circuit.
02. To verify Thevenin Theorem and find out 2 Circuit based
Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit using DC Sources.
03. To verify Norton’s Theorem for a given circuit. 3 Circuit based

04. To find out the Y parameters of given 2 port 4 Circuit based

network.

05. To find out z- parameter of a given 2 port 5 Circuit based

network.
06. To find out Transmission (ABCD) parameters of 6 Circuit based
given 2 port network.
07. To find out hybrid (h) parameters of a given 2 7 Circuit based
port network.
08. To represent a) sinusoidal signal, b) Exponential 8 Simulation Based
Signal in both continuous discrete form using
MATLAB.
09. To represent (a) sinc function, (b)Ramp Function, 8 Simulation Based
(c) Impulse function (d)Step function and e)
Square wave using MATLAB.
10. To study DC Transient Response of an R-L series 9 Simulation Based
circuit.
11. To study DC Transient Response of an R-C series 10 Simulation Based
circuit.
12. To study DC Transient Response of an R-L-C series 11 Simulation Based
circuit.
13. To study DC Transient Response of an R-L Parallel 12 Simulation Based
circuit.
14. To study DC Transient Response of an R-C parallel 13 Simulation Based
circuit.
15. To study DC Transient Response of an R-L-C 14 Simulation Based
parallel circuit.

Faculty: Dr. Yogesh Kumar Sariya Technical Assistant: Suraj Das

Ms. Priyanka Roy Goswami Dilip Biswasarma

 GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS

Rough record and Fair record are needed to record the experiments conducted in the laboratory.
Rough records are needed to be certified immediately on completion of the experiment. Fair records
are due at the beginning of the next lab period. Fair records must be submitted as neat, legible, and
complete.

INSTRUCTIONS TO STUDENTS FOR WRITING THE FAIR RECORD:

In the fair record, the index page should be filled properly by writing the corresponding experiment
number, experiment name, date on which it was done and the page number.

• On the right-side page of the record following has to be written:

1. Title: The title of the experiment should be written in the page in capital letters.

2. In the left top margin, experiment number and date should be written.

3. Aim: The purpose of the experiment should be written clearly.

4. Apparatus/Tools/Equipments/Components used: A list of the Apparatus /Tools/

Equipments/Components used for doing the experiment should be entered.

5. Principle: Simple working of the circuit/experimental set up/algorithm should be written.

6. Procedure: steps for doing the experiment and recording the readings should be briefly

described (flow chart/programs in the case of computer/processor related experiments)

7. Results: The results of the experiment must be summarized in writing and should be

fulfilling the aim.

8. Inference: Inference from the results is to be mentioned.

• On the Left side page of the record following has to be recorded:

1. Circuit/Program: Neatly drawn circuit diagrams/experimental set up.

 2. Design: The design of the circuit/experimental set up for selecting the components

should be clearly shown if necessary.

3. Observations:

i) Data should be clearly recorded using Tabular Columns.

ii) Unit of the observed data should be clearly mentioned

iii) Relevant calculations should be shown. If repetitive calculations are needed, only show a

sample calculation and summarize the others in a table.

4. Graphs: Graphs can used to present data in a form that show the results obtained, as one or

more of the parameters are varied. A graph has the advantage of presenting large amounts of

data in a concise visual form. Graph should be in a square format.

Things to Do:

• Be on time. Follow all written and verbal instructions carefully

• Conduct yourself in a responsible manner at all times in the laboratory

• Store your backpacks in the place mentioned by the instructor and /or TA

• Familiarize yourself with all labs procedure before doing lab experiments

• Bring your lab notebook and an open mind to every lab

• Be aware of others in the lab. Areas of the room may be crowded at times and you

should take care not to disturb the experiments of others in the lab

• Be aware of all the safety devices

• Use extreme care when handling sharp objects

• Always be sure that electrical equipment is turned in the "OFF" position before plugging it into

an electrical socket.
• Always Turn OFF all electrical switches of the equipment before leaving laboratory

• SET MULTIRANGE METERS to highest range before connecting to an unknown source.

• INFORM YOUR INSTRUCTOR about faulty equipment so that it can be sent for

repair.

Things Not to Do:

• DO NOT eat, drink beverages, chew gum in the lab.

• DO NOT touch any equipment, chemicals, or other materials in the laboratory area until you are

instructed to do so.

• Do not MOVE EQUIPMENT around the room except under the supervision of

an instructor.

• NEVER use electrical instrument around water.

• DO NOT use the mobile.

 EXPERIMENT-1

AIM: To verify Superposition Theorem.

OBJECTIVE: The superposition theorem is very useful for finding the voltages and currents
in a circuit with two or more sources of supply, and is usually easier to use than Kirchoff 's law
equations.

APPARATUS:
SL NO. NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
1 Digital Multimeter
2 Power Supply
3 Resistors
4 Bread Board
5 Set of Wires

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:
Superposition theorem states that “In a linear network containing several independent
sources, the overall response at any point in the network equals the sum of responses due to
each independent source considered separately with all other independently sources made
inoperative”. To make a source inoperative, the ideal voltage sources and ideal current sources
in the network are replaced by short circuits and open circuits respectively across their terminals,
leaving behind their internal resistance or impedance. This theorem is valid only for linear
systems.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig:1: To Verify Superposition Theorem.

PROCEDURE:

1. Connect the resistances and voltage source as per circuit diagram.

2. Measure the value of the resistances used.
3. Connect the DC supply to resistance R1. Adjust the voltage to 10V.
4. Connect another DC supply to resistance R2. Adjust voltage to 5 V.
5. Connect the DC milliammeter to resistance R3.
6. Now remove the left hand side of supply and measure and record the current through R3.
I3=
7. Remove another supply and measure and record the current through R3.
I3’=
8. Now apply both the supplies and measure the current in R3 i.e. I3’’.
Now I3’’=I3+I3’

Fig:1(a): To find I3’

Fig:1(b): To find I3”

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Expt. Table1:-Theoritical Calculations:
Input Volts (V) Value of the Resistances (Ω) Measured Current (mA)
V1 V2 R1 R2 R3 I3’ I3” I3

Expt. Table2:- Practically Measured:

Input Volts (V) Value of the Resistances (Ω) Measured Current (mA)
V1 V2 R1 R2 R3 I3’ I3” I3

Expt. Table3:-Comparison between Table1 & Table2:

V1 V2 I3’ I3” I3
Th Pr Error Th Pr Error Th Pr Error

CALCULATIONS: (All the calculation to be done according to the given circuit and
component values should be shown.)
I3(Observed)= I1+I2
I3(Calculated) =
% Error= (Observed Value - Calculated Value)/Calculated Value.

CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT-2
AIM: To verify Thevenin Theorem and find out Thevenin’s Equivalent circuit using DC
Sources.
OBJECTIVE: Thevenin’s theorem greatly simplifies analysis of complex circuits by
allowing us to replace all of the elements with a combination of just one resistor and one voltage
source.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL NO. NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
1 Digital Multimeter
2 Power Supply
3 Resistors
4 Bread Board
5 Connecting Wires

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:
Sometimes, we wish to determine the response in a single load resistance in a network.
Thevenin’s Theorem enables us to replace the remainder of the network by a simple equivalent
circuit.Thevenin’s theorem states that, “Any two linear terminal network having a number of
voltage current sources and resistances can be replaced by a simple equivalentcircuit
consisting of a single voltage source in series with a resistance,where the value of the
voltage source is equal to the open circuit voltage across the two terminals of the network,
and resistance is equal to the equivalent resistance measured between the terminals with all
the energy sources being replaced by their internalresistance.” The use of Thevenin’s
theorem is specially very helpful and time saving when we wish to find the response for different
values of load resistance. Thevenin’s theorem states that current through a load resistance
connected across any two points of an active network can be obtained by the formula:
IL=Vth/(Rth+RL)
Where Vth is the open circuit voltage at the terminals with disconnected and Rth is the equivalent
resistance viewed from the output terminals when all the sources replaced by their internal
resistance.
 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Fig:1: To Verify Thevenin’s Theorem.

Fig:1(a): To find Vth.

Fig:1(b): To find Rth.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the resistances and voltage source properly as shown in ckt.diagram.
2. Measure the value of the resistances used.
3. Connect the DC power supply to resistance R1.Adjust voltage of supply to 10V
 4. Temporarily remove the resistance(called load resistance, RL) whose current is to be
measured.
5. To find Vth:
i. Find the open circuit voltage, Voc, which appears across the two terminals from where
RL has been removed. It is also called Thevenin’s voltage, Vth.
6. To find Rth:
i. Compute the resistance of the n/w from these two terminals, after all volt. sources
been removed, leaving behind their int. resistance(if any) & current sources, been
replaced by open circuit. Set your meter to measure the resistance in hundreds of ohms
range.Calculate Rth. This is calledThevenin’s equivalent resistance(Rth).
7. Replace the entire n/w by a single Thevenin source, Vth&Thevenin equivalent resistance,
Rth.
8. Connect RL back to its terminal from where it was previously removed.
9. Finally, calculate the current flowing through RLby the equation,IL=Vth(Rth+RL).
10. Now the Thevenin equivalent circuit is as follows:

Fig:2: Thevenin’s Equivalent Circuit

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Table1:Theoritical Values:-

RL Vth Rth IL
Table2: Practical Values:-

RL Vth Rth IL

Table:3 Comparison between Table1 &Table2:

RL Vth Rth IL

CALCULATIONS: (All the calculation to be done according to the given circuit and
component values should be shown.)

IL=Vth/(Rth+RL)
Where Vth is the open circuit voltage at the terminals with disconnected,Rth is the equivalent
resistance viewed from the output terminals when all the sources replaced by their internal
resistance.ILis the current through resistance RL.
Percentage Error=Observed-Calculated/Calculated*100
The percentage error is __% found between the current flowing in the load resistance.

CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT -3
AIM: To verify Norton’s Theorem.
OBJECTIVE: It provides a mathematical technique for replacing a given network, as viewed
from two terminals, by a single voltage source with a series resistance. It makes the solution of
complicated networks quite quick and easy.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL NO. NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
1 Digital Multimeter
2 Power Supply
3 Resistors
4 Bread Board
5 Connecting Wires

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:
Another method of analyzing the circuit is given by Norton Theorem, which states that,“Any
two terminal linear network with current sources, voltage sources and resistances can be
replaced by an equivalent circuit consisting of a current source in parallel with a
resistance.” The value of the current source is short circuit current between the two terminals of
the n/w and the resistances is the equivalent resistance measured between the terminals of the
n/w, with all the energy sources being replaced by their internal resistance.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

fig:1: To verify Norton’s Theorem.

 Fig:1(a): To find Isc.

Fig:1(b): To find IL.

PROCEDURE:
1. Connect the resistances and voltage source properly as shown in ckt. diagram.
2. Measure the value of the resistances used.
3. Remove the resistance(if any) across the two given terminals and put a short circuit
across them.
4. Compute the short circuit current Isc.
5. Remove all the voltage sources but remain their internal resistances, if any. Similarly,
remove all current sources and replace them by open circuit i.e by infinite resistance.
6. Find the resistance, RN of the n/w, as looked into from the given terminal. It is exactly
same as Rth.
7. The current source(Isc) is joined in parallel across Ri between the two terminal gives
Norton’s equivalent circuit.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Table1:Theoritical Values:-
Vin RL Isc RN IL

Table2: Practical Values:-

Vin RL Isc RN IL

Table:3 Comparison between Table1 & Table2:

Vin RL Isc RN IL

CALCULATIONS: (All the calculation to be done according to the given circuit and
component values should be shown.)

Percentage Error=Observed-Calculated/Calculated*100
The percentage error is __% found between the current flowing in the load resistance.

CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT - 5

AIM: To find out the Y parameters of given circuit.

OBJECTIVE: Y parameters are properties used in many areas of electrical engineering, such
as power, electronics, and telecommunications. These parameters are used to describe the
electrical behavior of linear electrical networks.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL NO. NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1 Digital Multimeter (DMM)
2 DC Supply
3 Resistors
4 Bread Board
5 Connecting Wires

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:
For the two port network, the input and output voltage V1, V2 respectively can be expressed in
terms of input and output current I1 and I2 respectively.

In this form of representation, the voltage of input port and current of output port are expressed
in terms of current of input port and voltage of output port

I Y V

Y = admittance

i.e, I1 = y11V1+ y12V2

I2= y21V1+ y22V2
Y- parameter is called short circuited admittance parameter.
Circuit Diagram:

1.1kΩ 1.1kΩ

V1 1.1kΩ 2.2kΩ V2

CALCULATIONS: (All the calculation to be done according to the given circuit and
component values should be shown.)

When V2=0, Y11=I1/V1, Y21=I2/V1.

And, When V1=0, Y12=I1/V2, Y22=I2/V2

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Table1: Values of parameters

Sl V1 V2 I1 I2 Y11 Y12 Y21 Y22

No
1
2

Table2: DeviationValues (% Errors)

Sl No Y- Parameter Calculated Measured Deviation

1 y 11
2 y12
3 y21
4 y22

CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT - 4
AIM: To study z- parameter of a given circuit.
OBJECTIVE: These Z-parameters are used in Z-matrixes (impedance matrixes) to calculate
the incoming and outgoing voltages and currents of a network. Z-parameters are also known
as “open-circuit impedance parameters”, as they are calculated under open-circuit conditions.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

SL NO. NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY

1 Digital Multimeter(DMM)
2 DC Supply

3 Resistors
4 Bread Board
5 Connecting Wires

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:
A Z-parameter matrix describes the behavior of any linear electrical network that can be
regarded as a black box with a number of ports. A port in this context is a pair of electrical
terminals carrying equal and opposite currents into and out of the network, and having a
particular voltage between them.

Units of Z parameters are Ohm (Ω). We can calculate two Z parameters, Z11 and Z21, by doing
open circuit of port2. Similarly, we can calculate the other two Z parameters, Z12 and Z22 by
doing open circuit of port1. Hence, the Z parameters are also called as open-circuit impedance
parameters.

I1 I2

+ +
Linear
V1 two-port V 2
network
- -

Fig:1 General Two-Port Network

I1 and V1 are input current and voltage, respectively. Also, I 2 and V2 are output current and
voltage, respectively. It is assumed that the linear two-port circuit contains no independent
sources of energy and that the circuit is initially at rest ( no stored energy).
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

1.1kΩ 1.1kΩ
V1 1.1kΩ 2.2kΩ
V2

Fig:2 circuit Diagram

A two port network can be described in z-parameter by,

V1 = Z 11 I 1 + Z 12 I 2
V2 = Z 21 I 1 + Z 22 I 2

In matrix form, the equation can be written as,

V1   Z11 Z12   I 1 

V  =  Z Z 22   I 2 
 2   21

The z-parameters can be obtained as follows:

V1
Z 11 = I2 = 0
I1
V1
Z 12 = I1 = 0
I2
V2
Z 21 = I2 = 0
I1
V2
Z 22 = I1 = 0
I2

CALCULATIONS: (All the calculation to be done according to the given circuit and
component values should be shown.)
For the two port network the i/p and o/p voltage V1, V2 respectively can be expressed in terms of
i/P and o/P current I1 & I2 respectively as,

[V]= [Z] [I]

Where Z= impedance.

Therefore,

V1 = Z11I1+ Z12I2 , V2 = Z21I1+ Z22I2.

i.e, the network is assumed to be a rectangular box and the direction of i/p and o/p port current
and voltages have been shown.
Z – Parameter is also known as open circuit impendence parameter.

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Table1: Values of parameters

Sl V1 V2 I1 I2 Z11 Z12 Z21 Z22

No
1
2

Table2: Deviation Values (% Errors)

Sl No Z- Parameter Calculated Measured Deviation

1 Z11
2 Z12
3 Z21
4 Z22
CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT -6

AIM: To study Transmission (ABCD) parameters of given circuit.

OBJECTIVE: The ABCD parameters of a transmission line give the relationship of the
input voltage and currents to the output voltage and currents. The main objective of this
experiment is to verify the transmission parameters of a Two Port network.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL NO. NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATION(s) QUANTITY
1 Digital Multimeter(DMM)
2 DC Supply
3 Resistors
4 Bread Board
5 Connecting Wires

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:
Transmission parameters or ABCD parameters are widely used in transmission line theory. In
describing the transmission parameters, the i/p variables, V1& I1 at port 1—1’, usually called
the standing end, are expressed in terms of the o/p variables V2 & I2 at port, 2—2’, called
receiving end. The transmission parameters provide a direct relationship between i/p &o/p.
Transmission parameters are also called general ckt parameters or chain parameters. They are
defined by,

+ +
Linear
V1 two-port V
network
- -

Fig:1 General Two-Port Network

V1=AV2-BI2 . –(i)
I1=CV2-DI2. –(ii)
The parameters, ABC&D are called, Transmission parameters. In the matrix form, the equation
(i) & (ii) are expressed as,

V1 A C V2
=
I1 B D -I2
 A B
The matrix, is called the transmission matrix.
C D

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

1kΩ 1kΩ

V1 2.1kΩ 2 4.7kΩ V2

Fig. circuit for ABCD Parameters.

CALCULATIONS: (All the calculation to be done according to the given circuit and
component values should be shown.)
To find out A,B,C,D:

When I2=0, applying a voltage V1 at the port 1—1’ using equation (i) & (ii) we have,

A= V1/V2 , I2=0; and, C=I1/V2 I1=0

When V2=0, applying voltage V1 at port 1—1’ from equation (i) & (ii) we have,

B= -V1/I2 V2=0; and D= -I1/I2 V2=0

OBSERVATION TABLE:

Table1: Experimental results:

Sl V1 V2 I1 I2 A B C D
No
1
2
Table2: Comparison between Theoretical Calculation and Practical Measured Value

Sl No Z- Parameter Calculated Measured Deviation

1 A
2 B
3 C
4 D

CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT -7

AIM: To study hybrid (h) parameters of a given circuit.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this experiment is to verify the hybrid parameters of a
Two Port network. The H-parameters can be used to determine the voltage gain, input
impedance, and output impedance of the circuit.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL NO. NAME OF THE APPARATUS SPECIFICATION QUANTITY
1 Digital Multimeter(DMM)
2 DC Supply
3 Resistors
4 Bread Board
5 Connecting Wires

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:

+ +
Linear
V1 two-port V
network
- -

Fig: General Two-Port Network

Hybrid parameters or h parameters describe a two port when the volt. of one port & current of
other port are taken as the independent variables.

If the voltage at port 1—1’ & current at port 2—2’ are taken as dependent variables, we can
express them in terms of I1 & V2.

V1= h11I1 + h12V2 --(i)

I2= h21I1 + h22V2 –(ii)

The parameters h11, h12, h21 & h22 are called the hybrid parameters. In matrix form, it can be
written as,

V1 h11 h12 I1
= h21 h22 V2
V2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
1kΩ 1kΩ

V1 2.2kΩ 2 1kΩ V2

Fig: circuit for h-parameters

CALCULATIONS: (All the calculation to be done according to the given circuit and
component values should be shown.)
The individual h-parameters may be obtained by considering I1=0(for h12, h22) & V2=0(for
h11,h12).

When V2=0, the port 2—2’ is short circuited. Then,

h11=V1/I1 V2=0,

h21=I2/I1 V2=0 and

h12=V1/V2 I1=0

h22=I2/V2 I1=0

OBSERVATION TABLE:
Table1: Experimental results:
Sl V1 V2 I1 I2 h11 h12 h21 h22
No
1

2
Table2: Comparison between Theoretical Calculation and Practical Measured Value:

Sl No h- Parameter Calculated Measured % of Deviation

1 h11
2 h12
3 h21
4 h22
CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT NO – 8

AIM: To represent a) sinusoidal signal, b)Exponential Signal in continuous & discrete form
using MATLAB.

OBJECTIVE: A continuous-time signal has values for all points in time in some (possibly
infinite) interval. A discrete time signal has values for only discrete points in time. Here in this
experiment we will represent various signals (e.g. sinusoidal & exponential) using MATLAB.

THEORY:

MATLAB(matrix language) is a numerical computing environment and forth-generation

programming language. Developed by Mathworks, MATLAB allows matrix manipulation ,
plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and
interfacing with programs written in other languages, including c, c++, java and Fortran.

Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optical toolbox uses the
MuPAD symbolic engine, allowing access to symbolic computing capabilities. An additional
package, simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation and Model-Based Design for
dynamic and embedded systems.

In 2004, MATLAB had around one million users come from various backgrounds of
Engineering, science and economics. MATLAB is widely used in academic and research
institutions as well as industrial enterprises.

Definitions:
a) Sinusoidal Signal: A continuous sinusoidal signal is defined by:

s(t ) = Asin(2 f1t ) = Asin(1t )

The amplitude of this sinusoidal signal is A and the frequency is f1.

Sinusoidal Wave.

b) Exponential Signal:
The exponential function is a signal whose amplitude exponentially increases or decreases,
depending on the value of a, as time approaches infinity.
The exponential function is defined by the equation:  (t ) = a t

The amplitude of this signal is ‘a’ and‘t’ is the time.

CODING/ PROGRAMMING: RESULTS:

a) Sinusoidal signal (continuous form)

b) Sinusoidal signal (discrete form)

 c) Exponential signal (continuous form)

d) Exponential signal (discrete form)

CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT NO – 9
AIM: To represent (a) sinc(t) function, (b)Ramp Function, (c) Square wave and (d) Step
function using MATLAB.

OBJECTIVE: In this experiment we will represent various functions (e.g. Sinc, Ramp,
Impulse, Square wave etc.) using MATLAB.

THEORY:

MATLAB(matrix language) is a numerical computing environment and forth-generation

programming language. Developed by Mathworks, MATLAB allows matrix manipulation ,
plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and
interfacing with programs written in other languages, including c, c++, java and Fortran.

Although MATLAB is intended primarily for numerical computing, an optical toolbox uses the
MuPAD symbolic engine, allowing access to symbolic computing capabilities. An additional
package, simulink, adds graphical multi-domain simulation and Model-Based Design for
dynamic and embedded systems.

In 2004, MATLAB had around one million users come from various backgrounds of
Engineering, science and economics. MATLAB is widely used in academic and research
institutions as well as industrial enterprises.

Definitions:
(a) Sinc Function: The sinc function is defined as:

(b) Ramp Function: The ramp function, denoted by r t( ) is a signal whose amplitude increases
proportionally as time increases. The mathematical definition of a ramp signal is :
kt, t  0
r (t ) = 
0, t  0

(c) Impulse Function: A unit impulse function, denoted by δ(t) is generally defined as the limit
of a function. The general definition of a unit impulse function is:

( ) = lim f (,  )

→0

(d)Step Function: A mathematical function of a single real variable that remains constant
within each of a series of adjacent intervals but changes in value from one interval to the next is
called step function. A unit step function, denoted by u(t) is a signal that has an amplitude of 1
for time equal or greater than 0 (t ≥ 0 ).
1, t  0
It mathematical definition is given by: u (t ) = 
0, t  0
CODING/ PROGRAMMING: RESULTS:

a) Sinc function

(b) Ramp function

(c) Square wave

CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT -10

AIM: To study DC Transient Response of an R-C series circuit MATLAB Simulink.

OBJECTIVE: To study charging and discharging process through capacitors. To determine

the time constant τ of an RC-circuit. The main objective of this experiment is to verify the DC
response of an R-C circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig: Circuit Diagram of R-C series circuit.

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:
Transient analysis allows you to extract the decay constant and the natural resonance frequency
from a graph of current or voltage in the time domain.

Let us consider a circuit of resistance and capacitance as given in the circuit diagram. The
capacitor is initially uncharged and is in series with a resistor. When the switch S is closed, at
t=0, we can find the solution for the current, by applying Kirchoff’s Voltage law.

It results in the following Differential equation:

1
C
V (t ) = Ri (t ) + i (t )dt ----(i)
V (t ) 1
RC 
Or, => i (t ) = − i (t )dt ------(ii)
R

Here, current, i is the solution to be found.

V is the applied constant voltage. V is applied to the circuit, when the switch, S is closed.
R is the Resistance.
c is the Capacitance.
 t
V − RC
After solving this Differential equation we get, i= e
R

In this solution, the quantity RC is the time-constant and is denoted by, τ

τ= RC sec.

SIMULATION MODEL:

Fig.: simulation model for series R-C circuit.

SIMULATION RESULT FOR i(t), VR(t), VC(t):

Simulation result for It Simulation result for Vc

 Simulation result for VR

CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT -11

AIM: To study DC Transient Response of an R-C parallel circuit using MATLAB Simulink.

OBJECTIVE: Transient analysis allows you to extract the decay constant and the natural
resonance frequency from a graph of current or voltage in the time domain. The main objective
of this experiment is to verify the DC transient response of an R-C parallel circuit.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig: Circuit Diagram of R-C parallel circuit.

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:
Let us consider a circuit of resistance and capacitance as given in the circuit diagram. The
capacitor is initially uncharged and is in parallel with a resistor. When the switch S is closed, at
t=0, we can find the solution for the current, by applying Kirchoff’s Current law. It results in
the following Differential equation:

V (t ) dV (t )
I .U (t ) = +C ----(i)
R dt
dV (t ) I .u (t ) V (t )
Or, => = − ------(ii)
dt C RC

Here, voltage V(t) is the solution to be found.

I is the applied constant current. I is applied to the circuit, when the switch, S is
closed.
R is the Resistance.
L is the Inductance.

In this solution, the quantity RC is the time-constant and is denoted by, τ

τ= RC sec.
SIMULATION MODEL:

Fig.: simulation model for parallel R-C circuit.

SIMULATION RESULT FOR V(t), IR(t), IC(t):

Simulation result for Vt Simulation result for Ic

Simulation result for IR

CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT -12

AIM: (i) To study DC Transient Response of an R-L-C series circuit.

(ii) To find out current, i(t), voltage drop across resistance(), inductor and capacitor.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this experiment is to verify the DC response of an

R-L-C series circuit.

• Be able to write differential equation for a dc circuits containing two storage elements in
presence of a resistance.
• To develop a thorough understanding how to find the complete solution of second order
differential equation that arises from a simple R L C− − circuit.
• To understand the meaning of the terms (i) overdamped (ii) criticallydamped, and (iii)
underdamped in context with a second order dynamic system.
• Be able to understand some terminologies that are highly linked with the performance of a
second order system.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig: circuit diagram for RLC series circuit

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:
Let us consider a circuit consisting of a resistance, inductance and a capacitance as given in the
circuit diagram. The capacitor and the inductor are initially uncharged and are in series with a
resistor. When the switch ,S is closed at t=0, we can find the solution for the current, by applying
Kirchoff’s Voltage law. Hence, the following differential equation results:

di(t ) 1
V (t ) = L + Ri (t ) +  i (t )dt
dt C

di(t ) V (t ) R 1
LC 
=> = − i (t ) − i (t )dt
dt L L
Here, current, i(t) is the solution to be found.
V is the applied constant voltage. V is applied to the circuit, when the switch, S is closed.
R is the Resistance.
c is the Capacitance.
L is the Inductance.
After solving this Differential equation we get,

i = e K1t c1 cos K 2t + c2 sin k 2t 

SIMULATION MODEL:

Fig: Simulation Model for series R-L-C circuit.

SIMULATION RESULT FOR i(t), VR(t), VC(t) & VL(t):

Simulation result for It (critically damped) Simulation result for It (under damped)
 Simulation result for It (over damped)

CONCLUSION:
 EXPERIMENT - 13

AIM: To study DC Transient Response of an R-L-C parallel circuit.

OBJECTIVE: The main objective of this experiment is to verify the DC Transient response
of an R-L-C parallel circuit.

• Be able to write differential equation for a dc circuits containing two storage elements in
presence of a resistance.
• To develop a thorough understanding how to find the complete solution of second order
differential equation that arises from a simple R L C− − circuit.
• To understand the meaning of the terms (i) overdamped (ii) criticallydamped, and (iii)
underdamped in context with a second order dynamic system.
• Be able to understand some terminologies that are highly linked with the performance of a
second order system.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

Fig: Circuit diagram of an R-L-C parallel Circuit.

THEORY OF EXPERIMENT:
Let us consider a circuit of resistance, capacitance and inductance as shown in the circuit
diagram. The capacitor & inductor in the circuit is initially uncharged and is in series with the
resistor. When the switch S is closed, we can find the solution for the voltage V(t). Application
of Kirchoff’s Voltage law to the circuit, results in the following differential equation:
V (t ) 1 dV (t )
I .U (t ) = +  V (t )dt + C -----(i)
R L dt

dV (t ) I .u (t ) V (t ) 1
RC LC 
= − + V (t )dt ----(ii)
dt C
Here, voltage, V(t) is the solution to be found.
I is the applied constant current. I is applied to the circuit, when the switch, S is closed.
R is the Resistance.
L is the Inductance.
C is the capacitance.

SIMULATION MODEL:

Fig.: simulation model for parallel R-L-C circuit.

SIMULATION RESULT FOR IR (t), IC(t), V(t), IL(t):

Simulation result for Vt (critically damped) Simulation result for Vt (over damped)
 Simulation result for Vt (under damped)

CONCLUSION: