Chapter One

Introduction to Internet programing

Introduction

Prepared by:
Bitew M.

Email: [email protected]
Injibara University, INJIBARA

Internet Programming –I for IT students

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 Braine storming Questions

 What is web? Web page? Website ?

 What is world Wide Web ?
 What are the Web page design tools ?
 What is properties of Good web site ?

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 Chapter Outline
Designing a good website
Types of web pages (static vs.
dynamic),
Web page design tools
Client Side Scripting HTML,
CSS, JavaScript (DOM,
DHTML), Applet
Server Side Scripting PHP

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 Introduction
What is web?
 The Web is the common name for the World Wide Web, a subset
of the Internet consisting of the pages that can be accessed by a
Web browser.

 The Web uses HTTP protocol to transmit data and share

information.

 Browsers such as Internet Explorer, Google Chrome or Mozilla

Firefox are used to access Web documents, or Web pages, which
are connected via links.
 What is Web site?

A website is a collection of linked web pages (plus

their associated resources) that share a unique domain
name.

Each web page of a given website provides explicit

links—most of the time in the form of clickable
portion of text—that allow the user to move from one
page of the website to another.
 …continued
 To access a website, type its domain name in your
browser address bar, and the browser will display the
website's main web page, or homepage (casually
referred as "the home"):

 A collection of web pages which are grouped together

and usually connected together in various ways.

 Often called a "web site" or a "site.“

 Web Page?
A web page is a simple document displayable by a
browser. Such documents are written in the HTML
language (which we look into in more detail in lab
section).

 A document which can be displayed in a web browser

such as Firefox, Google Chrome, Opera, Microsoft
Internet Explorer or Edge, or Apple's Safari.

These are also often called just "pages.“

 …continued
Web server
A web server is a computer hosting one or more websites.
"Hosting" means that all the web pages and their
supporting files are available on that computer.

The web server will send any web page from the website it
is hosting to any user's browser, per user request.

 web server A computer that hosts a website on the

Internet.
 A good web site
A good website loads super fast, from anywhere in the world.

Make sure you do everything you can get those pages to loads as
fast as possible.

High quality websites focus on their audience’s needs, not on

what they‟re selling.

Good and fresh content builds the visitor’s interest and invite
them to get involved, invite their friends and come back for
more.

Good websites are well organized and follow a structure.

 Principles of Good Website
Website Purpose Visual Hierarchy

 Describing Expertise Visual hierarchy is the arrangement

 Building Your Reputation of elements is order of importance.

 Generating Leads This is done either by size, colour,

 Sales and After Care imagery, contrast, typographically,

Simplicity whitespace, texture and style.

 Colour Load Time

 Type Mobile Friendly:

Content
 Imagery
An effective web design has both
Navigation:
great design and great content.
 Too long navigation is bulky
 Web page design tools
Client Side Scripting
– HTML=hypertext mark-up language
– CSS= Cascading Style Sheets
– JavaScript (DOM, DHTML),Applet
An applet is a special type of java program that a browser
enabled with java technology
Server Side Scripting PHP
 Hypertext Preprocessor". PHP is a server side scripting language
that is embedded in HTML.
 It is used to manage dynamic content, databases, session
tracking,
 Architecture of the web
Web architecture is the conceptual structure of the World Wide
Web.

The WWW or internet is a constantly changing medium that enables

communication between different users and the technical
interaction (interoperability) between different systems and
subsystems.

Overall, they form the infrastructure of the internet, which is made

possible by the three core components of data transmission
protocols (TCP/IP, HTTP, HTTPS), representation formats (HTML,
CSS, XML), and addressing standards (URI, URL).
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 World Wide Web (WWW)
A collection of interlinked multimedia documents that are stored
on the Internet and accessed using a common protocol (HTTP)

Lovingly called “The Web”

The WWW was proposed in 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee at
CERN.

–Many other Internet-based applications exist

•e.g., email, telnet, ftp, Instant Messenger, Napster,

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 …Con
It was developed to meet the information needs of researchers in
the high-energy physics community.

Today, the WWW offers a system for distributing hypermedia

information locally or globally.

WWW is a vast collection of information that is spread across

hundreds of thousands of computers around the world.

The backbone of the World Wide Web is the Hypertext Markup

Language, often simply referred to as HTML.

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 …Con
Web applications
– Very wide range of functionality
• web mail
• online retail sales and auction sites
• wikis, discussion boards, weblogs
• online news, radio, tv, etc….
• multi-player online role-playing games, etc…

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 Evolution of the web
As the amount of internet users increased daily (from when it was
invented), the web and internet were redesigned and changed to
accommodate the different users and different devices through the
years.

The evolution web has change web 1.0 up to web 2.0.

 Web 1.0
 Web 2.0
 Web 3.0
 Web 4.0

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 …Con

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 Web 1.0
Web 1.0 was the first stage or generation of The World
Wide Web and it was primarily read-only and static
which means that users could not add or interact with the
website.
It was known as the “The Information Web”, as seen in
the picture above, and was present between the early
1990‟s and the year 2000.
Web 1.0 was primarily used by companies and personal
websites which only showed information.
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 Web 2.0
Web 2.0 was the second stage or generation of the
World Wide Web and it was known as “The Social
Web” as users were able to not only read websites but
also interact and connect with other users.

All social media such as Blogs, Facebook, YouTube

and many more emerged with Web 2.0 and companies
realized the strength of community interaction with
business websites.

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 Web 3.0
Web 3.0 is known as “The Semantic Web” as it is “An attempt to
represent knowledge in a way that allows computers to
automatically come to conclusions and make decisions as a result of
a certain type of reasoning”
Web 3.0 is an extension that is focused on the intelligent
connection between people and machines.
Computers can look at, for example, a users google search history,
music and many other things to make a personalized advertisement
and computers can also use a simple user search in Google.

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 Web 4.0
Web 4.0 or “The intelligent Web” will exist between the
years 2020 and 2030 and some believe it will be as
intelligent as the human brain.

From computers being personal assistants to virtual

realities, holograms, all house appliances being
connected to the internet (internet of things) and implants
to restore vision; highly intelligent interactions between
machines and humans will occur.

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 URL
The IP address and the domain name each identify a particular
computer on the Internet.

To identify a Web pages exact location, Web browsers rely on

Uniform Resource Locator (URL).
URL is a four-part addressing scheme that tells the Web browser:
The pathname of the folder or directory on the computer on which
the file resides the name of the file.

Domain Name System (DNS) -Mnemonic textual addresses

are provided to facilitate the manipulation of internet
addresses.
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 Con…
-DNS servers are responsible for translating mnemonic textual
Internet addresses into hard numeric Internet addresses
URL (Uniform Resource Locator)
Example: The most general form of this syntax is as follows:
 <protocol>://<hostname>/<pathname>?<query>
 The elements of this syntax are as follows

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 Static vs. dynamic pages
Static Web Pages
most Web pages are static
 contents (text/links/images) are the same each time it is accessed
e.g., online documents, most homepages
Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is used to specify text/image
format
Dynamic Web Pages
 as the Web moves towards online services and e-commerce, Web
pages must also provide dynamic content
– pages must be fluid, changeable (e.g., rotating banners)
– must be able to react to the user's actions, request and process
info, tailor services
e.g., amazon.com, www.yahoo.com

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 Designing Web Applications
Challenging!!! Many languages to learn!
Client side design
– visual and logical layout
– Validation
–JavaScript controls and content manipulation Server side:
– Database design
– Server-side language and design patterns
– Security
– State management
– Performance and Reliability

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 Further info about IP vs DN
IP vs DN

Domain name and IP address both are unique, but domain name is human friendly. Then in

DNS server convert IP address to domain name and domain name to IP address (A.K.M

Azad, 2012).

DNS is a system to convert easy to remember names to IP addresses. DNS is the name

system used to look up a IP address based on domain name. So 208.80.153.224 is one the IPs

that you can reach Wikipedia on. “wikipedia.org” is the domain name pointing to it

An analogy would be DNS being similar to a phone book. The person‟s name is the domain

address and their phone number is their IP address (Chris Rutherfurd,2018).

IP address are indicated by numbers strong for humans to remember, humans prefer things

like „ebc.com‟, „etv.com‟ etc. So, our computer translates domain names into IP addresses for

us using the Domain Name System.