MODALS

PART 1

1. You ---- your own canoe in order to join the 6. A: I can’t believe Jane isn’t here to collect her
canoe club. They cost a lot of money. You ---- award.
mine whenever you want to go canoeing.
B: She ---- the invitation. We definitely should
A) mustn’t buy / had borrowed have checked that she had got it.
B) won’t haven bought / should borrow A) would rather not receive
C) needn’t buy / can borrow B) had better not receive
D) might not buy / would borrow C) isn’t supposed to receive
E) can’t buy / used to borrow D) needn’t have received
2. He is so poor now it’s hard to believe that E) must not have received
when he was young, he ---- down the street in
his Rolls Royce or sometimes his Jaguar car. 7. A: Did you speak to Sam about the plans for
the cake sale to raise money for charity?
A) has been driving
B: Yes I did and she ---- bake some biscuits
B) would drive and cakes if she has time.
C) should have driven
A) might be able to
D) has driven
B) was able to
E) may be driving
C) used to
YDS ACADEMY OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

3. Just as my daughter was about to leave the D) had better

house on her wedding day, my son spilt some
tea on her dress. Fortunately, we ---- the stain E) has had to
with some special soap before the wedding 8. Our plane ---- in Cairo hours ago, but we
took place. haven’t even taken off from Heathrow yet.
A) were able to remove A) was supposed to land
B) must have removed B) must have landed
C) might be removing C) ought to be landing
D) could remove D) will have landed
E) used to remove E) might be landing
4. A: Is Julian not visiting aunt May with us 9. This steak is a little bit undercooked for my
today. taste. ---- putting it back under the grill for
B: Well, he has been called out to an another five minutes?
emergency, but he ---- us there if he finishes A) Why don’t you
early.
B) Would you mind
A) has joined C) Would you like
B) could have joined D) Do you prefer
C) was joining E) Do you mind if I
D) might join 10. A: I wonder why Mary didn’t want to come
E) would be joining shopping in Oxford street with us.
5. A: What were you doing at the bank B: I don’t know. She ---- short of money these
yesterday? days because her new kitchen cost her a lot
B: I ---- my bank manager for a loan to repair of money.
our house, and luckily, I managed to get it. A) will be
A) must have asked B) has been
B) used to ask C) can be
C) had to ask D) would be
D) should have asked E) could be
E) ought to ask

Modals Page 1
11. I ---- to the office to send e-mail any longer. 17. I was going to write my essay about the
The company has bought me a lap top British nuclear tests in the Australian Desert,
computer and a mobile phone which can be but I ---- the topic when I ---- much information
used for electronic mail and the Internet. about them.
A) didn’t use to return A) have changed / wasn’t able to find
B) may not return B) had to change / couldn’t find
C) needn’t have returned C) must change / haven’t found
D) don’t have to return D) might have changed / don’t find
E) must not have returned E) used to change / might not find
12. You ---- so envious of your brother. He is 18. ---- you do me a favour please? ---- you ask
successful because, unlike you, he works Mrs. Green if the interview room is available?
extremely hard.
A) Might / May
A) haven’t been B) May / Could
B) won’t be C) Would / Do
C) weren’t D) Shall / Might
D) shouldn’t be E) Could / Would
E) may not be
19. I was falling asleep while I was typing my
13. Oh dear, we seem to have run out of salt. I ---- speech last night. The only way I ---- awake
to the corner shop before dinner. was by drinking lots of strong coffee.
A) am able to go A) ought to stay
B) needed to go B) would rather stay
C) could have gone C) have stayed
YDS ACADEMY OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

D) must have gone D) may stay

E) will have to go E) could stay
14. I can’t understand why Dad is now so careful 20. ---- you hold this shelf here while I go and get
with his money. He ---- such a generous my hammer?
person.
A) May
A) would be B) Must
B) has been C) Should
C) used to be D) Will
D) will be E) Shall
E) must be
21. The tyres of my car ---- thin already. I only
15. Trade is so poor these days! We ---- just two replaced them in January. I’ll have to buy
cars since I started working here a month better quality ones next time.
ago.
A) shouldn’t have worn
A) have been able to sell B) needn’t have worn
B) used to sell C) didn’t wear
C) had to sell D) aren’t supposed to wear
D) will have sold E) haven’t worn
E) are supposed to sell
22. According to their letter, we ---- them with a
16. A: ---- we drive to Sultan Ahmet in our new copy of our company’s accounts before we
car? can order any cars on contract hire.
B: Well, I ---- take the ferry to avoid the traffic. A) have supplied
A) May / must B) have to supply
B) Can / would like C) may have supplied
C) Must / prefer D) used to supply
D) Shall / would sooner E) had supplied
E) Would / had better

Modals Page 2
23. I suppose I ---- to type his report for him, but, 29. My brother’s eye sight is perfect, but I ----
at the time, I didn’t know how important it glasses since I was seven years old.
was.
A) ought to wear
A) have had to offer B) must have worn
B) may have offered C) have to wear
C) could have offered D) had better wear
D) would rather offer E) have had to wear
E) was able to offer
30. Would you mind if I ---- these trade magazines
24. A: Why is Mom still in hospital? She ---- home home to read? I never get time to read them in
today. the office.
B: They wanted to do some more tests. A) to take
A) must have come B) took
B) was supposed to come C) am taking
C) had better come D) taking
D) used to come E) have taken
E) may have come 31. I am really surprised that Robby hasn’t signed
up yet for skiing holiday this year. He ---- the
25. I’d like to have some people for dinner first to book every year.
tonight, but it is too late to ask anyone
because they ---- their plans already. A) will be
A) had better make B) may have been
B) used to make C) would be
YDS ACADEMY OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

C) are making D) could be

D) may have made E) used to be
E) can make 32. Your mother ---- a restaurant. She is such a
wonderful cook. If she opened a restaurant,
26. George ---- better in the tennis tournament I’m sure it would be full every night.
than I thought he ---- because he got through
to the finals. A) must have opened
A) must have played / could B) used to open
B) will have played / ought to C) should open
C) should be playing / did D) would open
D) ought to play / can E) was able to open
E) had better play / should 33. We ---- offices soon. I saw the boss this
morning viewing the new office block next to
27. Ever since he took on this part time job, he ---- the station.
enough time on his studies.
A) would rather be moving
A) can’t spend
B) had better move
B) isn’t able to spend
C) would have moved
C) hasn’t been able to spend
D) may be moving
D) wasn’t able to spend
E) have been moving
E) couldn’t spend
34. A: Peter in the accounts department retired
28. Now that they have raised the prices at the yesterday.
gym, I ---- going there or I’ll have difficulty
paying it. B: He ---- permanently yesterday. I saw him at
his desk only this morning.
A) must have stopped
A: Oh well, he had his retirement presentation
B) used to stop yesterday, but perhaps that was because the
C) had better stop chairman was here. Maybe he is leaving on
D) might have stopped Friday.
E) had stopped A) can’t have left
B) ought not to leave
C) hasn’t left
D) needn’t have left
E) had better not leave

Modals Page 3
35. A: Did you have a busy day at the shop? If 41. You ---- a tie on Friday they don’t let men into
you did, you ---- rushed off your feet without the restaurant unless they are wearing a tie.
me there.
A) would wear
B: No, I wasn’t. It was quite a quiet day. B) must wear
A) must have been C) can wear
B) have been D) may wear
C) used to be E) could wear
D) would rather be 42. Jennifer ---- the promotion that she is
E) might be expecting as she hasn’t reached her sales
target yet.
36. I was just about to buy a new pair when the
police rang to say my handbag had been A) shouldn’t have got
found with my glasses still inside. So I ---- a B) hadn’t got
new pair after all.
C) didn’t use to get
A) needn’t have bought D) wasn’t getting
B) mustn’t buy E) may not get
C) wasn’t supposed to buy
43. Mom, according to what the doctor instructed
D) shouldn’t have bought you to do, you ---- any salt on your food. You
E) didn’t need to buy know! If you insist on eating that much salt,
you are bound to have another heart attack!
37. A: Why is she still perspiring? She ---- too
hot- I’ve taken her jumper off. A) needn’t have put
B: In that case she ---- a fever. You’d better B) didn’t use to put
take her temperature. C) haven’t put
YDS ACADEMY OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

A) can’t be / must have D) don’t have to put

B) isn’t / would rather have E) aren’t supposed to put
C) wouldn’t be / is having 44. Alfred ---- his ankle badly as we ---- in the
D) needn’t be / ought to have mountains last Saturday.
E) shouldn’t be / had A) used to sprain / hiked
38. Please Mum, ---- I watch the film tonight? I B) has sprained / could be hiking
have finished all my homework. C) must have sprained / have hiked
A) would D) sprained / were hiking
B) may E) may sprain / have been hiking
C) do 45. ---- I look after Catty for a couple of hours so
D) should that you and Kevin can go to cinema?
E) must A) Would
39. I really missed Istanbul, where I lived when I B) Let
was younger. On summer evenings, we ---- C) Do
along the coast by the sea of Marmara when D) Did
the sun was setting behind Kınalıada.
E) Shall
A) ought to walk
46. During the strike of the railway workers, many
B) have walked commuters ---- a taxi to and from work by
C) would walk coming three or four people together so that
D) had walked they could afford it.
E) might walk A) have been hiring
40. A: Julester looks so slim. B) had to hire
C) ought to hire
B: Has she been dieting?
D) will be hiring
A: Not that I am aware of.
E) might hire
B: Well, she ---- very hard then. She goes 47. We ---- by the river, but unfortunately, the
horse riding, doesn’t she? riverside car park was full.
A) must have been exercising A) should be parking
B) was exercising B) had parked
C) had better exercise C) had better park
D) was able to exercise D) were going to park
E) will have been exercising E) are supposed to park

Modals Page 4
48. You ---- some more appointments to get some 52. Mutfak pencerisinin önündeki çam ağacını
more business. You’re never going to achieve kesmek zorunda kaldılar çünkü binanın
your sales target at this rate. temeline zarar veriyordu.
A) used to make A) lf they hadn't cut down the old pine tree from
B) were making in front of the kitchen window, it might have
damaged the foundations of the building.
C) should make
B) They were forced to cut down the pine tree
D) have made in front of the kitchen window for fear that it
E) would make would damage the foundations of the
49. You haven’t got time to do the gardening. I building.
think you ---- a gardener, don’t you think so? C) Basically, they had to cut down the pine tree
in front of the building because it was
A) ought to employ blocking the kitchen window completely.
B) have employed D) They only cut down the old pine tree, which
C) are employing stood in front of the kitchen window, when it
D) must have employed started to damage the foundations of the
building.
E) employed
E) They had to cut down the pine tree in front
50. I’m glad that you ---- your father to let you of the kitchen window as it was damaging
come on this trip with us. It wouldn’t be so the foundations of the building.
enjoyable without you!
53. Bir ev hanımının dünyası sadece mutfak ve
A) must have persuaded çocuk odasıyla sınırlı olmamalıdır.
B) could have persuaded A) She shouldn't restrict her world to that of a
C) might be persuading housewife, merely working in the kitchen
and the nursery.
YDS ACADEMY OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

D) were able to persuade

E) used to persuade B) A housewife's world should not be restricted
to just the kitchen and the nursery.
C) A housewife's life should also include
experiences outside the kitchen and the
51. – 55. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümlenin nursery.
İngilizce dengini bulunuz.
D) As a housewife, her world has been
restricted to the kitchen and the nursery.
51. Bana daha fazla ayrıntı vermeyi reddettiğiniz E) A large part of a housewife's life is limited to
için sizi mahkemede savunamayacağımı working in the kitchen and the nursery.
üzülerek bildiriyorum.
54. Her şeyi tek başına yapmaya çalışmak yerine,
A) Your refusal to give me further information bizden ya da profesyonel birinden yardım
was the reason why l had to inform you that isteyebilirdin.
it was impossible for me to defend you.
B) l'm sorry that l can't defend you in court A) You didn't need to ask for a professional's
because you haven't given me all the help as, with our help, you were able to
particulars required. manage everything without it.
B) It would have been better if you had asked
C) Your refusal to provide further particulars,
for our or a professional's help, but you tried
regrettably, led to my refusal to agree to
to do everything yourself.
defend you in court.
C) You could have asked for our or a
D) Since you refuse to give me further professional's help instead of trying to do
particulars, l regret to inform you that l won't everything on your own.
be able to defend you in court. D) Instead of doing everything all alone, you
E) Regrettably, l cannot agree to defend you in should have asked for our help, or even a
court unless you give me further particulars. professional's.
E) You needn't have asked for our or a
professional's help as you could have easily
managed everything by yourself.

Modals Page 5
55. Birkaç emlakçıya uğrayıp kiralarla ilgili genel 57. Parents should not be too permissive with
bir fikir edinince, o bölgede oturmaya their children, or they may lose their control
gücümüz yetmeyeceğini anladık. over them completely when the children grow
up.
A) When we'd called at a few estate agents and
got a general opinion of the rents, we A) Çocukları büyüdüğünde onlar üzerindeki
realised that we couldn't afford to live in that kontrollerini tamamen yitirmiş olan
area. ebeveynler küçükken onlara karşı çok
B) After we'd asked several estate agents for tavizkar davranmış olmalılar.
their opinion, it became obvious that we B) Ebeveynlerin çocuklarına karşı fazla tavizkar
couldn't afford to live around there. olmaması gerekir yoksa çocuklar
C) Though we were aware that the area was büyüdüklerinde onları kontrol etmek zor olur.
unaffordable for us, we still visited a few C) Çocuklarına karşı fazla tavizkar olan
estate agents in order to get a general idea ebeveynler çocukları büyüdüğünde onların
of the rents there. üzerindeki kontrollerini tamamen yitirirler.
D) lf we had spoken to a few estate agents and
grasped the general level of rent charged D) Çocukları büyüdüğünde onların üzerindeki
there, we wouldn't have decided to move to kontrollerini yitirmek istemiyorlarsa
that part of town. ebeveynlerin, çocuklarına karşı fazla
tavizkar olmaması gerekir.
E) Most of the estate agents we visited held the
opinion that the rents charged in the area E) Ebeveynler çocuklarına karşı fazla tavizkar
were too high for us to afford. olmamalılar yoksa çocuklar büyüdüğünde
onlar üzerindeki kontrollerini tamamen
yitirebilirler.

56. – 60. sorularda verilen İngilizce cümlenin 58. Even the owners of the houses not damaged
Türkçe dengini bulunuz. during the earthquake could not return on
their houses for days due to fear.
YDS ACADEMY OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

A) Evleri hasar görmediği halde bazı insanlar

56. Since my sister was very shy as a child, depremden sonra günlerce içeri girmekten
whenever she was invited to a party, she korktu.
would make up an excuse and not want to go.
B) İnsanlar, depremden günler sonra, hiç hasar
A) Kardeşim çok çekingen bir çocuk olduğu için görmemiş evlere bile korkarak girebildiler.
bir partiye davet edildiğinde hemen bir C) Depremden günler sonra, yıkılmayan evlerin
mazeret uydurur ve gitmezdi. sahipleri bile korkudan evlerine
B) Kardeşim çocukken çok çekingen olduğu giremiyorlardı.
için ne zaman bir partiye davet edilse, bir D) Depremde hasar görmemiş evlerin sahipleri
mazeret uydurup gitmek istemezdi. bile, korkudan günlerce evlerine giremediler.
C) Çocukluğundan beri çok çekingen olan E) İnsanlar depremden o kadar korkmuştu ki
kardeşim ne zaman bir partiye davet edilse, evleri hasar görmemiş olanlar bile günlerce
hemen bir mazeret uydurur ve gitmez içeri giremedi.
istemez.
D) Çocukken çok çekingen olan kardeşim
istemediği partilere katılmamak için mutlaka
bir mazeret bulurdu.
E) Kardeşim çocukken çok çekingen olduğu
için hiçbir partiye katılmaz, davet edildiği
zaman da bir mazeret uydururdu.

Modals Page 6
59. In an effort to sabotage others' computers, 61. – 75. sorularda verilen cümleye anlamca en
some users, called hackers, create software yakın olan seçeneği bulunuz.
that can damage a computer's programs or
data.
61. Every should save water as it is not only
A) Başkalarının bilgisayarlarını sabote etmek economical but also resourceful.
amacıyla, hacker adı verilen bazı
kullanıcılar, bilgisayarın programlarına ya da A) All of us must have used less water as we
verilerine zarar verebilen programlar have saved a lot of money on our water bill.
üretiyorlar. B) Every person must try to use less water not
B) Başka bilgisayarları sabote etmek için, in order to save money but to save valuable
bilgisayarın programlarına ya da verilerine resources.
zarar veren programlar üreten kişilere C) Everybody ought to save water because by
hacker denir. doing so, they will save both money and this
C) Hacker adı verilen bazı kullanıcılar, resource.
bilgisayarların hem programlarına hem de D) Using less water should be everybody's
verilerine zarar verebilen programlar concern as it saves valuable resources.
üreterek başkalarının bilgisayarlarını sabote
E) Someone must have used a lot of water as
etmektedir.
our water has cost more than usual.
D) Hacker diye adlandırılan bazı sabotajcılar,
bilgisayar programları üreterek başkalarının 62. l will let you take the dog for a walk, but you
bilgisayarlarına ya da verilerine zarar are not to take off its lead at any time.
vermeye çalışmaktadır. A) l will allow you to walk the dog; however,
E) Hackerlar, bilgisayarın sadece you must not take his lead off at all.
programlarına değil verilerine de zarar B) Our dog should not be let off his lead at any
verebilen programları, başkalarının time, so you can't take it for a walk.
bilgisayarlarını sabote etmek amacıyla
YDS ACADEMY OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

üretirler. C) We used to take off the dog's lead during

walks, but now l find it dangerous.
60. Although they seem to offer an escape from D) You were supposed to take the dog's lead
problems for a few hours, in fact, drugs create off while you were walking it.
more problems than solutions.
E) l won't let you take the dog for a walk until
A) Sorunlardan sadece birkaç saatliğine kaçış you promise not to let it loose.
sağlamaya yarayan uyuşturucular aslında 63. You might have difficulty finding the files for
sorunları daha da büyütürler. some of these customers on the list, so ask
me if you need any help.
B) Uyuşturucular sorunları gerçek anlamda
çözmez, sadece kişiyi birkaç saatliğine A) Perhaps you would have found it easier to
work on these customer files if you had
sorunlardan uzaklaştırır.
asked for my assistance.
C) Birkaç saatliğine sorunlardan kaçış sağlıyor B) l could have helped you find the files on
gibi görünseler de aslında uyuşturucular these customers, but l didn't know you were
çözümden daha çok sorun yaratırlar. having trouble.
D) Sorunlarından sadece birkaç saatliğine C) You were supposed to find the files on all of
these customers on your own, but you
uzaklaşmak için uyuşturuculara başvuran needed my help when you had trouble.
biri, gerçekte kendine daha büyük bir sorun D) Ask me if you require assistance as it is
yaratmıştır. possible that you won't find all these
E) Birkaç saatliğine sorunlardan kaçmada customers' files easily.
yararı görülmüşse de uyuşturucular E) You must have had difficulty finding the files
on some of these customers, but you should
sorunları çözmez, daha çok sorun yaratırlar.
have asked for help.

Modals Page 7
64. lf you would prefer us not to supply an alarm 67. Rather than buying curtains, why don't we
with the vehicle, we can provide a cheaper make them ourselves?
price.
A) I would rather buy some curtains than make
A) I'm afraid we cannot supply an alarm with my own.
the vehicle at such a cheap price.
B) Would you rather buy curtains or make them
B) We would much rather supply an alarm with
yourself?
the vehicle, but this of course increases the
price. C) Let's make our own curtains instead of
C) Would you like us to supply an alarm with buying some ready–made ones.
the vehicle, which we will be able to include D) I wouldn't mind making our own curtains, if
in our price? you don't want to buy any.
D) As you've asked us to supply an alarm with E) Do you think we can manage to make our
the vehicle, you'll have to pay extra money
own curtains or should we buy them?
for that.
E) We can give you a better price if you would 68. We used to walk around the shopping centre
rather we didn't supply the vehicle with an for ages doing nothing but window–shopping
alarm. when we were teenagers.

65. If we can get a baby–sitter on Saturday, let's A) When we were teenagers, we went to the
go for a meal at that Italian restaurant by the shopping–centre very often but rarely
river. bought anything.
A) We should have got a baby–sitter on B) It used to take us hours to decide what to
Saturday, so we could have gone for an buy at the shopping–centre when we were
Italian meal by the river. teenagers.
B) Why don't we eat at that Italian restaurant by C) For ages, window–shopping at big centres
YDS ACADEMY OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

the river on Saturday if we can find someone

to look after the baby? has always been quite exciting for
teenagers.
C) Shall we ask our baby–sitter to stay up for
Saturday night so that we can go to that D) As teenagers, we would spend hours at the
Italian restaurant by the river? shopping–centre just looking in the shop
D) We needn't have hired someone to look windows.
after the baby on Saturday, for we didn't go E) I shouldn't have spent so many hours
to the Italian restaurant by the river after all. window–shopping when l was a teenager.
E) We were able to get someone to look after
the baby on Saturday, so we went to the 69. It is impossible for us to give you a further
Italian restaurant by the river. discount on this price.

66. I’ve just learned from the doctor that Peter A) We can only offer you another small
has to stay in hospital until they remove his discount on this price, and that's all.
stitches. B) There is no way we can reduce this price
further.
A) According to what the doctor has just told
C) We shouldn't have reduced the price so
me, Peter can only leave the hospital after much
they have taken his stitches out.
D) Seeing as you can't afford it, we'll have to
B) The doctor has just informed me that Peter drop our price.
wants to leave the hospital as soon as they E) l can assure you that our price is the lowest
have take his stitches out. you will find anywhere.
C) According to the doctor, they might allow 70. You ought to have asked for the departure
Peter to go home from the hospital when times of the trains yesterday.
they have taken his stitches out.
A) You shouldn't have left home yesterday
D) As far as l know, the doctors ought to have without knowing the departure times for
taken his stitches out before they allowed trains.
Peter to leave the hospital. B) lt was a mistake on your part not to have
E) l know that Peter has to stay in hospital a found out departure times for trains
little longer because the doctors still haven't yesterday.
taken his stitches out. C) You were supposed to find out the departure
times for trains yesterday, not today.
D) You couldn't have learned the departure
times for trains yesterday even if you'd tried
to.
E) They ought to have told you the train times
yesterday when you asked them.

Modals Page 8
71. He had better hand me his report today, or I'll 74. It's possible that he hurt your feelings
inform the manager. unintentionally.
A) The manager ought to deal with employees A) You may not have heard him properly.
who fail to give me their reports. B) He might not have meant to hurt you
B) He was supposed to hand me his report feelings.
today, but he didn't, so I’ve told the C) He should have told you about that without
manager. hurting your feelings.
C) l had no alternative but to tell the manager D) He couldn't have explained this without
because he failed to give me his report hurting your feelings.
again.
E) As far as l can see, he hurt your feelings
D) l would rather not inform the manager, but l deeply, though not on purpose.
think l have to because he won't give me his
report today. 75. However worthless they may seem to most of
us, antique hand–crafted buttons are avidly
E) I’ll let the manager know if he fails to give
collected by enthusiasts.
me his report today.
72. Would you mind if l picked you up half an A) In the opinion of many, collecting antique
hour later? hand–crafted buttons is a complete waste of
time.
A) l won't be able to get there to pick you up for B) Most of us may not be aware of the value of
half an hour. hand–crafted buttons; however, enthusiasts
B) Would you pick me up thirty minutes later spend a fortune on them.
than usual, if you don't mind? C) It's surprising how many people are
C) lf that's all right with you, can l pick you up enthusiastically taking up the hobby of
thirty minutes later? hand–crafted antique button collecting.
D) Can l collect you in half an hour if that won't D) Collectors enthusiastically make antique
YDS ACADEMY OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

make you late for work? hand–crafted button collections despite their
E) Do you want me to pick you up in half an apparent worthlessness to most of us.
hour? E) I think most people would agree that making
a worthwhile collection of hand–crafted
73. He must have been on his way to class;
buttons takes enthusiasm.
otherwise, he would have stopped to chat.
A) I'm pretty sure he was on his way to his
lesson and couldn't stop to talk.
B) l saw him on his way to his lesson, but he
still had time to stop and talk.
C) l saw him going to his lesson, but instead of
stopping to chat, he ignored me.
D) lf he had been on his way to class, he
wouldn't have stopped for a chat.
E) He is always late for his lessons and never
has time to stop to chat.

Modals Page 9
 PART 2

1. You ---- the meeting this week if you are too 7. The former president never ---- to the press,
busy. There is going to be another one next but this one is much more accessible.
week and you ---- to that one.
A) could have talked
A) might not attend / would go B) should be talking
B) needn’t attend / can go C) must have talked
C) can’t attend / have gone D) has to talk
D) won’t have attended / go E) used to talk
E) didn’t attend / used to go
8. Hurray! We ---- to school today because it is
2. You look as if you are having trouble with snowing so hard.
your homework. ---- you like me to help you
with it? A) haven’t been going
B) shouldn’t have gone
A) Could
C) must not have gone
B) Did
D) don’t have to go
C) May
E) may not have gone
D) Would
9. Wilber ---- smoking and eating meat after his
E) Shall
heart attack, but he didn’t and now he has had
3. I thought that I had my keys with me, but I a second one.
can’t find them in my coat. I ---- them in my
other coat. A) should have stopped
B) must have stopped
YDS ACADEMY OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

A) am supposed to leave
C) was able to stop
B) am able to leave
D) will have stopped
C) would rather have left
E) used to stop
D) must have left
10. According to the weather report, it ----
E) could leave
tomorrow, and if it does, we ---- the hike I’ve
4. I’ve heard that Mr. Benner is the toughest been looking forward to.
teacher for this course. You ---- to get another
teacher, or you can’t get a good mark. A) ought to rain / cancelled
B) must rain / were able to cancel
A) had better try
C) may rain / will have to cancel
B) must have tried
D) would be raining / had to cancel
C) have tried
E) has been raining / must cancel
D) would try
11. I know you have a lot of work to do, but it is
E) might have tried
your own fault; you ---- everything until the
5. You ---- to bed early the night before an exam. last minute.
A good night’s sleep will do you more good
than studying all night and then falling asleep A) can’t have left
in the exam. B) might not leave
A) will have gone C) must not have left
B) may go D) shouldn’t have left
C) ought to go E) haven’t been leaving
D) would go 12. I’d really rather ---- in Hawaii at he moment
than stuck behind this desk all day.
E) would rather go
6. Would you mind ---- your music so loudly? I A) I am surfing
am trying to study. B) to be surfing
A) not play C) to surf
B) not playing D) have surfed
C) didn’t play E) be surfing
D) not to play
E) haven’t played

Modals Page 10
13. You ---- your plane ticket so far in advance 19. Hawaii is such an expensive place to live and
because flights to Birmingham are never full. the wages are so low that you ---- very hard
just to get by.
A) can’t buy
B) needn’t have bought A) are able to work
C) didn’t use to buy B) have to work
D) haven’t bought C) have worked
E) couldn’t have bought D) must have worked
E) used to work
14. In Iran and Saudi Arabia, all women ---- their
heads outside of the house, but in most 20. We had better hurry if we want to get back to
Muslim countries it is optional. the hotel before the curfew. No one ---- out
after dark, expect for the petrol forces, you
A) have to cover know.
B) must have covered
A) could have been
C) could be covering
B) is supposed to be
D) might cover
C) has been
E) used to cover
D) has to be
15. I ---- a stockbroker if I had wanted to, but I
E) should have been
thought life as a bass guitarist in a heavy
metal band would be far more interesting. 21. Mike couldn’t attend university because he ----
his family when his father died.
A) was able to become
B) may have become A) had to support
C) had become B) must have supported
C) could be supporting
YDS ACADEMY OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

D) could have become

E) used to become D) has been supporting
E) will have supported
16. You ---- more carefully. Now the insurance
company won’t pay you anything because the 22. Petroleum deposits can occur almost
accident was your fault. anywhere – they ---- under deserts, under
fertile land, or even under the sea.
A) must have been driving
B) should be driving A) ought to be
C) had been driving B) may be
D) ought to have been driving C) must be
E) have been driving D) were
E) should have been
17. I’d rather you ---- out tonight because,
according to the news, there could be trouble 23. Using the latest and most expensive
downtown. technology, including nuclear batteries, space
scientists ---- to the furthest reaches of our
A) haven’t gone solar system now.
B) not to go
A) were probing
C) didn’t go
B) may have probed
C) won’t go
C) used to probe
E) not going
D) are able to probe
18. A friend of mine told me that I ---- India in the
E) must have probed
summer, because that is the monsoon
season, when it is both too hot and too wet. 24. Now remember, when you are in the race you
---- to run too fast in the first few laps because
A) didn’t use to visit you will need plenty of energy for the final
B) needn’t visit sprint.
C) haven’t visited A) haven’t tried
D) might not visit B) shouldn’t have tried
E) shouldn’t visit C) mustn’t try
D) might not try
E) didn’t use to try

Modals Page 11
25. There are some sounds that are out of the 31. When we went to Japan, we ---- anything for
range of the human ear but which dogs ----. ourselves because our Japanese hosts took
care of everything.
A) ought to hear
B) have heard A) must not have done
C) can hear B) needn’t have done
D) have to hear C) didn’t need to do
E) used to hear D) couldn’t have done
E) ought not to do
26. My sister ---- a German teacher because her
German was fluent, but she decided to 32. A: I hear a noise coming from the kitchen.
become an accountant instead.
B: My greedy brother ---- for something to eat.
A) has become
A) must be looking
B) had to become
B) should have looked
C) will become
C) used to look
D) could have become
D) ought to be looking
E) must have become
E) has looked
27. You ---- me at work. The boss was really angry
because he had warned me before about 33. A: Did you know that classes were cancelled
personal calls. yesterday because the heating in the building
failed?
A) must not have phoned
B: No, but I ---- anyway because I was in bed
B) shouldn’t have phoned all day with flu.
C) didn’t phone
A) didn’t use to attend
YDS ACADEMY OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

D) didn’t use to phone

B) won’t be attending
E) can’t have phoned
C) must not have attended
28. Sally ---- Italian like a native, but since she D) haven’t attended
moved to Indiana, she has forgotten most of
it. E) couldn’t have attended
34. I know I ---- for a job, but there are so few jobs
A) used to speak
for a person of my abilities that it is
B) had spoken discouraging.
C) was supposed to speak
A) had been looking
D) has been speaking
B) ought to look
E) must have spoken
C) must have looked
29. While there seem to be plenty of unexploited D) was able to look
petroleum reserves, some experts worry that
there ---- enough to carry us through the next E) used to look
century. 35. I ---- the same computer program when I
worked at a bank, so it ---- easy for me to
A) may not be
adjust to this new job.
B) haven’t been
C) didn’t use to be A) should be using / could be
D) don’t have to be B) used to use / should be
E) had better not be C) need to use / would be
D) must have used / must be
30. Today no one can imagine what a battle at sea
was like in the days of sail. It ---- both an E) might have used / can be
impressive and a frightening sight. 36. He ---- as carefully as he claimed he was. Why
did he bump into the lamp post then?
A) might be
B) could be A) doesn’t have to drive
C) ought to be B) isn’t supposed to drive
D) has been C) won’t have been driving
E) must have been D) shouldn’t have driven
E) can’t have been driving

Modals Page 12
37. Would you mind if I ---- early this afternoon? I 44. Where have you been? You ---- here at 2
have a dentist appointment at 4:30. o’clock, and it’s almost 3.
A) to leave A) must have been
B) had left B) were supposed to be
C) leaving C) were able to be
D) left D) are going to be
E) have left E) have been
38. I’m so glad that I ---- to the meeting place on 45. I told my flatmate to buy some bread, but he
time yesterday despite the heavy traffic, or ---- because there isn’t any here.
the boss would have been really annoyed.
A) must have forgotten
A) was able to get B) ought to be forgetting
B) have got C) could forget
C) used to get D) should have forgotten
D) should have got E) was able to forget
E) had to get
46. Sue has only been in Egypt for a year and she
39. Sean ---- married three months ago and since already speaks Arabic fluently. She ---- it that
then he ---- out drinking with his old friends. quickly. I’m sure she had started studying it
before she left England.
A) had got / ought not to go
B) used to get / couldn’t have gone A) shouldn’t have learned
C) got / hasn’t been able to go B) won’t have learned
D) has got / shouldn’t be going C) can’t have learned
YDS ACADEMY OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

E) was getting / didn’t have to go D) didn’t use to learn

E) isn’t supposed to learn
40. These days, he ---- to stop smoking and
playing cards as well because his wife is so 47. Do you think Jeff ---- to join us on our hike?
strict with him, so his life will have changed Does he like this sort of activity?
completely soon.
A) would rather
A) used to try B) was able
B) is trying C) has been able
C) tried D) had better
D) had to try E) would like
E) could have tried
48. Sam is such a good swimmer that he ---- the
41. It is hardly surprising that he gets depressed Olympic record for the 100 metre race, but
and wonders if he really ---- married. unfortunately he didn’t compete because of a
pulled shoulder muscle.
A) could have got
B) must have got A) is going to break
C) used to get B) must have broken
D) had better get C) could have broken
E) ought to have got D) is supposed to break
E) had to break
42. Though Sally ---- how to swim, when she met
a young man who was a professional diver, 49. I wonder what the problem was in the
she learned quickly. restaurant last night. Three members of staff
---- tables, but there was only one, I must
A) hasn’t known speak to the restaurant manager.
B) might not know
A) could be clearing
C) can’t know
B) ought to be clearing
D) wouldn’t know
C) should have been clearing
E) didn’t know
D) must have been clearing
43. Our father never earned much money, but he
E) were clearing
---- something nice for us whenever he ----.
50. Hey, watch where you are going! You ---- me!
A) should buy / did A) could have killed
B) had to buy / does B) should have killed
C) would buy / could C) have killed
D) must have bought / can D) will have killed
E) would rather buy / has E) used to kill

Modals Page 13
 51. - 65. sorularda, verilen cümleye anlamca en 54. He must have changed his phone number
yakın olan seçeneği bulunuz. because l can't get hold of him.
A) He could have changed his phone number
51. Would you mind if l borrowed your car to take after l last got in touch with him.
my sick friend to the hospital? B) He had to change his phone number
because l couldn't get through to his old one.
A) Do you think l should drive my friend to the
hospital? He seems very ill. C) It is possible that he'll change his phone
number, but l won't know for sure until l talk
B) Would you give us a lift in your car to the to him.
hospital as my friend is very ill?
D) He should have changed his phone number
C) Did you bring your car, because l need to because no one could get in touch with him.
take my sick friend to the hospital?
E) I am unable to get in contact with him, so it
D) Will you give me your permission to take my is highly likely that he has a new phone
sick friend to the hospital in your car? number.
E) Do you think l should borrow a car and take
my sick friend to the hospital? 55. As a student, l used to think that all my
teachers wanted me to fail.
52. In spite of the many news reports, I am not
sure he understands the gravity of what has A) In spite of being a good student, l did badly
happened. because of the attitude of my teachers.
B) I was such a bad student that l got used to
A) The news reports have emphasized how thinking that all my teachers wanted me to
serious the situation is, but he does not care fail.
at all.
C) Though it sometimes seemed that all my
B) Had it not been for the news reports, he teachers wanted me to fail, l knew that it
would not have realised how serious the was not true.
YDS ACADEMY OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

situation actually is.

D) When l was a student, l held the belief that
C) Although what has occurred has been in the none of my teachers wanted to see me
news a lot, l doubt that he is aware of its succeed.
seriousness.
E) During my time as a student l was confident
D) I feel sure that he would understand the of passing despite the attitude of my
seriousness of the situation if the news teachers.
reports were more complete.
E) No matter how well the news reports put it 56. In order to be able to hand your essay in
across, he is incapable of understanding tomorrow, you had better stop making notes
how serious this is. now and start typing.

53. Private parcel delivery services provide a A) Why don't you type your essay directly,
faster and more secure alternative to postal without taking notes, if you are to hand it in
services around the world, but they are tomorrow?
relatively expensive. B) If you had wanted to finish your essay in
time to hand in, you should have finished
A) International postal services are facing stiff your note–taking yesterday.
competition from private parcel delivery
services, so they have lowered their prices C) I guess you stopped taking notes and
in response. started typing your essay in order to be able
to get it ready for tomorrow.
B) Although postal services around the world
are cheaper, parcels have a better chance D) It is time to stop note–taking and start
of arriving more quickly and securely typing; otherwise, you won't be able to give
through private parcel delivery services. your essay in tomorrow.
C) While it is more expensive to use local E) You don't need to stop writing notes and
postal services, privatised parcel delivery start typing yet as you can explain tomorrow
services are faster and more secure. why you haven't finished it.
D) Private parcel delivery services, with their
faster, more economical and more efficient
delivery, are driving postal services out of
business all over the world.
E) You can use a normal postal service for your
parcels, or alternatively, if you are willing to
take a chance and wait a little longer, you
can use a private parcel delivery service.

Modals Page 14
57. It was not necessary for me to study as hard 60. Going into a house with your shoes on may
as l actually did for the exam because it was be acceptable in the West, but it isn't in most
easier than l expected. of the East.
A) I must not have studied as hard as I thought A) Though Westerners usually enter a house
I did because the exam did not seem easy. with their shoes on, they are careful not to
B) Having hardly studied for the exam, I was do so if they are in the East.
hoping that it would be easier than they B) You should remember when visiting the East
usually were. that customs like not wearing footwear
C) I didn't use to study very hard for my exams inside a home are very important.
because l usually found them so easy. C) The Western custom of going into a house
D) Because I knew the exam was going to be wearing shoes is unacceptable in the
easy, l studied very little for it. majority of Eastern societies.
E) The exam was not as difficult as I had D) You should not wear shoes inside a house
anticipated, so I needn't have studied so in some countries no matter how normal it
hard for it. might seem in your own country.
E) Though no one can explain why it is
58. This can't be the house I grew up in because I
inappropriate to wear shoes inside a house
don't recognise anything.
in the East, Westerners should remember
A) I should have come here to find my home not to do it.
before it changed so much and there were 61. Let's take a taxi instead of walking home even
still familiar things. though it is expensive.
B) It is not possible that this is the house where
I spent my childhood as nothing is familiar to A) l wouldn't mind spending the extra money
me. and going home by taxi although it is a nice
walk.
C) As this is the house where I was raised, I am
YDS ACADEMY OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

surprised that I recognise so little. B) Rather than spending the money on a taxi,
why don't we walk home instead?
D) I am unable to tell if this is my childhood
home or not because so much is unfamiliar. C) lf we had enough money, we wouldn't have
to walk home; instead, we could take a taxi.
E) I can tell that this used to be my home when
I was a child, even though everything is so D) In spite of the expense, l would rather we
different now. took a taxi home than walked.
E) Should we take a taxi despite the expense,
59. It was only after he had lived in Egypt for five
or should we walk home?
years that he was able to read the
newspapers without much difficulty. 62. It is possible that this will be your last
opportunity if you do not do well on the
A) Although he had lived in Egypt for five years, report.
he was still unable to decipher the articles in
the newspapers. A) l think it is better if you don't get another
B) While he could read the newspapers after chance to do a report after the last one.
five years in Egypt, he was still having great B) You will only get another chance if you have
difficulty understanding them. done your best on this report.
C) In spite of only having lived in Egypt for five C) As soon as you are better, you will get
years, he was able to read the main another chance to do a good report.
headings of the newspapers. D) You must have done a good report as you
D) He had lived in Egypt for five years before know that you will never get another chance,
he could understand the newspapers if you haven't.
without finding it very difficult. E) You had better do a good job on the report,
E) His ability to read the newspapers was or you may never get another chance.
impressive for someone who had only lived
63. You can't have written this paper yourself
in Egypt for five years.
because the English is perfect.
A) You did not write the paper in perfect
English because you are not able to.
B) The English in this paper is so good that l
know you must have worked hard on it.
C) It is not possible for this paper to be your
own work because you are unable to write
such flawless English.
D) You must not have worked very hard on this
paper, or the English would have been
perfect.
E) No one would have thought that you were
capable of writing such good English.

Modals Page 15
64. It must have been a terrific feeling when you 67. Because it is both unknown and inevitable,
heard about your lottery win. death has always been a source of wonder
and fear.
A) I'm sure you felt great upon learning that you
were the winner of the lottery. A) İnsanlar, kaçınılmaz olduğunu bildikleri
B) l can imagine how you felt when you learned ölüme karşı her zaman merakla karışık
that you had almost won the lottery. korku duymuşlardır.
C) l guess your first feeling was fear when you B) Her zaman bir korku kaynağı olan ölüm,
heard about winning the lottery. hem bilinmeyen hem de kaçınılmaz olduğu
için hep merak edilmiştir.
D) You should have felt better about all the
money you won from the lottery. C) Hem bilinmeyen hem de kaçınılmaz olduğu
için ölüm her zaman bir merak ve korku
E) You ought to have chosen different numbers kaynağı olmuştur.
if you wanted to win the lottery.
D) Ölümün her zaman bir merak ve korku
65. You had better wait for the rain to stop before kaynağı olmasının nedeni hem bilinmemesi
you leave, or you might catch a cold. hem de kaçınılmaz olmasıdır.
A) It is so cold and rainy that it would be a good E) Bilinmeyen bir şey olduğu için insanların
idea for us not to leave just now. merak ettiği ama aynı zamanda korktuğu
ölüm kaçınılmaz bir olaydır.
B) It's likely that you'll catch cold in this rain, so
you shouldn't leave until it stops. 68. By the end of the first nine months, most
C) You will certainly get cold and wet if you go babies will be able to sit without support and
out into this rain. balance well enough to play as they sit.
D) Do you really think it is a good idea to risk A) Dokuzuncu ayın sonunda bebekler, destek
catching a chill in this rain? olmaksızın denge sağlayabilir ve oturarak
E) It is too cold to go out and it might rain, so l oyun oynayabilirler.
YDS ACADEMY OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

think you should wait before you leave. B) İlk dokuz ayın sonunda bebek desteksiz
oturabiliyorsa, oturarak oyun oynamasını
sağlayacak dengeyi de kurabilir.
C) Dokuzuncu ayın sonunda, oturarak oyun
66. – 70. sorularda verilen İngilizce cümlenin oynayabilecek kadar denge sağlayabilen
Türkçe dengini bulunuz. çoğu bebek desteksiz oturabilir.
D) Bebeklerin çoğu ancak dokuzuncu aydan
66. l was relieved to learn that l didn't have to
sonra desteksiz oturmayı ve otururken oyun
decide immediately, and that they could wait
oynayacak kadar denge sağlamayı becerir.
until the end of the week.
E) İlk dokuz ayın sonunda çoğu bebek,
A) Hafta sonuna kadar bekleyebileceklerini desteksiz oturabilir ve otururken oyun
söyledikleri için hemen karar vermek oynayacak kadar denge sağlayabilir.
zorunda değildim.
69. Pregnant women should avoid cigarettes and
B) Hafta sonuna kadar bekleyebilecekleri için
alcoholic beverages since these substances
hemen karar vermek zorunda olmamak beni
may harm the baby.
çok rahatlattı.
C) Karar vermek için hafta sonuna kadar vaktim A) Hamile kadınlar sigara ve alkollü
vardı çünkü bir süre bekleyebileceklerini içeceklerden kaçınmalıdırlar çünkü bu
duymuştum. maddeler bebeğe zarar verebilir.
D) Hemen karar vermek zorunda olmadığımı, B) Mademki sigara ve alkollü içecekler bebeğe
hafta sonuna kadar bekleyebileceklerini zarar verebiliyor hamile kadınların bu
öğrenince rahatladım. maddelerden uzak durmalıdır.
E) Hafta sonuna kadar bekleyeceklerini C) Hamile kadınların sigara ve alkollü
öğrendiğimde, hemen karar vermek zorunda içeceklerden kaçınmasının nedeni bu
olmadığım için rahatladım. maddelerin bebeğe zarar verme olasılığıdır.
D) Sigara ve alkollü içecekler bebeğe zarar
verebileceğinden hamile kadınlar için bu
maddeler sakıncalıdır.
E) Hamile kadınların kaçınması gereken sigara
ve alkollü içecekler, ileride bebeğe zarar
verebilir.

Modals Page 16
70. Accidents and suicides are the leading 73. Babamı, daha büyük bir eve taşınmamız
causes of deaths among youths and konusunda ikna etmek için çok fazla
frequently are the result of alcohol and drug uğraşmam gerekmedi; çünkü o da bir süredir
use. aynı şeyi düşünüyormuş.
A) Çoğunlukla alkol ve uyuşturucu kullanımının A) Persuading my father about moving to a
sonucu meydana gelen kaza ve intiharlar, larger home was easy as he had also been
gençler arasında en yaygın ölüm thinking it might be a good idea.
nedenleridir. B) I realised that l needn't have tried so hard to
B) Kaza ve intihar, gençler arasında önde persuade my father to move into a bigger
gelen ölüm nedenleridir ve çoğunlukla da house as he had had the same idea some
alkol ve uyuşturucu kullanımının sonucudur. time ago.
C) Kaza ve intihar, gençler arasında alkol ve C) l had been trying to persuade my father for
uyuşturucu bağımlılığı sonucu meydana some time to move to a larger house when
gelen ve çoğunlukla ölümle sonuçlanan he finally agreed to this idea.
olaylardır. D) l didn't need to try hard to persuade my
D) Çoğunlukla gençler arasında başlıca ölüm father about moving to a bigger house as
nedeni olan kaza ve intihar olayları, alkol ve he'd been thinking about the same thing for
uyuşturucu kullanımının yaygınlaşmasının some time.
sonuçlarıdır. E) My father had been considering moving to a
E) Gençler arasında kaza ve intihar sonucu bigger house for some time anyway, so he
ölüm olaylarının çok yaygın olmasının didn't need much persuasion from me.
başlıca nedeni alkol ve uyuşturucu
74. Eskiden insanlar modern çağın pek çok
bağımlılığıdır.
nimetlerinden yoksundular; ama bence
günümüz insanından çok daha mutluydular.
A) l believe that people in the past, even
YDS ACADEMY OF LANGUAGE STUDIES

71. – 75. sorularda, verilen Türkçe cümlenin though they didn't have the benefits of
İngilizce dengini bulunuz. modern times, were in general happier than
today's people.
71. Kızkardeşinin düğünü için aldığı elbise son B) In the past, people lived without many
moda olabilir ama ona hiç yakışmamış. modern comforts, but in my opinion, they
were even happier than most people today
A) The fashionable dress she has bought to
are.
wear to her sister's wedding doesn't suit her
at all. C) The modern age has brought people many
benefits yet, my opinion is that we are not
B) l don't think the dress she bought for her
happier than people in the past were.
sister's wedding suits her at all, but at least it
is the latest fashion. D) Even through people in the past lacked
many benefits of modern society, l believe
C) The dress she bought for her sister's
that they were just as happy as today's
wedding may be the last fashion, but it didn't
people are.
suit her at all.
E) In the past, people used to lack many
D) Not only does the dress she bought for her
benefits of the modern age, but in my
sister's wedding suit her, but it is also highly
opinion, they were a lot happier than today's
fashionable.
people.
E) Her sister's wedding dress was the latest
fashion, but l didn't think it really suited her. 75. Kompozisyon yazarken konudan uzak-
laşmamaya özellikle dikkat etmelisiniz.
72. Kitabı okumuş olamazsın; çünkü kitabın ne
hakkında olduğu konusunda bile hiçbir fikrin A) When you write a composition, you must
yok. remember to keep to the main point.
B) It is very important not to wander from the
A) You could have read the book just in order
point when you write a composition.
to understand what it is about.
C) You must pay special attention not to
B) lf you had read the book, you would have
wander from the point when you write a
some idea what it is about.
composition.
C) You don't even know what the book is about,
D) It is best to focus on one main point in
so it is clear that you haven't read it.
written composition.
D) You can't have read the book as you don't
E) Special attention should be made not to
even have an idea what it is about.
stray from the point in written compositions.
E) You clearly haven't read the book properly;
otherwise you would have some idea what it
is about.

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