Measuring Instruments 2
Measuring Instruments 2
Prepared by
Dr.Subir Das
Assistant Professor
Electronics & Instrumentation Engineering
National Institute of Technology, Agartala
Tripura-799046
Topic Covered
Type of Measuring Instrument
Moving Coil type Instruments
Moving Iron type Instruments
Electrodynamometer Instruments
Induction type Instruments
Induction type wattmeter
Single induction type energy meter
Power Factor Meter
Electrodynamometer type frequency meter
Absolute Instrument
An absolute instrument determines the magnitude of the quantity to be measured in
terms of the instrument parameter.
Secondary Instrument
This instrument determines the value of the quantity to be measured directly.
Generally these instruments are calibrated by comparing with another standard
Absolute instrument.
When there is no input signal to the instrument, the pointer will be at its zero position.
To deflect the pointer from its zero position, a force is necessary which is known as
deflecting force.
To make the measurement indicated by the pointer definite (constant), a force is
necessary which will be acting in the opposite direction to the deflecting force. This
force is known as controlling force.
After reaching the final value, the pointer oscillates about it final steady position
before coming to rest. The time required to take the measurement is more. To damp
out the oscillation is quickly, a damping force is necessary.
Principle
A soft iron piece gets magnetized when it is
brought into a magnetic field produced by a
permanent magnet.
The same phenomenon happens when the soft
iron piece is brought near either of the ends
of a coil carrying current.
The iron piece is attracted towards that
portion where the magnetic flux density is
more.
This movement of soft iron piece is used to
measure the current or voltage which
produces the magnetic field.
Deflecting Torque
Principle
Two iron piece kept with close
proximity in a magnetic field get
magnetized to the same polarity.
Hence, a repulsive force is
produced.
If one of the two piece is made
movable, the repulsive force will
act on it and move it on to one
side.
This movement is used to measure
the current or voltage which
produces the magnetic field.
Construction
There are two iron pieces-fixed and moving.
The moving iron is connected to the spindle to which is
attached a pointer. It is made to move over a calibrated
scale.
Working
When the current to be measured is passed through the fixed coil
it sets up its own magnetic field which magnetizes the two rods
similarly the adjacent points on the lengths of the rods will have
the same magnetic polarity.
Hence, they repel each other with the result that the pointer is
deflected against the controlling torque of a spring or gravity.
The force of repulsion is approximately proportional to the square
of the current passing through the coil
Whatever be the direction of current in the coil, the two irons are
always similarly magnetised.
Deflecting torque
Produced by the current or the voltage to be measured.
It is proportional to the square of the voltage or current.
Hence, the instrument can be used to measure d.c. or a.c.
ADVANTAGES
1.They have low power consumption
2.Their scales are uniform and can be designed to extend over and arc of 1700 degree or so
3.They possess high (torque/weight) ratio.
4. They can be modified what the help o f shunts and resistances to cover a wide range of currents
and voltages.
5.They have no hysteresis loss.
DISADVANTAGES
1. Due to delicate construction and the necessary accurate machining and assembly of various
parts, such instruments are somewhat costlier as compared to moving iron instruments.
2. Some errors are set in due to the ageing of control springs and the permanent magnets.
3. Can be used for DC circuit only.
Ammeter/voltmeter Circuit Using PMMC Instrument
Ammeter Shunt for measuring High Current
When heavy currents are to be measured, the major
part of the current is bypassed through a low
resistance called a ‘shunt”.
'Manganin' is usually used for shunts of d.c.
instruments as it gives low value of thermal emf.
'Constantan' is a useful material for a c. circuits since
its comparatively high thermal emf, being
unidirectional, is ineffective on these circuits.
Driving System.
The driving system of the meter consists of two
electro-magnets.
The core. of these electromagnets is made up of
silicon steel laminations.
The coil of one of the electromagnets is excited by
the load current.This coil is called the current coil.
The coil of second electromagnet is connected
across the supply and, therefore, carries a current
proportional to the supply voltage. This coil is called
the pressure/voltage coil.