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The document discusses crosstalk in communications, explaining it as interference between cables and how twisting wires minimizes this effect. It also contrasts circuit switching and packet switching, highlighting their differences in resource usage, latency, and efficiency. Additionally, it addresses a specific exercise regarding data transmission between nodes in a network when a certain transmission does not occur.

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19 views4 pages

Written Assignment 2

The document discusses crosstalk in communications, explaining it as interference between cables and how twisting wires minimizes this effect. It also contrasts circuit switching and packet switching, highlighting their differences in resource usage, latency, and efficiency. Additionally, it addresses a specific exercise regarding data transmission between nodes in a network when a certain transmission does not occur.

Uploaded by

InvincibleReine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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University of the People

CS2204-01
Communications and Networking
Written Assignment 2
Answer the following:
1. What is crosstalk? How is it minimized in case of a twisted pair of wire?

Crosstalk is a form of interference in which signals in one cable induce electromagnetic


interference (EMI) in an adjacent cable (Network Encyclopedia, 2023). This interference
can cause signal degradation and data errors. It is like when you're trying to have a
conversation in a crowded room, and the noise from people nearby makes it hard to hear
each other.

In the case of a twisted pair of wire, crosstalk can be minimized by several methods.
Once of which is by twisting the wires more. Twisted pair cables have pairs of wires
twisted together at a certain rate. This twisting helps reduce crosstalk by canceling out
some of the electromagnetic interference between adjacent wires. The tighter the twist,
the better the crosstalk reduction (Network Encyclopedia, 2023).

2. Why are two separate frequencies used for uplink and downlink transmission in
case of satellite communication?

In satellite communication, they use two different radio channels. Two separate
frequencies are used for uplink and downlink transmission to avoid interference between
the signals. The uplink frequency is used for talking from the ground to the satellite while
the downlink frequency is for the satellite to talk back to the ground station. If the same
frequency were used for both, the strong downlink signal from the satellite could
overpower the weaker uplink signal from the ground station (RF Wireless World, n.d.).

3. Differentiate between the 2 switching techniques (Circuit Switching and Packet


Switching).(4 differences)

Circuit Switching and Packet Switching are two different techniques used for data
transmission (GeeksforGeeks, 2023).

Circuit switching is like making a traditional phone call. When you pick up your phone
and make a call, a dedicated and continuous communication path, known as a circuit, is
established between your phone and the recipient's phone. This circuit remains open for
the entire duration of your call, even if you're not speaking (GeeksforGeeks, 2023).

On the other hand, packet switching is like sending messages in small pieces. For
example, when you send data over the internet, your information is broken into small
packets, and each packet can take its own route to reach the destination (GeeksforGeeks,
20233).
The following table lists the key differences between the characteristics of circuit
switching and packet switching (GeeksforGeeks, 2023):

Characteristics Circuit Switching Packet Switching


Connection Establishes a dedicated Divides data into packets and
communication path (circuit) sends them independently over
between the sender and receiver the network. No dedicated path
for the entire duration of the is established; packets can take
call. different routes to reach the
destination.
Resource Usage Allocates resources (bandwidth) Efficiently utilizes network
for the entire call duration, even resources because bandwidth is
if no data is being transmitted. allocated dynamically as
needed, minimizing idle
resource allocation.
Latency Guarantees a predictable and Doesn't guarantee constant or
low-latency connection, which low latency, as packets can take
is suitable for real-time different routes and encounter
communication like voice calls. variable delays.
Efficiency More efficient for continuous, More efficient for intermittent
real-time communication (e.g., data and supports multiple
voice calls) but less efficient for simultaneous data streams.
intermittent data.

4. What is the answer to Exercise 2.7 from Section 2 of our textbook with this change:
the 4th transmission (B sends to D) does not occur?

a. A sends to D: no switch knows the location of D, they result to use fallback-to-


flooding. Now all switches know the location of A.
b. D sends to A: since all switches know the location of A as a result of the first
transmission, data only travels from D via S1 and S1 to A.
c. A sends to B: no switch knows the location of B, so they result to use fallback-to-
flooding again. No new information is learned by the switches.

Switch Known nodes


S1 A and D
S2 A and D
S3 A
S4 A
References:

Dordal, P. (2019). An introduction to computer networks.

GeeksforGeeks. (2023, March 18). Difference between circuit switching and packet switching.
GeeksforGeeks. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/difference-between-circuit-switching-and-
packet-switching/

Network Encyclopedia. (2023, June 14). Crosstalk. Network Encyclopedia.


https://networkencyclopedia.com/crosstalk/

RF Wireless World. (n.d.). Uplink vs Downlink | difference between Uplink and Downlink. RF
Wireless World. https://www.rfwireless-world.com/Terminology/Uplink-vs-
Downlink.html

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