Exercise 2(A) — Multiple Choice Type

Question 1 Physical quantities which are expressed only by their magnitude are:
1.Scalar quantities 2. Vector quantities 3. Tensor quantities 4. None of these.
Answer: Scalar quantities
Reason — Physical quantities are classified into two broad categories:
1. Scalar quantities - having only magnitude.
2. Vector quantities - having both magnitude and direction.
Question 2 Which of the following is a scalar quantity?
1. Force 2. Time 3. Acceleration 4. Displacement
Answer: Time
Reason — Time has only magnitude, whereas force, acceleration and displacement all have magnitude
as well as direction.
Question 3 A vector quantity possesses:
1. Direction 2. Magnitude 3. Both (a) and (b) 4. None of these
Answer Both (a) and (b)
Reason — Vector quantities have both magnitude and direction.
Question 4 A vector quantity is —
1. Work 2. Pressure 3. Distance 4. Velocity
Answer Velocity
Reason — A vector quantity has both magnitude and direction. Velocity has both magnitude and
direction, so it is a vector quantity.
Question 5
The motion of a train on a straight track is an example of ............... motion.
1. Two dimensional
2. Three dimensional
3. One dimensional
4. All of these
Answer One dimensional
Reason — As the train is moving on a straight track and there is no lateral movement (sideways), hence
it is a one-dimensional motion.
Question 6
The S.I. unit of displacement is:
1. Centimeter
2. Millimeter
3. Decimeter
4. Meter
Answer: Metre
Reason — The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of the body, is the magnitude of
displacement and its direction is from initial position to the final position. It is a vector quantity and its
S.I. unit is metre.
Question 7
If a body starts its motion from point A to B and comes back to the same point after a certain time
interval, the displacement is:
 1. 10
2. 20
3. 0
4. 15
Answer 0
Reason — If a body starts its motion from point A to B and comes back to the same point after a certain
time interval, the displacement is 0. For example: In a circular motion, the body comes back to the
starting point after completing the circle, then displacement is zero but distance covered is not zero.
Question 8
Motion of a car in a crowded street is an example of:
1. Uniform speed
2. Uniform velocity
3. Variable acceleration
4. Uniform acceleration
Answer: Variable acceleration
Reason — As the change in velocity of the car in not same in same interval of time, the acceleration is
said to be variable.
Question 9
The distance travelled by a body in 10 s when it travels with a uniform speed of 10 ms-1 is:
1. 100 m
2. 1 m
3. 20 m
4. 50 m
Answer100 m
Reason — As the body is moving with uniform speed, equal distance is covered in equal intervals of
time.
Distance covered in 1 s is 10 m, hence distance covered in 10 s is 10 x 10 = 100 m.
Question 10
For a particle in motion, which of the following quantity can be zero at any given instant?
1. Displacement
2. Distance
3. Speed
4. None of these
Answer: Displacement
Reason — If a body starts its motion from point A to B and comes back to the same after a certain time
interval, the displacement is 0. Whereas, distance covered and speed will not be zero.
Question 11
The S.I. unit of velocity is —
1. km h-1
2. m min-1
3. km min-1
4. m s-1
Answer: m s-1
Reason — Velocity is the rate of change of displacement (m) of a body with time (s) so its unit is m s-1.
Question 12: The unit of retardation is —
1. m s-1
2. m s-2
3. m
4. m s2
Answer :m s-2
Reason — Retardation is decline in velocity (ms-1) of a body with time (s), so its unit is ms-2. Retardation
is negative value of acceleration and has same unit as acceleration.
Question 13 :18 km h-1 is equal to —
1. 10 m s-1
2. 5 m s-1
3. 18 m s-1
4. 1.8 m s-1
Answer5 m s-1
Reason — As,
18 kmh−1=18kmh=18×1000m60×60s⇒18 kmh−1=18×10m6×6s⇒18 kmh−1=180 m36 s⇒18 kmh−1=5
ms−118 kmh−1=18hkm=60×60s18×1000m⇒18 kmh−1=6×6s18×10m⇒18 kmh−1=36 s180 m⇒18 kmh−
1=5 ms−1
Hence, 18 km h-1 is equal to 5 ms-1.
Question 14
The value of g does not depend on the:
1. Height of the body
2. Mass of the body
3. Shape of the body
4. All of these
Answer: All of these
Reason — The value of g does not depend on height, mass or shape of the body. On the earth's surface,
g is maximum at the poles and Minium at the equator. The value of g decreases with altitude and also
with depth from the earth's surface.
Question 15 Free fall of a body near earth's surface is an example of:
1. Uniform acceleration
2. Uniform velocity
3. Variable acceleration
4. None of these
Answer: Uniform acceleration
Reason — When a body is falling freely, the acceleration is said to be uniform as equal changes in
velocity takes place in equal intervals of time.
Question 16 The value of g is maximum at:
1. Tropic of Capricorn 2. Equator 3. Tropic of cancer 4. Poles
Answer: Poles
Reason — On the earth's surface, g is maximum at the poles and Minium at the equator. The value of g
decreases with altitude and also with depth from the earth's surface.
Question 17 :A body when projected up with an initial velocity u goes to a maximum height h in time t
and then comes back at the point of projection. The correct statement is —
1. The average velocity is 2h/t
2. The acceleration is zero
3. The final velocity on reaching the point of projection is 2u
4. The displacement is zero
AnswerThe displacement is zero
Reason — The displacement is zero because the initial and the final position of the body is same.
Exercise 2(A) — Very Short Answer Type
Question 1: State whether the following quantity is a scalar or vector?
(a) Pressure
(b) Force
(c) Momentum
(d) Energy
(e) Weight
(f) Speed
Answer
(a) Pressure — Scalar quantity
(b) Force — Vector quantity
(c) Momentum — Vector quantity
(d) Energy — Scalar quantity
(e) Weight — Vector quantity
(f) Speed — Scalar quantity
Question 2; Write the parameters required to express a scalar quantity.
Answer: Two parameters are required to express a scalar quantity:
1. Unit in which the quantity is being expressed.
2. Numerical value of the measured quantity.
Question 3: Name the parameters required to express a vector quantity.
Answer: Three parameters are required to express a vector quantity:
1. Unit in which the quantity is being expressed.
2. Numerical value of the measured quantity.
3. Direction.
Question 4: What does the negative sign with a vector quantity indicates?
Answer: The negative sign with a vector quantity implies the reverse (or opposite) direction. e.g., the
forces F→Fand −F→−Fare in opposite directions.
Question 5: When is a body said to be at rest?
AnswerA body is said to be at rest if it does not change its position with respect to its immediate
surrounding.
Question 6:When is a body said to be in motion?
Answer:A body is said to be in motion if it changes its position with respect to its immediate
surroundings.
Question 7
What do you mean by motion in one direction?
Answer:When a body moves along a straight line path, its motion is said to be one dimensional motion.
Question 8: Define displacement. State its unit.
Answer: The shortest distance from the initial to the final position of the body, is the magnitude of
displacement and its direction is from initial position to the final position. It is a vector quantity.
Unit — The S.I. unit of displacement is metre (m) and C.G.S. unit is centimeter (cm)
Question 9
When is the magnitude of displacement equal to the distance?
Answer
The magnitude of displacement is equal to the distance, when the motion is in a fixed direction.
Question 10
Define velocity. State its unit.
Answer
The velocity of a body is the distance travelled per second by the body in a specified direction.
It is a vector quantity.
S.I. unit of velocity=metresecond=msC.G.S. unit of velocity=centimetresecond=cmsS.I. unit of velocity=se
condmetre=smC.G.S. unit of velocity=secondcentimetre=scm.
Question 11: Define speed. What is its S.I. unit?
Answer: Speed of a body is the rate of change of distance with time.
It is a scalar quantity. It is generally represented by u or v.
If a body travels a distance S in time t, then its speed v is —
Speed (v)=Distance (S)Time (t)=StSpeed (v)=Time (t)Distance (S)=tS
S.I. unit of speed=metresecond=msC.G.S. unit of speed=centimetresecond=cmsS.I. unit of speed=second
metre=smC.G.S. unit of speed=secondcentimetre=scm.
Question 12: Which quantity speed or velocity gives the direction of motion of a body.
Answer: Velocity gives direction of motion of body as it is a vector quantity. Speed is a scalar quantity
hence; it does not say anything about direction of motion.
Question 13: When is the instantaneous speed same as the average speed?
Answer: In case of a body moving with uniform speed, the instantaneous speed and the average speed
are equal (same as the uniform speed) because, in case of uniform speed, neither the speed nor the
direction change.
Question 14: Define acceleration. State its S.I. unit.
Answer: Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time.
Numerically, acceleration is equal to the change in velocity in 1 s.
i.e.,Acceleration=Change in velocityTime intervalS.I. unit of acceleration=metersecond2=ms2C.G.S. unit o
f acceleration=centimetersecond2=cms2Acceleration=Time intervalChange in velocityS.I. unit of accelera
tion=second2meter=s2mC.G.S. unit of acceleration=second2centimeter=s2cm
Question 15: What is meant by the term retardation? Name its S.I. unit.
Answer: If the velocity of a body decreases with time, it is called retardation. As it is decrease in velocity
per second, so, retardation is negative acceleration. Its unit is same as that of acceleration.
S.I. unit of retardation=metersecond2=ms2C.G.S. unit of retardation=centimetersecond2=cms2S.I. unit o
f retardation=second2meter=s2mC.G.S. unit of retardation=second2centimeter=s2cm
Question 16: Which of the quantity, velocity or acceleration determines the direction of motion?
Answer: Velocity determines the direction of motion as velocity is the distance travelled per second by a
moving object in a particular direction.
Positive or negative sign of velocity indicates the direction of motion.
Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity with time. It does not say anything about direction of
motion.
Positive or negative sign of acceleration tell us whether the velocity is increasing or decreasing.
Question 17: Define the term acceleration due to gravity. State its average value.
Answer
When a body falls freely under the gravity, the acceleration produced in the body due to earth's
gravitational attraction is called acceleration due to gravity.
The average value of 'g' is 9.8 ms-2 (or nearly 10 ms-2).
Exercise 2(A) — Short Answer Type
Question 1: Differentiate between scalar and vector quantities, giving two examples of each.
Answer: Differences between scalar and vector quantities are as follows —
Scalar Quantity Vector Quantity

These physical quantities require magnitude as well as the

These are physical quantities which are expressed
direction to express them, then only their meaning is
only by their magnitude.
complete.

We need two parameters to express a scalar

We require three parameters to express a vector quantity.
quantity.

The parameters are:

The parameters are:
(i) unit
(i) unit in which the quantity is being measured
(ii) direction
(ii) numerical value of the measured quantity.
(iii) numerical value of quantity.

Scalar quantities can be added, subtracted,

Vector quantities follow different algebra for their addition,
multiplied and divided by simple arithmetic
subtraction, multiplication and division.
methods.

Example:
Example:
(i) If we say, mass of a body is 5 kg, it has a complete
(i) A body is displaced by 5 metre towards east, then it has a
meaning and we are completely expressing the mass
complete meaning.
of the body.
(ii) velocity, acceleration, force, etc.
(ii) mass, length, time, etc.
Question 2
Both scalar and vector quantities can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided by simple arithmetic
methods. Is this statement correct? Give a reason for your answer.
Answer
No, the statement is not correct. Scalar quantities can be added, subtracted, multiplied and divided by
simple arithmetic methods however vector quantities follow different algebra for their addition,
subtraction and multiplication as they have magnitude as well as direction.
Question 3(a)
Differentiate between distance and displacement.
Answer
The difference between distance and displacement is as follows:
 Distance Displacement

It is the distance travelled by the object in a specified direction in a

It is the length of the path traversed by the
certain time (i.e. it is the shortest distance between the final and
object in a certain time.
the initial positions).

It is a scalar quantity i.e., it has only the

It is a vector quantity i.e., it has both magnitude and direction.
magnitude.

It depends on the path followed by the

It does not depend on the path followed by the object.
object.

It is always positive. It can be positive or negative depending on its direction.

It can be more than or equal to the Its magnitude can be less than or equal to the distance, but can
magnitude of displacement. never be greater than the distance.

It may not be zero even if displacement is

zero, but it cannot be zero if displacement is It is zero if distance is zero, but it can be zero if distance is not zero.
not zero.
Question 3(b)
Differentiate between speed and velocity.
Answer
The difference between speed and velocity is as follows:
Speed Velocity

The distance travelled per second by a moving The distance travelled per second by a moving object in a
object is called its speed. particular direction is called its velocity.

It is a scalar quantity. The speed does not tell us It is a vector quantity. The velocity tells us the speed as well as
the direction of motion. the direction of motion.

The speed is always positive since direction is The velocity can be positive or negative depending upon the
not taken into consideration. direction of motion.

After one round in a circular path, the average After completing each round in a circular path, the average
speed is not zero. velocity is zero.
Question 3(c)
Differentiate between uniform velocity and variable velocity.
Answer
The difference between uniform velocity and variable velocity is as follows:
Variable Velocity
Uniform Velocity
(or non-uniform)

If a body travels equal distances in a If a body moves unequal distances in a particular direction in equal
particular direction, in equal intervals of intervals of time or it moves equal distances in equal intervals of
 Variable Velocity
Uniform Velocity
(or non-uniform)

time, the body is said to be moving with a time, but its direction of motion does not remain the same, then the
uniform velocity. velocity of the body is said to be variable (non-uniform).

Example — A body, once started on Example — The motion of a body in circular path, even with uniform
a frictionless surface, moves with uniform speed is with variable velocity as the direction of motion of body
velocity. continuously changes with time.
Question 3(d)
Differentiate between average speed and average velocity.
Answer
The difference between average speed and average velocity is as follows —
Average Speed Average Velocity

The ratio of the total distance travelled by the body If the velocity of a body moving in a particular direction
to the total time of journey is called its average changes with time, the ratio of displacement to the time
speed. taken in the entire journey is called its average velocity.

Avg Speed = Avg Velocity =

Total DistanceTotal timeTotal timeTotal Distance DisplacementTotal timeTotal timeDisplacement

Average speed can never be zero. It can be zero, even if average speed is a non-zero value.
Question 3(e)
Differentiate between acceleration and retardation.
Answer
The differences between acceleration and retardation are as follows —
Acceleration Retardation

If the velocity of a body increases with time, it is If the velocity of a body decreases with time, it is called
called acceleration. retardation.

As it is increase in velocity per second so it is positive As it is decrease in velocity per second so retardation is
acceleration. negative acceleration.
Question 3(f)
Differentiate between uniform acceleration and variable acceleration.
Answer
The differences between uniform acceleration and variable acceleration are as follows:
Uniform Acceleration Variable acceleration

The acceleration is said to be uniform (or constant) If changes in velocity are not same in the same
when equal changes in velocity take place in equal intervals of time, the acceleration is said to be
intervals of time. variable.
 Uniform Acceleration Variable acceleration

Example — The motion of a body under gravity (e.g., free Example — The motion of a vehicle on a crowded (or
fall of a body) hilly) road.
Question 4
Can displacement be zero even if distance is not zero? Give one example to explain your answer.
Answer
Yes, the displacement can be zero, even if the distance is not zero.
If a body, after travelling, comes back to its starting point, the displacement is zero but the distance
travelled is not zero.
Example — When a body is thrown vertically upwards from a point A on the ground, after some time it
comes back to the same point A, then the displacement of the body is zero but the distance travelled by
the body is not zero.
Question 5
Give an example of motion of a body moving with a constant speed, but with a variable velocity. Draw a
diagram to represent such a motion.
Answer
The motion of a body in circular path, is an example of a body moving with a constant speed and
variable velocity because the direction of motion of body changes continuously with time.
At any instant, the velocity is along the tangent to the circular path at that point.

The figure above shows the direction of velocity v at different points A, B, C and D of the circular path.
Question 6
Give an example of motion in which average speed is not zero, but average velocity is zero.
Answer
If a body starts its motion and comes back to the same point after a certain time, (e.g., in a circular
motion,) the displacement is zero, so the average velocity is also zero, but the total distance travelled is
not zero and therefore, the average speed is not zero.
Question 7
Give one example of each of the following:
(a) Uniform velocity
(b) Variable velocity
(c) Variable acceleration
(d) Uniform retardation
Answer
(a) Uniform velocity — The rain drops reach on earth’s surface falling with uniform velocity.
(b) Variable velocity — The motion of a freely falling body is with variable velocity because although
the direction of motion of the body does not change, but the speed continuously increases.
(c) Variable acceleration — The motion of a vehicle on a hilly (or crowded) road.
(d) Uniform retardation — Motion of a vehicle, reaching a destination.
Question 8
The diagram below shows the pattern of the oil on the road, dripping at a constant rate from a moving
car. What information do you get from it about the motion of car?

Answer
With the help of the given diagram, we observe that the red dots (dripping oil) are initially at regular
intervals and later the gap between the dots decreases, which implies that initially the car was covering
equal distances in equal intervals of time but later the distance is decreasing.
Thus, we can infer that initially the car is moving with a constant speed and then it slows down.
Question 9
What is the direction of velocity of an object moving in a circular path?
Answer
The direction of velocity of an object moving in a circular path is always tangent to the circle. This means
that with the movement of body the velocity changes.
Question 10
'The value of g remains same at all places on the earth surface'. Is this statement true? Give reason for
your answer.
Answer
No, the value of 'g' is not same at all places on the earth's surface. The value of g varies from place to
place so an average value is considered. The average value of 'g' is 9.8 ms-2 or nearly 10 ms-2. The value of
g decreases with altitude and also with depth from the earth's surface.
The value of 'g' is maximum at the poles and minimum at the equator on the earth surface.
Question 11
If a stone and a pencil are dropped simultaneously in vacuum from the top of a tower, which of the two
will reach the ground first ? Give reason.
Answer
Both will reach the ground simultaneously as value of g does not depend on the mass of the body.
Acceleration due to gravity is same ( = g ) on both and there is no effect of friction and buoyancy due to
air.
Exercise 2(A) — Numericals
Question 1
The speed of a car is 72 km h-1. Express it in m s-1.
Answer
As,
72km h−1=72km1h=72×1000m(60×60)s⇒72km h−1=72×10m(6×6)s⇒72km h−1=20×ms72km h−1=1h72
km=(60×60)s72×1000m⇒72km h−1=(6×6)s72×10m⇒72km h−1=s20×m
Hence, 72km h-1 is equal to 20 m s-1.
Question 2
Express 15 m s-1 in km h-1 .
Answer
As,
15m s−1=15ms=15×60×601000⇒15m s−1=15×6×610⇒15m s−1=54km h−115m s−1=15sm
=100015×60×60⇒15m s−1=1015×6×6⇒15m s−1=54km h−1
Hence, 15 m s-1 is equal to 54 kmh-1.
Question 3
Express each of the following in m s -1 —
(a) 1 km h-1
(b) 18 km min-1
Answer
(a) As,
1km h−1=1km1h=1×1000m60×60s⇒1km h−1=1×10m6×6s⇒1km h−1=0.278×ms1km h−1=1h1km
=60×60s1×1000m⇒1km h−1=6×6s1×10m⇒1km h−1=s0.278×m
Hence, 1 km h-1 is equal to 0.278 ms-1.
(b) As,
18km min−1=18kmmin=18×1000m60s⇒18kmh−1=18×10m6s⇒18kmh−1=300× ms18km min−1=18mink
m=60s18×1000m⇒18kmh−1=6s18×10m⇒18kmh−1=s300× m
Hence, 18 km h-1 is equal to 300 m s-1.
Question 4
Arrange the following speeds in increasing order — 10 m s-1, 1 km min-1, 18 km h-1.
Answer
In order to arrange in increasing order of speeds, the units of the given speeds must be same.
Hence, we convert all the three in m s-1.
(a) 10 m s-1 = 10 m s-1 .... [1]
(already in m s-1)
(b) 1 km min-1,
1 km min−1=1 km1 min=1×1000m60s⇒1 km min−1=1×100m6s⇒1 km min−1=16.66×ms1 km min−1=1
min1 km=60s1×1000m⇒1 km min−1=6s1×100m⇒1 km min−1=s16.66×m
Hence,
1 km min-1 = 16.66 m s-1 .... [2]
(c) 18 km h-1,
As,
18 km h−1=18kmh=18×1000m60×60s⇒18 km h−1=18×10m6×6s⇒18 km h−1=5×ms18 km h−1=18hkm
=60×60s18×1000m⇒18 km h−1=6×6s18×10m⇒18 km h−1=s5×m
Hence,
18km h-1 = 5 m s-1 .... [3]
From 1, 2 and 3, we get the increasing order as follows —
18 km h-1, 10 m s-1, 1 km min-1.
Question 5
A train takes 3 h to travel from Agra to Delhi with a uniform speed of 65 km h-1. Find the distance
between the two cities.
Answer
As we know,
Distance = Speed x Time
Given.
time = 3 h
speed = 65 km h-1
Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,
Distance = 65 x 3 = 195 km
Hence, the distance between the two cities = 195 km .
Question 6
A car travels first 30 km with a uniform speed of 60 km h-1 and then next 30 km with a uniform speed of
40 km h -1.
Calculate —
(i) the total time of journey,
(ii) the average speed of the car.
Answer
Given,
Distance travelled S1 = 30 km
Speed v1 = 60 km h-1
Distance travelled S2 = 30 km
Speed v2 = 40 km h-1
(i) As we know,
Time (t)=distance (S)speed (v)Time (t)=speed (v)distance (S)
Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,
t1=S1v1t1=30km60km h−1⇒t1=12h⇒t1=0.5ht1=v1S1t1=60km h−130km⇒t1=21h⇒t1=0.5h

⇒t1=0.5×60 min⇒t1=30 min⇒t1=0.5×60 min⇒t1=30 min

Converting 0.5 h to min we get,

and
t2=S2v2t2=30km40km h−1⇒t2=34h⇒t2=0.75ht2=v2S2t2=40km h−130km⇒t2=43h⇒t2=0.75h

⇒t2=0.75×60 min⇒t2=45 min⇒t2=0.75×60 min⇒t2=45 min

Converting 0.75 h to min we get,

Total time t = t1 + t2
= 30 min + 45 min
= 75 min
Hence, Total time of journey = 75 min.
(ii) As we know,
Total distance S = S1 + S2
= 30 km + 30 km
= 60 km
Hence, Total distance travelled = 60 km.
As we know,
Average speed=total distancetotal time takenAverage speed=60 km1.25 h⇒Average speed=48 kmh−1Av
erage speed=total time takentotal distanceAverage speed=1.25 h60 km⇒Average speed=48 kmh−1
Hence, Average speed of the car = 48 kmh-1
Question 7
A train takes 2 h to reach station B from station A, and then 3 h to return from station B to station A. The
distance between the two stations is 200 km.
Find —
(i) The average speed
(ii) The average velocity of the train
Answer
Given,
Distance travelled S1 = 200 km
time t1 = 2 h
Distance travelled S2 = 200 km
time t2 = 3 h
(i) As we know,
Average speed=total distancetotal time takenAverage speed=total time takentotal distance
Total distance travelled S = S1 + S2
= 200 km + 200 km
= 400 km
Total time taken t = t1 + t2
=2h+3h
=5h
Substituting the values of total distance travelled and total time taken in the formula of Average Speed
above, we get,
Average speed=400 km5 h⇒Average speed=80 kmh−1Average speed=5 h400 km⇒Average speed=80 k
mh−1
Hence, Average speed of the car = 80 km h-1
(ii) Displacement = 0 (since final position is same as initial position)
Hence, Average velocity = 0 ( as displacement = 0)
Question 8
A car moving on a straight path covers a distance of 1 km due east in 100 s.
What is
(i) the speed and
(ii) the velocity of car ?
Answer
As we know,
Speed (v)=distance (S)time (t)Speed (v)=time (t)distance (S)
Given,
Distance travelled S = 1 km = 1000 m,
time t = 100 s
Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,
Speed (v)=1000 m100 s⇒Speed (v)=10 ms−1Speed (v)=100 s1000 m⇒Speed (v)=10 ms−1
Hence, speed of the car is 10 m s-1
(ii) The magnitude of velocity of the car is same as that of speed of car i.e., 10 m s-1
However, when we talk about velocity, we mention direction also.
Hence, velocity of car is 10 m s-1 due east.
Question 9
A body starts from rest and acquires a velocity 10 m s -1 in 2 s. Find its acceleration.
Answer
Given,
Initial velocity (u) = 0
Final velocity (v) = 10 m s -1
Time (t) = 2 s
As we know,
a=final vel. (v)−initial vel. (u)time (t)a=time (t)final vel. (v)−initial vel. (u)
Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,
Acceleration (a)=10−02Acceleration (a)=10 ms−12 sAcceleration (a)=5ms−2Acceleration (a)=210−0
Acceleration (a)=2 s10 ms−1Acceleration (a)=5ms−2
Hence, acceleration of the body is 5 m s -2.
Question 10
A car starting from rest acquires a velocity of 180 m s-1 in 0.05 h. Find the acceleration.
Answer
As we know,
a=final vel. (v)−initial vel. (u)time (t)a=time (t)final vel. (v)−initial vel. (u)
Given,
Initial velocity (u) = 0
Final velocity (v) = 180 m s -1
Time (t) = 0.05 h
Converting 0.05 h to s we get,
0.05h=0.05×60×600.05h=0.05×36000.05h=180s0.05h=0.05×60×600.05h=0.05×36000.05h=180s
Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,
Acceleration (a)=180−0180Acceleration (a)=180 ms−1180 s⇒Acceleration (a)=1 ms−2Acceleration (a)=18
0180−0Acceleration (a)=180 s180 ms−1⇒Acceleration (a)=1 ms−2
Hence, acceleration of the body is 1 m s -2.
Question 11
A body is moving vertically upwards. Its velocity changes at a constant rate from 50 m s -1 to 20 m s -1 in 3
s. What is its acceleration?
Answer
As we know,
a=final vel. (v)−initial vel. (u)time (t)a=time (t)final vel. (v)−initial vel. (u)
Given,
Initial velocity (u) = 50 m s -1
Final velocity (v) = 20 m s -1
Time (t) = 3 s
Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,
Acceleration (a)=20−503Acceleration (a)=−30 ms−13 s⇒Acceleration (a)=−10 ms−2Acceleration (a)=320−
50Acceleration (a)=−3 s30 ms−1⇒Acceleration (a)=−10 ms−2
Hence, acceleration of the body is -10 m s -2. Negative sign shows that the velocity decreases with
time, so retardation is 10 m s -2.
Question 12
A toy car initially moving with a uniform velocity of 18 km h-1 comes to a stop in 2 s. Find the retardation
of the car in S.I. units.
Answer
As we know,
a=final vel. (v)−initial vel. (u)time (t)a=time (t)final vel. (v)−initial vel. (u)
Given,
Initial velocity (u) = 18 km h-1
To convert initial velocity u to m s-1
18 km h−1=18 km1 h=18×1000 m60×60 s⇒18 km h−1=18×10 m6×6 s⇒18 km h−1=5 m s−118 km h−1=1
h18 km=60×60 s18×1000 m⇒18 km h−1=6×6 s18×10 m⇒18 km h−1=5 m s−1
Hence, 18 km h-1 is equal to 5 m s-1.
Final velocity (v) = 0
Time (t) = 2 s
Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,
Acceleration (a)=0−52Acceleration (a)=−5 ms−12 s⇒Acceleration (a)=−2.5 ms−2Acceleration (a)=20−5
Acceleration (a)=−2 s5 ms−1⇒Acceleration (a)=−2.5 ms−2
Hence, acceleration of the body is -2.5 m s -2. Negative sign shows that the velocity decreases with time,
so retardation is 2.5 m s -2.
Question 13
A car accelerates at a rate of 5 m s-2. Find the increase in its velocity in 2 s.
Answer
As we know,
a=final vel. (v)−initial vel. (u)time (t)a=time (t)final vel. (v)−initial vel. (u)
Hence,
Velocity Increase=Acceleration (a)×time(t)Velocity Increase=Acceleration (a)×time(t)
Given,
a = 5 m s-2
t=2s
Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,
Velocity Increase=5 m s−2×2 s⇒Velocity Increase=10 m s−1Velocity Increase=5 m s−2×2 s⇒Velocity Incr
ease=10 m s−1
Hence, increase in velocity = 10 m s -1.
Question 14
A car is moving with a velocity 20 m s -1 . The brakes are applied to retard it at a rate of 2 m s -2. What will
be the velocity after 5 s of applying the brakes ?
Answer
As we know,
a=final vel. (v)−initial vel. (u)time (t)a=time (t)final vel. (v)−initial vel. (u)
and retardation is negative acceleration.
Hence,
final vel. (v)−initial vel. (u)=Retardation(-a)×time(t)final vel. (v)−initial vel. (u)=Retardation(-a)×time(t)
Given,
a = - 2 m s-2
t=5s
u = 20 m s -1
Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,
final vel. (v)−20m s−1=−2m s−2×5sv−20m s−1=−10m s−1⇒v=(20−10)m s−1⇒v=10m s−1final vel. (v)
−20m s−1=−2m s−2×5sv−20m s−1=−10m s−1⇒v=(20−10)m s−1⇒v=10m s−1
Hence, final velocity = 10 m s -1.
Question 15
A bicycle initially moving with a velocity 5.0 m s -1 accelerates for 5 s at a rate of 2 m s-2 . What will be its
final velocity?
Answer
As we know,
a=final vel. (v)−initial vel. (u)time (t)a=time (t)final vel. (v)−initial vel. (u)
Hence,
final vel. (v)−initial vel. (u)=Acceleration (a)×time (t)final vel. (v)−initial vel. (u)=Acceleration (a)×time (t)
Given,
a = 2 m s-2
t=5s
u = 5.0 m s -1
Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,
final vel. (v)−5m s−1=2m s−2×5sv−5m s−1=10m s−1⇒v=(10+5)m s−1⇒v=15m s−1final vel. (v)−5m s−1=2
m s−2×5sv−5m s−1=10m s−1⇒v=(10+5)m s−1⇒v=15m s−1
Hence, final velocity = 15 m s -1.
Question 16
A car is moving in a straight line with speed 18 km h-1. It is stopped in 5s by applying the brakes.
Find —
(i) the speed of car in m s -1,
(ii) the retardation and
(iii) the speed of car after 2 s of applying the brakes .
Answer
Given,
speed of car = 18 km h-1
(i) To convert speed to m s-1
18km h−1=18km1h=18×1000m60×60s⇒18km h−1=18×10m6×6s⇒18km h−1=5m s−118km h−1=1h18k
m=60×60s18×1000m⇒18km h−1=6×6s18×10m⇒18km h−1=5m s−1
Hence, 18 km h-1 is equal to 5 m s-1.
(ii) As the car is stopped, the final velocity = 0
initial velocity (u) = 18 km h-1
As we know,
a=final vel. (v)−initial vel. (u)time (t)a=time (t)final vel. (v)−initial vel. (u)
Given,
Initial velocity (u) = 5 m s-1
Final velocity (v) = 0
Time (t) = 5 s
Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,
Acceleration (a)=0−55Acceleration (a)=−55⇒Acceleration (a)=−1ms−2Acceleration (a)=50−5Acceleration
(a)=−55⇒Acceleration (a)=−1ms−2
Hence, acceleration of the car is -1 m s-2. Negative sign shows that the velocity decreases with time,
so retardation is 1 m s -2.
(iii) Given,
t=2s
a = -1 m s-2
u = 5 m s-1
Substituting the values in the formula for acceleration, we get,
−1ms−2=(v−5)ms−12s−2ms−1=(v−5)ms−1⇒v=(5−2)ms−1⇒v=3ms−1−1ms−2=2s(v−5)ms−1
−2ms−1=(v−5)ms−1⇒v=(5−2)ms−1⇒v=3ms−1
Hence, the speed of car after 2 s of applying the brakes = 3 m s-1.
Give an example of motion of a body moving with a constant speed, but with a variable velocity. Draw a
diagram to represent such a motion.
Answer
The motion of a body in circular path, is an example of a body moving with a constant speed and
variable velocity because the direction of motion of body changes continuously with time.
At any instant, the velocity is along the tangent to the circular path at that point.

The figure above shows the direction of velocity v at different points A, B, C and D of the circular path.
Exercise 2(B) — Multiple Choice Type
Question 1
The slope of displacement-time graph gives:
1. Velocity
2. Acceleration
3. Speed
4. Displacement
Answer
Velocity
Reason — As, velocity is the ratio of displacement and time, therefore, the slope of displacement-time
graph gives the velocity.
Question 2
From the given displacement-time graph, answer the following questions:

(i) The kind of motion depicted in this graph is :

1. uniform
2. non-uniform
3. retardation
4. all of the above
(ii) The velocity between point A and C is:
1. 20 ms-1
2. 5 ms-1
3. 10 ms-1
4. 15 ms-1
(iii) The displacement at t = 3s is:
1. 15 m/s2
2. 12.5 m/s2
3. 40 m
4. 30 m
Answer
(i) uniform
Reason — As the graph shows the linear relationship between displacement and time i.e., the car travels
equal distance in equal intervals of time in a certain direction. Thus, it is moving with uniform motion.
(ii) 10 ms-1
Reason — As, velocity is the ratio of displacement and time, therefore,
Velocity=Slope of straight line AC=(60−30) m(5−2) s=30 m3 s=10 m s−1Velocity=Slope of straight line AC=
(5−2) s(60−30) m=3 s30 m=10 m s−1
(iii) 40 m
Reason — When we observe the graph, we notice that at t = 3 s, the displacement axis shows 40 m,
hence, displacement at t = 3 s is 40 m
Question 3
Out of the following, the correct displacement-time graph for uniform motion is:

Answer
The correct displacement-time graph for uniform motion is:

Reason — When the displacement-time graph is a straight line inclined to the time axis, then the body
covers equal distances in equal intervals of time and shows uniform motion.

Question 4

From the velocity-time graph, we can determine :

 1. The displacement of the body in a certain time interval.

2. The acceleration of the body at any instance.

3. Both (a) and (b)

4. None of these

Answer

Both (a) and (b)

Reason — (i) Since, velocity x time = displacement, the area enclosed between the velocity-time sketch
and X-axis (i.e., the time axis) gives the displacement of the body.

(ii) Since, acceleration is equal to the ratio of change in velocity and time taken, therefore the slope (or
gradient) of the velocity-time sketch gives the acceleration.

Question 5

Velocity x time = :

1. Average velocity

2. Displacement

3. Acceleration

4. Speed

Answer

Displacement

Reason — Velocity x time = displacement.

Question 6

The velocity-time graph of a body in motion is a straight line inclined to the time axis. The correct
statement is —

1. velocity is uniform

2. acceleration is uniform

3. both velocity and acceleration are uniform

4. neither velocity nor acceleration is uniform.

Answer

acceleration is uniform
Reason — When the velocity-time graph of a body in motion is a straight line inclined to the time axis
then there are equal changes in velocity in equal intervals of time and hence, the movement is
with uniform acceleration.

Question 7

For a uniformly retarded motion, the velocity-time graph is:

1. a curve

2. a straight line parallel to the time axis

3. a straight line perpendicular to the time axis

4. a straight line inclined to the time axis.

Answer

a straight line inclined to the time axis

Reason — If the motion is uniformly retarded (i.e., its velocity decreases by an equal amount in each
second), the velocity-time graph will be a straight line inclined to the time axis with a negative slope.

Question 8

Study the velocity-time graph shown below and answer the questions that follow:

(i) The distance travelled in 5s:

1. 10 m

2. 50 m

3. 125 m

4. 250 m

(ii) The retardation of the body as calculated from the graph is:

1. 12 ms-2

2. 15 ms-2

3. 10 ms-2

4. 20 ms-2
Answer

(i) 125 m
Reason — As distance = velocity x time
So, (50 - 0) x (5 - 0) = 50 x 5 = 125 m
Hence, distance travelled in 5s = 125 m

(ii) 10 ms-2
Reason —

Retardation=Slope of straight line=(50−0)(5−0)=50 m5 s=10 m s−2Retardation=Slope of straight line=(5−0

)(50−0)=5 s50 m=10 m s−2

Hence, retardation = 10 ms-2

Question 9

The graph representing the state of rest of an object is :

Answer

The graph representing the state of rest of an object is :

Reason — As distance is not changing in distance-time graph hence, the state of rest of an object is
shown.

Question 10

Which of the following graphs shown below represents the uniform motion of an object?
Answer

The graph representing the uniform motion of an object is:

Reason — As in velocity-time graph, velocity of the body is not changing, therefore, the body is covering
equal distance in equal intervals of time and is in uniform motion.

Question 11

The velocity-time graph given below shows:

1. Uniform acceleration

2. Average speed

3. Uniform velocity

4. All of these

Answer

Uniform velocity

Reason — As in velocity-time graph, velocity of the body is not changing, therefore, the body is covering
equal distance in equal intervals of time and is in uniform motion.
Question 12

The slope of the velocity-tme graph gives :

1. Displacement

2. Speed

3. Distance

4. Acceleration

Answer

Acceleration

Reason — As, acceleration is the ratio of velocity and time, therefore, the slope gives the acceleration.

Question 13

In the velocity-time graph shown below, the ratio of the distance travelled by the object in the last 2 s
and the distance travelled in 7 s is :

1. 1221

2. 1441

3. 1331

4. 2332

Answer

1441

Reason — Distance covered in last 2 s = area of triangle = 1221 x 2 x 10 = 10 m

Distance covered in last 7 s = area of trapezium = 1221 x 10 x (2 + 6) = 40 m

Hence, ratio of of the distance travelled by the object in the last 2 s and the distance travelled in 7 s is
= 10404010 = 1441
Question 14

The velocity-time graph given below shows an object moving in a straight line. The displacement and the
distance travelled by the object in 6 s will respectively be :

1. 8 m, 16 m

2. 16 m, 8 m

3. 16 m, 16 m

4. 8 m, 8 m

Answer

8 m, 16 m

Reason — Displacement = area of 1st rectangle - area of 2nd rectangle + area of third rectangle

= [4 x 2] - [2 x 2] + [2 x 2] = 8 m

Distance = area of 1st rectangle + area of 2nd rectangle + area of third rectangle

= [4 x 2] + [2 x 2] + [2 x 2] = 16 m

Exercise 2(B) — Very Short Answer Type

Question 1

For the motion with uniform velocity, how is the distance travelled related to the time?

Answer

For the motion with uniform velocity, distance is directly proportional to time.

Question 2

What does the slope of a displacement-time graph represent?

Answer

As, velocity is the ratio of displacement and time, therefore, the slope gives the velocity.

When slope is positive, it implies body is moving away from the starting (reference) point.

When slope is negative, it implies body is returning towards the starting (reference) point.
Question 3

When can the distance-time and displacement-time graph be the same?

Answer

For a motion in one direction in a straight line, since the direction of motion does not change, so
displacement-time graph and the distance-time graph are same.

Question 4

What information do we get by a greater slope of displacement-time graph?

Answer

A greater slope of displacement-time graph shows higher velocity.

Question 5

What information is conveyed about motion by the negative slope of a displacement-time graph?

Answer

The negative slope of a displacement-time graph shows the motion towards the origin.

Question 6

What does the slope of velocity-time graph represent?

Answer

As the ratio of change in velocity and time taken is equal to the acceleration. Therefore, the slope of
the velocity-time graph represents the acceleration.

Question 7

What information do we get by a higher slope of velocity-time graph?

Answer

On the velocity-time graph, larger the slope, higher is the acceleration or retardation.

Question 8

What information do we get about motion by the negative slope of a velocity-time graph?

Answer

If the velocity-time graph has a negative slope, the motion of body decreases at a constant rate (i.e.,
motion is uniformly retarded).

Exercise 2(B) — Short Answer Type

Question 1

What informations about the motion of a body are obtained from the displacement-time graph ?
Answer

In a displacement time graph, the time is on the X axis and the displacement of the body is on the Y
axis. As, velocity is the ratio of displacement and time, therefore, the slope gives the velocity.

When slope is positive, it implies body is moving away from the starting (reference) point.

When slope is negative, it implies body is returning towards the starting (reference) point.

Question 2

Can displacement-time sketch be parallel to the displacement axis ? Give reason to your answer.

Answer

No, the displacement-time sketch can never be a straight line, parallel to the displacement axis because
such a line would mean that the distance covered by the body in a certain direction increases without
any increase in time (i.e., the velocity of the body is infinite) which is impossible.

Question 3

Draw a displacement-time graph for a boy going to school with a uniform velocity.

Answer

Below is the displacement-time graph for a boy going to school with a uniform velocity:
Question 4

State how the velocity-time graph can be used to find —

(i) the acceleration of a body,

(ii) the distance travelled by the body in a given time, and

(iii) the displacement of the body in a given time.

Answer

(i) Acceleration of a body — As acceleration is equal to the ratio of change in velocity and time taken,
therefore, the slope ( or gradient ) of the velocity-time graph gives the acceleration.

(ii) Distance travelled by the body in a given time — The total distance travelled by the body is obtained
by the arithmetic sum of the positive displacement and negative displacement (without sign).
(iii) Displacement of the body — As the product of velocity and time gives the displacement,
therefore, the area enclosed between the velocity-time sketch and X - axis (i.e., the time axis) gives the
displacement of the body.

The total displacement is obtained by adding positive displacement and negative displacement
numerically with proper sign.

Question 5

What can you say about the nature of motion of a body if its displacement-time graph is —

(a) a straight line parallel to time axis?

(b) a straight line inclined to the time axis with an acute angle?

(c) a straight line inclined to the time axis with an obtuse angle?

(d) a curve

Answer

The following can be said about the nature of motion of a body, if its displacement-time graph is as
follows —

(a) A straight line parallel to time axis — shows that the body is stationary (or no motion).

(b) A straight line inclined to the time axis with an acute angle — shows the linear relationship between
the displacement and time (i.e., the body travels equal distance in equal intervals of time in a certain
direction). Hence, we can say the motion is away from the starting point with uniform velocity.

(c) A straight line inclined to the time axis with an obtuse angle — shows that there is motion towards
the starting point with a uniform velocity.

(d) A curve — shows that the body moves with varying speed in a fixed direction. Hence, we can say that
there is motion with variable velocity.

Question 6

The figure shows displacement-time graph of two vehicles A and B moving along a straight road. Which
vehicle is moving faster? Give reason.
Answer

We infer from the graph, that vehicle A is moving faster than vehicle B. It is so because, the slope of line
A is more than that of line B.

Question 7

How is the velocity obtained from the displacement-time graph for a body moving with a varying speed
in a fixed direction?

Answer

If a body moves with varying speed in a fixed direction i.e., with variable velocity, the displacement-time
graph is not a straight line, but it is a curve. The velocity at any instant can then be obtained by finding
the slope of the tangent drawn on the curve at that instant of time.

Question 8

Draw a velocity-time graph for a body moving with an initial velocity u and uniform acceleration a. Use
this graph to find the distance travelled by the body in time t.

Answer

Below is the velocity-time graph for a body moving with an initial velocity u and uniform acceleration a:
Let v be the velocity at time t for this body having initial velocity u and uniform acceleration a as shown
in the graph.

Distance travelled by the body in time t = Area under the velocity-time curve.

Hence,

Distance travelled = area of trapezium OABD

= 1221 x sum of parallel sides x height

= 1221 x (OA + DB) x OD

= 1221 x (u + v) x t

= (u+v)t22(u+v)t

Question 9

State the type of motion represented by the following sketches in (a) and (b).

Give example of each type of motion.

(a)

(b)
Answer

(a) The graph shows uniformly accelerated motion.

Example — Uniform acceleration is depicted by the motion of a body released downwards.

(b) The graph shows the motion with a variable retardation.

Example — Motion with a variable retardation is shown by a car approaching its destination.

Question 10

Figure shows the velocity-time graph for two cars A and B moving in same direction. Which car has the
greater acceleration? Give reason to your answer.
Answer

We can infer from the graph, that the car B has greater acceleration than car A as the slope of straight
line for car B is more than that of car A.

Question 11

Draw the velocity-time graph for a body moving with —

(a) uniform velocity,

(b) uniform acceleration.

Answer

(a) Below is the velocity-time graph for a body moving with uniform velocity:
(b) Below is the velocity-time graph for a body moving with uniform acceleration:
Question 12

The velocity-time graph for a uniformly retarded body is a straight line inclined to the time axis with an
obtuse angle. How is retardation calculated from the velocity-time graph?

Answer

Retardation is calculated from the velocity-time graph, by finding the negative slope.

Question 13

The figure given below shows the displacement-time graph for four bodies A, B, C and D. In each case
state what information do you get about the acceleration (zero, positive or negative).
Answer

The following information is obtained from the given figures —

 A → Zero acceleration since slope (i.e., velocity) is constant.

 B → Zero acceleration since slope (i.e., velocity) is constant.

 C → Negative acceleration (or retardation) since slope is decreasing with time.

 D → positive acceleration since slope is increasing with time.

Question 14

Draw a graph for acceleration against time for a uniformly accelerated motion. How can it be used to find
the change in speed in a certain interval of time?

Answer

Below is the graph for acceleration against time for a uniformly accelerated motion:
For linear motion,

Acceleration x time = change in speed

Therefore, we can find the change in speed from the area enclosed between the acceleration-time
sketch and the time axis.

Question 15

Draw a velocity-time graph for the free fall of a body under gravity, starting from rest.

Take g = 10 m s-2.

Answer

Below is the velocity-time graph for the free fall of a body under gravity, starting from rest:
Question 16

How is the distance related with time for the motion under uniform acceleration such as the motion of a
freely falling body ?

Answer

For a freely falling body (i.e., motion under uniform acceleration ), the displacement is directly
proportional to the square of time.

S ∝ t2

Question 17

A body falls freely from a certain height. Show graphically the relation between the distance fallen and
square of time. How will you determine g from this graph?

Answer
Below is the graph of distance fallen against square of time for a freely falling body:

The slope is half the acceleration due to gravity.

Thus, the value of acceleration due to gravity (g) can be obtained by doubling the slope of the S -
t2 graph for a freely falling body.

Exercise 2(B) — Long Answer Type

Question 1

Draw the velocity-time graph for a body moving with —

(a) uniform velocity,

(b) uniform acceleration.

and give one example of each and also calculate the displacement and acceleration.

Answer

(a) Below is the velocity-time graph for a body moving with uniform velocity:

Example: In the fig. given below, a straight line AB, represents the velocity-time graph of a body moving
with a uniform velocity 4 ms-1 for 5 s.
Displacement in 5 second = area of rectangle OABC = OC x OA = 5 x 4 = 20 m

Hence, displacement = 20m

The slope of the straight line AB is zero, therefore, its acceleration is zero.

(b) Below is the velocity-time graph for a body moving with uniform acceleration:
Example: The table below represents the velocity of a body at different instants, starting from rest.

Time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Displacement (m) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Distance travelled in 8 s = S = area of triangle OPQ
= 1221 x base x height = 1221 x OQ x QP = 1221 x 8 x 80 = 320 m

Acceleration of body = slope of line OP

= PQQOQOPQ = 80−08−08−080−0 = 10 ms-2

Hence, distance covered is 320 m and acceleration = 10 ms-2

Question 2

Draw the acceleration-time graph for a body moving with :

(a) Uniform velocity

(b) Free falling body

and give an example of each.

Answer

(a) Below is the acceleration-time graph for a body moving with uniform velocity:
In the above figure, if the body is moving with a uniform velocity, the acceleration is zero. Hence,
acceleration-time graph in such a case is a straight line coinciding with time axis.

An example of a body moving with uniform velocity is a car travelling on a straight and flat road with a
constant speed of 60 km/hour (or any other constant speed).

(b) Below is the acceleration-time graph for a free falling body:

In the figure given above, the straight line AF, represents the acceleration-time graph for a body falling
freely with uniform acceleration of 10 ms-2.

For example, a body falling freely under gravity moves with a uniform acceleration of 9.8 ms-2 (or nearly
10 ms-2).

Exercise 2(B) — Numericals

Question 1

Figure (a) shows the displacement-time graph for the motion of a body. Use it to calculate the velocity of
body at t = 1 s, 2 s and 3 s, then draw the velocity-time graph for it in Figure (b).
Answer

We observe from the given displacement time graph above, that the slope is a straight line inclined with
time axis, so the body is moving with uniform velocity. Hence, the velocity will be same at t = 1 s, 2 s
and 3 s.

Velocity=Slope of straight line OP=ABOB=(2−0) m(1−0) s=2 m1 s=2 m s−1Velocity=Slope of straight line O
P=OBAB=(1−0) s(2−0) m=1 s2 m=2 m s−1

Hence, velocity at t = 1 s, 2 s and 3 s is equal to 2 m s-1

Velocity-time graph for the motion of a body is given below:

Question 2

Following table gives the displacement of a car at different instants of time.

Time (s) 0 1 2 3 4

Displacement (m) 0 5 10 15 20

(a) Draw the displacement-time sketch and find the average velocity of car.

(b) What will be the displacement of car at (i) 2.5 s and (ii) 4.5 s ?

Answer

(a) The displacement-time sketch for the car is shown below:

As we know,

⇒Avg. velocity of car=5 ms−1Avg. velocity of car=Total timeTotal distanceAvg. velocity of car=4−0 s20−0
Avg. velocity of car=Total distanceTotal timeAvg. velocity of car=20−0 m4−0 sAvg. velocity of car=20 m4 s

mAvg. velocity of car=4 s20 m⇒Avg. velocity of car=5 ms−1

Hence, average velocity of the car is 5 ms-1.

(b) When we observe the graph, we can find the displacement of the car at various points,

At t = 2.5 s, displacement = 12.5 m and

At t = 4.5 s, displacement = 22.5 m

Question 3

A body is moving in a straight line and its displacement at various instants of time is given in the
following table —

Time (s) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Displacement (m) 2 6 12 12 12 18 22 24

Plot displacement-time graph and calculate —

(i) Total distance travelled in interval 1 s to 5 s,

(ii) Average velocity in time interval 1 s to 5 s.

Answer

The displacement-time graph is given below:

(i) When we observe the graph, we find —

Total distance travelled in interval 1 s to 5 s = 18 m - 6 m = 12 m

Hence, total distance travelled in interval 1 s to 5 s = 12 m

(ii) As we know,

Avg. velocity=Total distanceTotal timeAvg. velocity=18−6m5−1sAvg. velocity=12m4s⇒Avg. velocity=3ms

−1Avg. velocity=Total timeTotal distanceAvg. velocity=5−1s18−6mAvg. velocity=4s12m⇒Avg. velocity=3
ms−1

Hence, average velocity of the car in interval 1 s to 5 s is 3 ms-1.

Question 4

Figure shows the displacement of a body at different times.

(a) Calculate the velocity of the body as it moves for time interval

(i) 0 to 5 s,

(ii) 5 s to 7 s and

(iii) 7 s to 9 s.

(b) Calculate the average velocity during the time interval 5 s to 9 s.

[ Hint — From 5 s to 9 s, displacement = 7 m - 3 m = 4 m ]

Answer

Below is the displacement-time graph of the body with the different points marked:
(a) As we know,

(i) At t = 0 to 5 s

Velocity = Slope of straight line OA

⇒Velocity=5s3m⇒Velocity=0.6ms−1
Velocity=AEOE=3−0m5−0s⇒Velocity=3m5s⇒Velocity=0.6ms−1Velocity=OEAE=5−0s3−0m

Hence, velocity at t = 0 to 5 s = 0.6 m s-1

(ii) At t = 5 to 7 s

In this part we observe that there is no change in Y axis, (i.e. displacement is zero so the body is
stationary).

Hence, velocity at t = 5 to 7 s = 0 m s-1

(iii) At t = 7 s to 9 s

Velocity = Slope of straight line BC

⇒Velocity=2s4m⇒Velocity=2ms−1
Velocity=CDBD=7−3m9−7s⇒Velocity=4m2s⇒Velocity=2ms−1Velocity=BDCD=9−7s7−3m

Hence, velocity at t = 7 s to 9 s = 2 m s-1

(b) As we know,
Avg. velocity=Total distanceTotal timeAvg. velocity=Total timeTotal distance

Substituting the values from the graph we get,

Avg. velocity=7−3m9−5sAvg. velocity=4m4s⇒Avg. velocity=1ms−1Avg. velocity=9−5s7−3mAvg. velocity=

4s4m⇒Avg. velocity=1ms−1

Hence, average velocity of the car is 1 ms-1.

Question 5

From the displacement-time graph of a cyclist, given in figure, find —

(i) The average velocity in the first 4 s,

(ii) The displacement from the initial position at the end of 10 s

(iii) The time after which he reaches the starting point.

Answer

(i) As we know,

Avg. velocity=Total distanceTotal timeAvg. velocity=Total timeTotal distance

Substituting the values from the graph, for the first 4 s, we get,

Avg. velocity=10m4s⇒Avg. velocity=2.5ms−1Avg. velocity=4s10m⇒Avg. velocity=2.5ms−1

Hence, average velocity of the car is 2.5 ms-1.

(ii) From the graph, we get,

Displacement = final position - initial position

Substituting the values from the graph, for the first 10 s, we get,

Displacement = -10 - 0 = -10 m

Hence, displacement from the initial position at the end of 10 s = - 10 m

(iii) The cyclist would reach the start point two times, one at the 7 s and the other at 13 s.

Question 6

Figure ahead represents the displacement-time sketch of motion of two cars A and B.

Find —

(i) The distance by which the car B was initially ahead of car A.

(ii) The velocities of car A and car B

(iii) The time in which car A catches car B

(iv) The distance from start when the car A will catch the car B

Answer

(i) When we observe the graph, we find that the car B was ahead of car A by 40 km.

(ii) As we know,

Velocity=displacementtimeVelocity=timedisplacement

Cars A and B have uniform velocities as displacement-time graph for both are straight lines.
At t = 4 h

Car A

⇒Velocity=4h160km⇒Velocity=40kmh−1
Velocity=160−0km4−0h⇒Velocity=160km4h⇒Velocity=40kmh−1Velocity=4−0h160−0km

Hence, velocity of car A = 40 km h-1

Car B

⇒Velocity=4h80km⇒Velocity=20kmh−1
Velocity=120−40km4−0h⇒Velocity=80km4h⇒Velocity=20kmh−1Velocity=4−0h120−40km

Hence, velocity of car B = 20 km h-1

When we observe the graph, we find that both cars A and B intersect at a point K.

Hence,

(iii) the car A catches car B at time (t) = 2 h.

(iv) the distance from start when the car A will catch the car B = 80 km.

Question 7

A body at rest is made to fall from the top of a tower. Its displacement at different instants is given in the
following table —

Time (in s) 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6

Displacement (in m) 0.05 0.20 0.45 0.80 1.25 1.80

Draw a displacement-time graph and state whether the motion is uniform or non-uniform?

Answer

Below is the displacement-time graph of the body made to fall from the top of a tower:
When we observe the graph, we find, that the displacement-time graph is a curve.

Hence, we can say that the motion is non-uniform.

Question 8

Figure shows the velocity-time graph for the motion of a body. Use it to find the displacement of the
body at t = 1 s, 2 s, 3 s and 4 s, then draw the displacement-time graph for it on figure (b).

Answer

As we know, the displacement of body at any instant can be obtained by finding the area enclosed by the
straight line with the time axis up to that instant.

Let displacements at t = 1 s, 2 s, 3 s, 4 s be S1, S2, S3, S4 respectively.

At t = 1 s,
S1 = 1221 x 1 x 1 = 0.5 m

At t = 2 s,

S2 = 1221 x 2 x 2 = 2 m

At t = 3 s,

S3 = 1221 x 3 x 3 = 4.5 m

At t = 4 s,

S4 = 1221 x 4 x 4 = 8 m

The table below gives the displacement of body at different instants.

Time (in s) 1 2 3 4

Displacement (in m) 0.5 2 4.5 8

The displacement time graph is shown below

Question 9

Figure below shows a velocity-time graph for a car starting from rest. The graph has three parts AB, BC
and CD.
(i) State how is the distance travelled in any part determined from this graph.

(ii) Compare the distance travelled in part BC with the distance travelled in part AB.

(iii) Which part of graph shows motion with uniform (a) velocity (b) acceleration (c) retardation?

(iv) (a) Is the magnitude of acceleration higher or lower than that of retardation? Give a reason. (b)
Compare the magnitude of acceleration and retardation.

Answer

(i) The distance travelled in any part of the graph can be obtained by finding the area enclosed by the
graph in that part with the time axis.

(ii) Let E be the point on time axis (x axis) at time t and F be the point at time 2t.

When we observe the graph, we find,

Distance travelled in part BC = Area of rectangle EBCF

∴ Distance travelled in part BC = length x breadth

= (2t - t) x (v0 - 0)
= t x v0 .... [1]

Distance travelled in part AB = Area of triangle ABT

∴ Distance travelled in part AB = 1221 x base x height

= 1221 x (t - 0) x (v0 - 0)

= 1221 x t x v0 .... [2]

Comparing [1] and [2] we get,

Distance travelled in part BC : Distance travelled in part AB

=tv0tv02=21=2tv0tv0=12

Hence,
Distance travelled in part BC : Distance travelled in part AB = 2 : 1

(iii) The different parts of the graph are mentioned below:

(a) Uniform velocity is shown in part BC of the graph, as the velocity is constant with time.

(b) Uniform acceleration is shown in part AB of the graph, as the velocity is increasing with time.

(c) Uniform retardation is shown in part CD of the graph, as the velocity is decreasing with time.

(iv) (a) The magnitude of acceleration is lower, as slope of line AB is less than that of line CD.

(b) Acceleration in part AB = slope of AB

Slope of line AB=v0−0t−0⇒Slope of line AB=v0tSlope of line AB=t−0v0−0⇒Slope of line AB=tv0

Retardation in part CD = slope of CD

Slope of line CD=v0−02.5t−2t⇒Slope of line AB=v00.5tSlope of line CD=2.5t−2tv0−0⇒Slope of line AB=0

.5tv0

Magnitude of acceleration : Magnitude of retardation = Slope of line AB : Slope of line CD

=v0tv00.5t=0.51=510=12=0.5tv0tv0=10.5=105=21

Hence, Magnitude of acceleration : Magnitude of retardation = 1 : 2

Question 10

The velocity-time graph of a moving body is given below in figure

Find —

(i) The acceleration in parts AB, BC and CD.

(ii) Displacement in each part AB, BC, CD, and

(iii) Total displacement.

Answer

Let E be the point at t = 4 and F be the point at t = 8 as labelled in the graph below:
(i) Acceleration in part AB = slope of AB

slope of AB=(30−0)ms−1(4−0)sslope of AB=30ms−14sslope of AB=7.5ms−2slope of AB=(4−0)s(30−0)ms−1

slope of AB=4s30ms−1slope of AB=7.5ms−2

Hence, Acceleration in part AB = 7.5 m s-2

Acceleration in part BC = slope of BC

We observe from the graph that there is no change in velocity in part BC. Hence, Acceleration in part BC
= 0 m s-1

Acceleration in part CD = slope of CD

slope of CD=(0−30)ms−1(10−8)sslope of CD=−30ms−12sslope of CD=−15ms−2slope of CD=(10−8)s(0−30)

ms−1slope of CD=2s−30ms−1slope of CD=−15ms−2

Hence, Acceleration in part CD = -15 m s-1

(ii) Displacement in each part is as follows —

(a) Displacement of part AB = Area of triangle ABE

=12×base×height=21×base×height

Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,

=12×(4−0)s×(30−0)m s−1=12×4s×30m s−1=30m=21×(4−0)s×(30−0)m s−1=21×4s×30m s−1=30m

Hence,
Displacement of part AB = 60 m
(b) Displacement of part BC = Area of Square EBCF

=length×breadth=length×breadth

Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,

=(8−4)s×(30−0)m s−1=4×30m=120m=(8−4)s×(30−0)m s−1=4×30m=120m

Hence,
Displacement of part BC = 120 m

(c) Displacement of part CD = Area of triangle CDF

=12×base×height=21×base×height

Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,

=12×(10−8)s×(30−0)m s−1=12×2×30m=30m=21×(10−8)s×(30−0)m s−1=21×2×30m=30m

Hence,
Displacement of part CD = 30 m

(iii) Total displacement = Displacement of part AB + Displacement of part BC + Displacement of part CD

= 60 + 30 + 120 = 210

Hence,
total displacement = 210 m

Question 11

A ball moves on a smooth floor in a straight line with a uniform velocity 10 m s-1 for 6 s. At t = 6 s, the ball
hits a wall and comes back along the same line to the starting point with same speed. Draw the velocity-
time graph and use it to find the total distance travelled by the ball and its displacement.

Answer

The velocity-time graph for the motion of ball on a smooth floor in a straight line is shown below:
Total distance travelled = distance travelled in the first 6 s + distance travelled in next 6 s.

As we know,
Distance = velocity x time

Substituting the values in the formula above we get,

Distance when the ball moves towards the wall = 10 m s-1 x 6 s = 60 m

Distance when the ball moves away from the wall = 10 m s-1 x 6 s = 60 m

Total distance = 60 m + 60 m = 120 m

Displacement = distance travelled in the forward direction - distance travelled while coming back
= 60 m - 60 m = 0

∴ Displacement = 0 as the ball comes back to the initial place.

Question 12

Figure shows the velocity-time graph of a particle moving in a straight line.

(i) State the nature of motion of particle.

(ii) Find the displacement of particle at t = 6 s.

(iii) Does the particle change its direction of motion?

(iv) Compare the distance travelled by the particle from 0 to 4 s and from 4 s to 6 s.

(v) Find the acceleration from 0 to 4 s and retardation from 4 s to 6 s.

Answer

(i) As we observe the graph, we find that, the nature of motion of particle is that, the particles
are uniformly accelerated from 0 to 4s and then uniformly retarded from 4s to 6s.

(ii) As we know,

displacement of particles can be obtained by finding the area enclosed by the graph in that part with
the time axis up to that instance.

At t = 6 s,

Displacement = area of triangle

=12×base×height=21×base×height

Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,

=12×(6−0)s×(2−0)m s−1=12×6×2m=6m=21×(6−0)s×(2−0)m s−1=21×6×2m=6m

Hence,
Displacement of particle at t = 6 s is 6 m

(iii) No, the particle does not change its direction of motion.

(iv) At t = 0 to 4 s,

Distance covered = area of triangle

=12×base×height=21×base×height

Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,

=12×(4−0)s×(2−0)m s−1=12×4s×2m s−1=4m=21×(4−0)s×(2−0)m s−1=21×4s×2m s−1=4m

Hence,
Distance covered between 0 to 4 s = 4 m

At t = 4 s to 6 s,

Distance covered = area of triangle

=12×base×height=21×base×height

Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,

=12×(6−4)s×(2−0)m s−1=12×2s×2m s−1=2m=21×(6−4)s×(2−0)m s−1=21×2s×2m s−1=2m

Hence,
Distance covered between 4s to 6 s = 2 m

∴ Distance covered between 0 to 4 s : Distance covered between 4 s to 6 s = 4 : 2 = 2 : 1

(v) Acceleration in part 0 s to 4 s = slope of graph

slope=(2−0)ms−1(4−0)sslope=2ms−14sslope=0.5ms−2slope=(4−0)s(2−0)ms−1slope=4s2ms−1
slope=0.5ms−2

Hence,
Acceleration in part 0 s to 4 s = 0.5 m s-2

As we know,

Retardation in part 4 s to 6 s = slope of graph

slope=(0−2)ms−1(6−4)sslope=−2ms−12sslope=−1ms−2slope=(6−4)s(0−2)ms−1slope=2s−2ms−1
slope=−1ms−2

Acceleration = -1 ms-2 and as we know retardation is negative acceleration

Hence, Retardation in part 4 s to 6 s = 1 m s-2

Exercise 2(C) — Multiple Choice Type

Question 1

The correct equation of motion is —

1. v = u + at

2. S = ut + 1221 at2

3. v2 = u2 + 2aS
 4. All of these.

Answer

All of these

Reason — For motion of a body moving with a uniform acceleration, the following three equations give
the relationship between initial velocity (u), final velocity (v), acceleration (a), time of journey (t) and
distance travelled (S) :

1. v = u + at

2. S = ut + 1221 at2

3. v2 = u2 + 2aS

Question 2

When a body starts from rest, the equation of motion takes the form:

1. v = u

2. v = at

3. v = 1221at2

4. S = ut + 1221 at2

Answer

v = at

Reason — When a body starts from rest, initial velocity is zero (u = 0), then v = at.

Question 3

If a body is moving with a uniform retardation, then its acceleration will be:

1. Positive

2. Negative

3. Zero

4. Cannot say

Answer

Negative

Reason — When a body is moving with uniform retardation, then a will be negative.

Question 4

A car acquires a velocity of 54 ms-1 in 20 s starting from rest, then its acceleration is:
 1. 5.4 ms-2

2. 2.7 ms-2

3. 7.2 ms-2

4. 2.0 ms-2

Answer

2.7 ms-2

Reason — Given,

u=0
v = 54 ms-1
t = 20 s
a=?

Using, v = u + at or

a = v−uttv−u

a = 54−0202054−0 = 2.7 ms-2 .

Hence, acceleration = 2.7 ms-2

Question 5

A particle starts to move in a straight line from a point with a velocity 10 ms-1 and acceleration -2.0 ms-2.
Its position at t = 5 s will be :

1. 5 m

2. 10 m

3. 20 m

4. 25 m

Answer

25 m

Reason — Given,

u = 10 ms-1
a = -2.0 ms-2
t=5s

Using, S = ut + 1221at2

S = (10 x 5) + 1221 x (-2) x 52 = [50 - 25] = 25 m

Hence, its position at t = 5 s will be 25 m

Question 6

A body initially at rest, starts moving with a constant acceleration of 0.5 ms-2 and travels a distance 25 m,
then its final velocity is:

1. 5 ms-1

2. 20 ms-1

3. 15 ms-1

4. -15 ms-1

Answer

5 ms-1

Reason — Given,

u=0
a = 0.5 ms-2
S = 25 m
v=?

Using, v2 = u2 + 2aS

v2 = 0 + [2 x 0.5 x 25] = 25

Hence, v = 5 ms-1

Question 7

A body starts from rest with a uniform acceleration of 8 ms-2, then the distance covered by the body in 2
s is:

1. 4 m

2. 16 m

3. 20 m

4. 32 m

Answer

16 m

Reason — Given,

u=0
a = 8 ms-2
t=2s
S=?

Using, S = ut + 1221at2
S = (0 x 2) + 1221 x 8 x 22 = 16 m

Hence, the distance covered by the body is 16 m

Question 8

A car starting from rest accelerates uniformly to acquire a speed 20 km h-1 in 30 min. The distance
travelled by car in this time interval will be —

1. 600 km

2. 5 km

3. 6 km

4. 10 km

Answer

5 km

Reason —

As we know,

v = u + at

Given,

u=0

v = 20 km h-1

t = 30 min = 1221 h

Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,

20=0+(a×12)⇒a=40 km h−220=0+(a×21)⇒a=40 km h−2

Now,

S = ut + 1221 at2

Substituting the values in the formula above we get,

S=(0×0.5)+[12×40×(12)2]S=0+(12×40×14)⇒S=5 kmS=(0×0.5)+[21×40×(21)2]S=0+(21×40×41)⇒S=5 km

Hence, distance = 5 km

Exercise 2(C) — Very Short Answer Type

Question 1

Write three equations of uniformly accelerated motion relating the initial velocity (u), final velocity (v),
time (t), acceleration (a) and displacement (S).
Answer

The equations of uniformly accelerated motion relating to the initial velocity (u), final velocity (v), time
(t), acceleration (a) and displacement (S) are as follows —

(i) v = u + at

(ii) S = ut + 1221 at2

(iii) v2 = u2 + 2aS

Question 2

Write an expression for the distance S covered in time t by a body which is initially at rest and starts
moving with a constant acceleration a.

Answer

According to equation of motion —

S = ut + 1221 at2

Where,

S = distance covered

u = initial velocity

a = acceleration

t = time

As, body is at rest, so u = 0

Hence, we get,

S=(0×t)+(12at2)S=0+(12at2)⇒S=12at2S=(0×t)+(21at2)S=0+(21at2)⇒S=21at2

Hence, we get,

S = 1221 at2

Exercise 2(C) — Long Answer Type

Question 1

Derive the following equations for a uniformly accelerated motion —

(i) v = u + at

(ii) S = ut + 1221 at2

(iii) v2 = u2 + 2aS

where the symbols have their usual meanings.

Answer

(i) By definition,

Acceleration=change in velocitytime taken⇒Acceleration=final velocity - initial velocitytime takenAcceler

ation=time takenchange in velocity⇒Acceleration=time takenfinal velocity - initial velocity

Hence,

a=v−utat=v−u⇒v=u+ata=tv−uat=v−u⇒v=u+at

Hence, we get,

v = u + at [Eq. 1]

(ii) By definition,

Distance travelled=Avg. Velocity×timeDistance travelled=(Initial Vel.+Final Vel.2)×timeDistance travelled=

Avg. Velocity×timeDistance travelled=(2Initial Vel.+Final Vel.)×time

or

S=(u+v2)×tS=(2u+v)×t

But, from Eq. 1, v = u + at

Therefore,

S=(u + ( u +at)2)×tS=(2u + at2)×t⇒S=ut+12at2S=(2u + ( u +at))×tS=(22u + at)×t⇒S=ut+21at2

Hence, we get,
S = ut + 1221 at2

(iii) By definition,

Distance travelled=Avg. Velocity×time⇒S=(u+v2)×tDistance travelled=Avg. Velocity×time⇒S=(2u+v)×t

But, from Eq. 1, v = u + at

or t = v−uaav−u

Therefore,

S=(v+u2)×(v−ua)⇒S=v2−u22aS=(2v+u)×(av−u)⇒S=2av2−u2

So, v2 - u2 = 2aS

Hence,

v2 = u2 + 2aS

Exercise 2(C) — Numericals

Question 1
A body starts from rest with a uniform acceleration of 2 m s-2. Find the distance covered by the body in 2
s.

Answer

According to equation of motion —

S = ut + 1221 at2

Where,

distance covered = S

initial velocity u = 0

acceleration a = 2 m s-2

time t = 2 s

Substituting the values in the formula for u = 0 , we get,

S=(0×2)+12×2×22S=(0)+(12×2×4)S=(0)+(4)⇒S=4mS=(0×2)+21×2×22S=(0)+(21×2×4)S=(0)+(4)⇒S=4m

Hence, distance covered = 4 m

Question 2

A body starts with an initial velocity of 10 m s-1 and acceleration 5 m s-2. Find the distance covered by it in
5s.

Answer

According to equation of motion —

S = ut + 1221 at2

Where,

distance covered = S

initial velocity u = 10 m s-1

acceleration a = 5 m s-2

time t = 5 s

Substituting the values in the formula, we get,

S=(10×5)+(12×5×52)S=(50)+(12×5×25)S=(50)+(2.5×25)S=50+62.5⇒S=112.5mS=(10×5)+(21
×5×52)S=(50)+(21×5×25)S=(50)+(2.5×25)S=50+62.5⇒S=112.5m

Hence, distance covered = 112.5 m.

Question 3
A vehicle is accelerating on a straight road. Its velocity at any instant is 30 km h-1, after 2 s, it is 33.6 km h-
1
and after further 2 s, it is 37.2 km h-1. Find the acceleration of vehicle in m s-2. Is the acceleration
uniform ?

Answer

As we know,

a = v−uttv−u

After t = 2s,

u = 30 km h-1

Converting km h-1 to m s-1

We get,

30km h−1=30km1h=30×1000m60×60s⇒30km h−1=30×10m6×6s⇒30km h−1=8.33×ms30km h−1=1h30k

m=60×60s30×1000m⇒30km h−1=6×6s30×10m⇒30km h−1=s8.33×m

Hence, 30 km h-1 is equal to 8.33 m s-1.

Now,

v = 33.6 km h-1

Converting km h-1 to m s-1

We get,

33.6km h−1=33.6km1h=33.6×1000m60×60s⇒33.6km h−1=33.6×10m6×6s⇒33.6km h−1=9.33×ms33.6k

m h−1=1h33.6km=60×60s33.6×1000m⇒33.6km h−1=6×6s33.6×10m⇒33.6km h−1=s9.33×m

Hence, 33.6 km h-1 is equal to 9.33 ms-1.

Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,

a=9.33−8.332a=12⇒a=0.5ms2a=29.33−8.33a=21⇒a=0.5ms2

Hence, acceleration in the first 2 s = 0.5 m s -2

For the next 2 s,

u = 9.33 m s-1

v = 37.2 km h-1

Converting km h-1 to m s-1

We get,

37.2km h−1=37.2km1h=37.2×1000m60×60s⇒37.2km h−1=37.2×10m6×6s⇒37.2km h−1=10.33×ms37.2

km h−1=1h37.2km=60×60s37.2×1000m⇒37.2km h−1=6×6s37.2×10m⇒37.2km h−1=s10.33×m
Hence, 37.2 km h-1 is equal to 10.33 ms-1.

Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,

a=10.33−9.332a=12⇒a=0.5ms2a=210.33−9.33a=21⇒a=0.5ms2

Hence, acceleration is 0.5 m s -2

Yes, the acceleration is uniform as the acceleration in both instances is same.

Question 4

A body, initially at rest, starts moving with a constant acceleration 2 m s -2.

Calculate —

(i) the velocity acquired and

(ii) and the distance travelled in 5 s.

Answer

As we know, from the equation of motion,

v = u + at

Given,

a = 2 m s -2

u=0

t=5s

Substituting the values in the formula, we get,

v=0+(2ms−2×5s)v=10ms−1v=0+(2ms−2×5s)v=10ms−1

Hence, the velocity acquired = 10 m s-1

(ii) According to equation of motion —

S = ut + 1221 at2

Substituting the values in the formula, we get,

S=(0×5)+(12×2×52)S=0+(12×2×52)⇒S=0+(12×2×25)⇒S=0+25S=(0×5)+(21×2×52)S=0+(21
×2×52)⇒S=0+(21×2×25)⇒S=0+25

Hence, distance travelled = 25 m

Question 5

A bullet initially moving with a velocity 20 m s-1 strikes a target and comes to rest after penetrating a
distance 10 cm in the target. Calculate the retardation caused by the target.
Answer

According to equation of motion —

v2 = u2 + 2aS

Given,

u = 20 m s-1,

v = 0,

s = 10 cm = 0.1 m

Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,

0=(20)2+(2×a×0.1)⇒0=400+0.2a⇒−400=0.2a⇒a=−4000.2⇒a=−40002⇒a=−2000ms−20=(20)2+(2×a×0.
1)⇒0=400+0.2a⇒−400=0.2a⇒a=−0.2400⇒a=−24000⇒a=−2000ms−2

Hence, Retardation is 2000 m s-2

Question 6

A train moving with a velocity of 20 m s-1 is brought to rest by applying brakes in 5 s. Calculate the
retardation.

Answer

According to equation of motion —

v = u + at

Given,

u = 20 m s-1,

v = 0,

t=5s

Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,

⇒a=−4ms−2
0=(20)+(a×5)0=20+5a⇒−20=5a⇒a=−205⇒a=−4ms−20=(20)+(a×5)0=20+5a⇒−20=5a⇒a=−520

Hence, Retardation is 4 m s-2

Question 7

A train travels with a speed of 60 km h-1 from station A to station B and then comes back with a speed 80
km h-1 from station B to station A.

Find —

(i) the average speed, and

(ii) the average velocity of train.

Answer

As we know,

Avg Speed = Total DistanceTotal timeTotal timeTotal Distance

Given,

From, A to B

speedAB = 60 km h-1

distance travelled = dAB = d

time taken = d6060d

From, B to A

speedBA = 80 km h-1

distance travelled = dBA = d

time taken = d8080d

Total distance travelled = d + d = 2d [Eqn. 1]

Total time = d6060d + d8080d [Eqn. 2]

Substituting the values from the equations 1 and 2 in the formula we get,

Avg Speed=2dd60+d80Avg Speed=2d4d + 3d240Avg Speed=2d7d240Avg Speed=27240Avg Speed=2×240

7Avg Speed=4807⇒Avg Speed=68.57 km h−1Avg Speed=60d+80d2dAvg Speed=2404d + 3d2dAvg Speed
=2407d2dAvg Speed=24072Avg Speed=72×240Avg Speed=7480⇒Avg Speed=68.57 km h−1

Hence, Avg Speed = 68.57 km h-1

(ii) We know,

Average velocity = displacementtotal timetotal timedisplacement

As the train starts from station A and comes back to same station, hence, displacement is zero.

Therefore, the average velocity is also zero.

Question 8

A train is moving with a velocity of 90 km h-1. It is brought to stop by applying the brakes which produce a
retardation of 0.5 m s-2.

Find —

(i) the velocity after 10 s, and

(ii) the time taken by the train to come to rest.

Answer

(i) As we know, according to the equation of motion,

v = u + at

Given,

u = 90 km h-1

velocity in m s-1

90km h−1=90km1h=90×1000m60×60s⇒90km h−1=90×10m6×6s⇒90km h−1=15×10m1×6s⇒90km h−1

⇒90km h−1=s25×m
=25×ms90km h−1=1h90km=60×60s90×1000m⇒90km h−1=6×6s90×10m⇒90km h−1=1×6s15×10m

Hence, 90 km h-1 is equal to 25 m s-1.

v = 0 (as the train stops on application of brakes)

t = 10 s

retardation = -a = -0.5 m s-2

Substituting the values in the formula above we get,

v=25+[(−0.5)×10]v=25+[−5]⇒v=20m s−1v=25+[(−0.5)×10]v=25+[−5]⇒v=20m s−1

Hence, the velocity after 10 s = 20 m s-1.

(ii) As we know, according to the equation of motion,

v = u + at

Substituting the values in the formula above, to get the time taken by the train to come to rest.

⇒t=5250⇒t=50s
0=25+(−0.5×t)0=25−0.5t0.5t=25⇒t=250.5⇒t=2505⇒t=50s0=25+(−0.5×t)0=25−0.5t0.5t=25⇒t=0.525

Hence, the time taken by the train to come to rest = 50 s.

Question 9

A car travels a distance 100 m with a constant acceleration and average velocity of 20 m s-1. The final
velocity acquired by the car is 25 m s-1.

Find:

(i) the initial velocity and

(ii) acceleration of car.

Answer

(i) Given,
v = 25 m s-1

As we know,

average velocity = u+v22u+v = 20 m s-1

Substituting the value we get,

u+v2=20u+252=20u+25=20×2u+25=40⇒u=40−25=15ms−12u+v=202u+25
=20u+25=20×2u+25=40⇒u=40−25=15ms−1

Hence, initial velocity of the car is 15 m s-1

(ii) We know, from the equation,

v2 = u2 + 2aS

S = 100 m

v = 25 m s-1

u = 15 m s-1

Substituting the values in the formula above we get,

252=152+(2×a×100)625=225+(200×a)625−225=(200×a)400=(200×a)⇒a=400200⇒a=2m s−2252=152+(2
×a×100)625=225+(200×a)625−225=(200×a)400=(200×a)⇒a=200400⇒a=2m s−2

Hence, acceleration of car = 2 m s-2

Question 10

When brakes are applied to a bus, the retardation produced is 25 cm s-2 and the bus takes 20 s to stop.

Calculate —

(i) the initial velocity of bus, and

(ii) the distance travelled by bus during this time.

Answer

As we know,

v = u + at

Given,

Retardation = -a = -25 cm s-2

Expressing it in m s-2

25 cm s-2 = 2510010025m s-2

Hence, -a = -0.25 m s-2

t = 20 s

v=0

u=?

Substituting the values in the formula above we get,

0=u+(−0.25)×200=u−5.0⇒u=5ms−10=u+(−0.25)×200=u−5.0⇒u=5ms−1

Hence, the initial velocity of bus = 5 m s-1

(ii) As we know, from the equation of motion,

v2 = u2 + 2aS

Substituting the values, we get,

02=52+[2×(−0.25)×S]0=25−[0.50×S]0.50×S=25⇒S=250.5⇒S=2505⇒S=50m02=52+[2×(−0.25)×S]0=25−[0
.50×S]0.50×S=25⇒S=0.525⇒S=5250⇒S=50m

Hence, distance travelled = 50 m

Question 11

A body moves from rest with a uniform acceleration and travels 270 m in 3 s. Find the velocity of the
body at 10 s after the start.

Answer

As we know,

S = ut + 1221 at2

Given,

u = 0 m s -1

S = 270 m

t=3s

Substituting the values in the formula above we get,

270=(0×3)+(12×a×32)270=92×a270×2=9×a⇒a=5409⇒a=60ms−2270=(0×3)+(21×a×32)270=29
×a270×2=9×a⇒a=9540⇒a=60ms−2

Hence, a = 60 m s-2

To find out velocity after t = 10 s.

v = u + at

Substituting the values in the formula above we get,

v=0+(60×10)⇒v=600ms−1v=0+(60×10)⇒v=600ms−1
Hence, velocity after 10 s = 600 m s-1

Question 12

A body moving with a constant acceleration travels the distances 3 m and 8 m respectively in 1 s and 2 s.

Calculate —

(i) the initial velocity, and

(ii) the acceleration of body.

Answer

As we know,

S = ut + 1221at2

Let,

S1 = 3 m

t1 = 1 s

S2 = 8 m

t2 = 2 s

Substituting the values in the formula above we get,

3=(u×1)+(12×a×12)3=u+(12a)3=u+a22×(3−u)=a⇒a=6−2u3=(u×1)+(21×a×12)3=u+(21a)3=u+2a
2×(3−u)=a⇒a=6−2u....[Eqn. 1]

For 8m distance,

8=(u×2)+(12×a×22)8=2u+(12×4a)8−2u=2a2×(4−u)=2a⇒a=4−u8=(u×2)+(21×a×22)8=2u+(21
×4a)8−2u=2a2×(4−u)=2a⇒a=4−u....[Eqn. 2]

Solving Equations 1 & 2,

a = 6 - 2u [Eqn. 1]

a=4-u [Eqn. 2]

we get,

⇒u=2
0=2-u

Hence, initial velocity = 2 m s -1

Putting the value of u in Equation 2 and solving for a:

a=4−u⇒a=4−2⇒a=2ms−2a=4−u⇒a=4−2⇒a=2ms−2

Hence, the acceleration of body is 2 m s-2

Question 13

A car travels with a uniform velocity of 25 m s-1 for 5 s. The brakes are then applied and the car is
uniformly retarded and comes to rest in further 10 s.

Find —

(i) the distance which the car travels before the brakes are applied,

(ii) the retardation and

(iii) the distance travelled by the car after applying the brakes.

Answer

(i) As we know,

Distance = Speed x time

Initial velocity = u = 25 m s-1

Final velocity = 0

time = 5 s

Substituting the values in the formula above we get,

Distance=25×5⇒Distance=125mDistance=25×5⇒Distance=125m

Hence, distance covered = 125 m.

(ii) Retardation = -a = v−uttv−u

t = 10 s

Substituting the values in the formula above we get,

⇒Retardation=1025⇒Retardation=2.5m s−2
Retardation=−0−2510⇒Retardation=2510⇒Retardation=2.5m s−2Retardation=−100−25

Hence, retardation of the car = 2.5 m s-2

(iii) As we know,

v2 - u2 = 2aS

Substituting the values in the formula above we get,

(0)2−(25)2=2×(−2.5)×S0−625=−5S⇒−5S=−625 ⇒S=6255⇒S=125m(0)2−(25)2=2×(−2.5)×S0−625=−5S⇒−
5S=−625 ⇒S=5625⇒S=125m

Hence, the distance travelled by the car after applying the brakes = 125 m.

Question 14
A space craft flying in a straight course with a velocity of 75 km s-1 fires its rocket motors for 6.0 s. At the
end of this time, its speed is 120 km s-1 in the same direction.

Find —

(i) the space craft’s average acceleration while the motors were firing

(ii) the distance travelled by the space craft in the first 10 s after the rocket motors were started, the
motors having been in action for only 6.0 s.

Answer

(i) As we know,

v - u = at

Given,

u = 75 km s-1

v = 120 km s-1

t=6s

Substituting the values in the formula above we get,

120−75=a×645=6a⇒a=456⇒a=7.5 km s−2120−75=a×645=6a⇒a=645⇒a=7.5 km s−2

Hence, acceleration = 7.5 km s-2

(ii) As we know,

S = ut + 1221at2

For the first 6 s,

u = 75 km s-1

a = 7.5 km s-2

S1=(75×6)+(12×7.5×62)S1=450+(12×7.5×36)S1=450+(7.5×18)S1=450+135⇒S1=585 kmS1=(75×6)+(21
×7.5×62)S1=450+(21×7.5×36)S1=450+(7.5×18)S1=450+135⇒S1=585 km

Hence, S1 = 585 km

For the next 4 s

S2 = speed x time

Given,

t=4s

speed = 120 km s -1

Substituting the values in the formula above, we get,

S2=120×4S2=480 kmS2=120×4S2=480 km

Hence, S2 = 480 km

Total distance covered by the aircraft = S1 + S2

= 585 + 480
= 1065 km

Hence,
Total distance covered by the aircraft = 1065 km.

Question 15

A train starts from rest and accelerates uniformly at a rate of 2 m s-2 for 10 s. It then maintains a constant
speed for 200 s. The brakes are then applied and the train is uniformly retarded and comes to rest in 50
s.

Find —

(i) the maximum velocity reached,

(ii) the retardation in the last 50 s,

(iii) the total distance travelled, and

(iv)the average velocity of the train.

Answer

As we know,

v = u + at

Given,

u=0

t = 10 s

a = 2 m s-2

Substituting the values in the formula above we get,

v=0+2×10⇒v=20v=0+2×10⇒v=20

Hence, final velocity = 20 m s-1

(ii) Retardation in last 50 s,

As we know,

v = u + at

Given,
u = 20 m s-1

v = 0 m s-1

t = 50 s

Substituting the values in the formula above we get,

0=20+[(−a)×(50)]⇒50×a=20⇒a=2050⇒a=0.4 m s−20=20+[(−a)×(50)]⇒50×a=20⇒a=5020⇒a=0.4 m s−
2

Hence, retardation in the last 50 s = 0.4 m s-2

(iii) As we know,

S = ut + 1221 at2

For the first 10 s,

u=0

a = 2 ms-2

S1=(0×10)+(12×2×102)S1=0+(12×2×100)⇒S1=100 mS1=(0×10)+(21×2×102)S1=0+(21×2×100)⇒S1=100
m

Hence, S1 = 100 m .... [1]

For the next 200 s,

S2 = speed x time

where speed = 20

time = 200 s

Substituting the values in the formula above we get,

S2=20×200⇒S2=4000 mS2=20×200⇒S2=4000 m

Hence, S2 = 4000 m .... [2]

For the next 50 s

S3=(20×50)+[12×(−0.4)×502]S3=1000−[0.2×2500]S3=1000−[0.2×2500]⇒S2=1000−500 m⇒S2=500 mS3

=(20×50)+[21×(−0.4)×502]S3=1000−[0.2×2500]S3=1000−[0.2×2500]⇒S2=1000−500 m⇒S2=500 m

Hence, S3 = 500 m .... [3]

So,

Total distance = sum of [1], [2] and [3]

S=100 m+4000 m+500 m⇒S=4600 mS=100 m+4000 m+500 m⇒S=4600 m

Hence, total distance covered = 4600 m

(iv) average velocity = total distance coveredtime takentime takentotal distance covered

Substituting the values in the formula above we get,

average velocity=4600260⇒average velocity=17.69 m s−1average velocity=2604600⇒average velocity=

17.69 m s−1

Hence, average velocity = 17.69 m s-1