OBJECT

(OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN

RESEARCH WRITINGS AND

ETHICS
An Introduction
Dr. Deepu R
[email protected]
Dept of Computer Science and Engineering
RESEARCH WRITINGS & ETHICS
An Introduction
Objectives
1)Meaning of Research
2)Objectives of Research
3)Motivation in Research
4)Types of Research
5)Research Approaches
6)Significance of Research
7)Research Methods versus Methodology
8)Research and Scientific Method
9)Importance of Knowing How Research is Done
10)Research Process
11)Criteria of Good Research
12)Problems Encountered by Researchers in India (Self Study)
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

Meaning of Research

● Research is composed of two terms combined:

○ a prefix re
○ a verb search
● Re means again, a new, over again

● Search means to examine closely and carefully, to test and try, to probe

● The two words form a noun to describe a careful and systematic study in
some field of knowledge, undertaken to establish facts or principles.

● Research is an organized and systematic way of finding answers to questions

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

Meaning of Research

● A careful investigation or inquiry specially through search for new

facts in any branch of knowledge
● Redman and Mory define research as a “systematized effort to
gain new knowledge.”
● A movement from the known to the unknown
● It is voyage of discovery
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

Meaning of Research
● Clifford Woody -
1) Defining and redefining problems,
2) formulating hypothesis or suggested solutions;
3) collecting, organising and evaluating data;
4) making deductions and reaching conclusions;
5) carefully testing the conclusions to determine whether they fit the
formulating hypothesis.

● D. Slesinger and M. Stephenson in the Encyclopaedia of Social

Sciences -
● “The manipulation of things, concepts or symbols for the purpose of
generalising to extend, correct or verify knowledge, whether that
knowledge aids in construction of theory or in the practice of an art.”
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

Objectives of Research
● To gain familiarity with a phenomenon or to achieve new insights into it.
● To portray accurately the characteristics of a particular individual,
situation or a group.
● To determine the frequency with which something occurs or with which
it is associated with something else.
● To test a hypothesis of a causal relationship between variables.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction
Motivation for Research
1) Desire to get a research degree along with its consequential benefits;
2) Desire to face the challenge in solving the unsolved problems, i.e.,
concern over practical problems initiates research;
3) Desire to get intellectual joy of doing some creative work;
4) Desire to be of service to society;
5) Desire to get respectability
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction
Types of Research

1) Descriptive vs Analytical
2) Applied vs Fundamental
3) Quantitative vs Qualitative
4) Conceptual vs Empirical
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

1) Descriptive Research Vs Analytical Research

Major purpose of descriptive research is description of the state of affairs
as it exists at present (ex post facto Research)

Characteristic: The researcher has no control over the variables - he can only
report what has happened, or what is happening;
e.g.: frequency of shopping, preferences of people

Methods used: Comparative and Correlation.

In analytical research, the researcher has to use facts or information
already available and analyze these to make a critical evaluation of the material.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

2) Applied Vs Fundamental Research

Applied Research

● Immediate problem facing a society or an industrial business organization aimed at

conclusions
● Example : Market research, design, safety, health, pollution, societal, environmental,
industrial, pharmaceutical, etc.

Fundamental Research
● Mainly concerned with generalizations and with the formulation of a theory
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

3) Quantitative Vs Qualitative Research

Quantitative Research

● Based on the measurement of quantity or amount

● Controlled, rather easy to carry-out
● Objective and repeatable
● Easy to draw conclusions and decisions

Qualitative Research
● is concerned with qualitative phenomenon, i.e., involving quality or kind
● aim is to discover the underlying motives of human behaviour; attitude or
opinion research (how people feel or think about a particular subject or
institution).
● difficult job; should seek guidance from experimental psychologists.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

4) Conceptual Vs Empirical Research

Conceptual Research

● Related to some abstract idea(s) or theory; generally used by philosophers and

● thinkers to develop new concepts or to re-interpret existing ones

Empirical Research
● Relies on experience or observation alone, without due regard for system and
theory. It is data-based research, coming up with conclusions which are capable
of being verified by observation or experiment.

● Characterised by the experimenter's control over the variables under study and
his deliberate manipulation of one of them to study its effects.

Evidence gathered through experiments or empirical studies is today considered

to be the most powerful support possible for a given hypothesis.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

Other Types of Research

1. One Time Research
2. Longitudinal Research
3. Field Research
4. Laboratory Research
5. Simulation Research
6. Clinical Research
7. Diagnostic Research
8. Exploratory Research
9. Historical Research
10.Conclusion Oriented Research
11.Decision Oriented Research
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

Research Method Vs Methodology

Method – Technique / method adopted to conduct Research.

Can be put in 3 groups-

● Data Collection Methods
● Statistical Techniques – establish relationships between data and
unknowns
● Evaluation Methods for accuracy of results.

Methodology – Way in which research problem is solved systematically.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

Research Process
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : An Introduction

Research Process
The order/sequence concerning various steps provides a useful procedural
guideline regarding the research process:

1) Formulating the research problem

2) Extensive literature survey
3) Developing the hypothesis
4) Preparing the research design
5) Determining sample design
6) Collecting the data
7) Execution of the project
8) Analysis of data
9) Hypothesis testing
10) Generalizations and interpretation, and
11) Preparation of the report or presentation of the results,
1) i.e., formal write-up of conclusions reached.
OBJECT
(OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN

THANK YOU

Dr. Deepu R
[email protected]
Dept of Computer Science and Engineering
OBJECT
(OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN

Research Writings & Ethics

An Introduction

Prof. Priya Badarinath

[email protected]
Dept of Computer Science and Engineering
Research Writings & Ethics

An Introduction to RM

Priya Badarinath.
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Introduction to Research Methodology

Contents:

I. Research Process
II. Criteria for Good Research
Research Process
Research Process
The order concerning various steps provides a useful procedural guideline regarding the
research process:

1) Formulating the research problem;

2) Extensive literature survey;
3) Developing the hypothesis;
4) Preparing the research design;
5) Determining sample design;
6) Collecting the data;
7) Execution of the project;
8) Analysis of data;
9) Hypothesis testing;
10) Generalizations and interpretation, and
11) Preparation of the report or presentation of the results, i.e., format write-up of
conclusions reached.
1) Formulating Research Problem

2 steps for formulating

research problem
● Understanding the
research problem
thoroughly
● Re-phrasing same in
meaningful terms.
2) Extensive Literature Survey

● Abstracting and indexing journals and published /

unpublished biographies.
● Academic journals, conference proceedings, government
reports, books, etc..
● Earlier studies similar to research topic in hand.
● Good Library.
● Internet to search articles.
● Search Engines – Google / Google Scholar
● http://scholar.google.com
● ChatGPT
3) Development of Working Hypothesis

● Working Hypothesis - Temporary assumption made in

order to draw out and test its logical consequences.
● They affect the manner in which tests are conducted.
● Process to go about developing Hypothesis.
● Discussion with colleagues and experts about problem.
● Examination of data and records concerning to the
problem.
● Review of similar studies in the area.
● Exploratory personal investigation which involves – field
interviews.
4) Preparing the Research Design

● Preparation of research
design involves following
consideration.
○ Obtaining Information
○ Availability and skills of
researcher and his staff
Explanation
○ Time available for research
○ Cost Factor relating to
research – finance available.
5) Determining the Sample Design
● Simple random sampling.
● Systematic sampling.
● Stratified sampling.
● Quota sampling.
● Cluster sampling and area
sampling.
● Multi stage sampling.
● Sequential sampling.
6) Collection of Data

● Data in hand is inadequate. So need to collect

appropriate data
● Ways to collect data
● Primary Data – Observation and Surveys
● Observation
● Personal Interview
● Telephonic interview
● Mailing of questionnaires
● Through Schedules.
Collection of Data
7) Analysis of Data
● Coding
● Editing
● Tabulation
● Computation of percentage coefficients
● Statistical tests
● Statistical measures
Hypothesis -- Meaning
● A hypothesis is a proposed explanation for a phenomenon. For a hypothesis to be a scientific
hypothesis, the scientific method requires that one can test it. Scientists generally base
scientific hypotheses on previous observations that cannot satisfactorily be explained with the
available scientific theories. ~ Wikipedia

●
8) Hypothesis Testing

● Various tests like Chi-square, t-test, f-test have

been developed by statisticians.
● Hypothesis may be tested through use of one or
more such tests depending on nature and object of
research.
● Result – either accepted or rejected.
9) Generalization and Interpretation

● Real value of research lies

in its ability to arrive at
certain generalization.
● If researcher had no
hypothesis to start with, he
might seek to explain his
findings on basis of some
theory – Interpretation.
10) Preparation of Report / Thesis

● Preliminary pages – date,

acknowledgement,
foreword.
● Main text – introduction,
summary of findings, main
report, conclusion.
● End – appendices,
bibliography – list of books,
journals, reports, etc...
● Report should be concise.
● Charts and illustrations –
clearly and forcibly
Criteria for a Good Research
Criteria for a Good Research

1) Purpose should be clearly defined.

2) Procedure used should be described in sufficient detail.
3) Design of research should be carefully planned to yield
result as objective.
4) Report – complete frankness, flaws in procedural design.
5) Analysis should be sufficiently adequate, method of
analysis should be appropriate.
6) Conclusion should be confined to those justified by data
of research.
Criteria for a Good Research

● Good research is systematic

○ Research should be structured with specified steps to be
taken in specified sequence.
● Good research is logical
○ Research is guided by rules of logical reasoning and logical
procedure of induction and deduction.
● Good research is empirical
○ Research related to basically to one or more aspect of real
situation and deals with concrete data.
● Good research is replicable
○ Allows research results to be verified by replicating the study
and thereby building on sound basis of decision.
OBJECT
(OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN

THANK YOU

Research Writings & Ethics

An Introduction
OBJECT
(OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN

Research Writings & Ethics

Defining the Research Problem

Prof. Priya Badarinath

[email protected]
Dept of Computer Science and Engineering
Research Writings & Ethics

Ch. 2: Defining the Research Problem

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Chapter 2:
Defining the Research Problem

Contents –
1. What is a Research Problem?
2. Selecting the Problem
3. Necessity of Defining the Problem
4. Techniques in Defining a Problem
What is a Research Problem
A research problem is a specific issue, difficulty, contradiction, or gap in
knowledge that you will aim to address in your research.

A research problem is a statement about an area of concern, a condition to be improved,

a difficulty to be eliminated, or a troubling question that exists in scholarly literature, in
theory, or in practice that points to the need for meaningful understanding and
systematic investigation.

Difficulty which a researcher experiences in a context of either theoretical or

practical situation and wants to obtain the solution to overcome the same.
What is a Research Problem
Textbook Definition:
“Research Problem, in general, refers to some difficulty which a researcher
experiences in the context of either a theoretical or practical situation and wants to
obtain a solution for the same.”

A RP does exist if the following conditions are met:

I = Individual
N = eNvironment (def by uncontrolled variables, Yj)
C1, C2 = two Courses of action
O1, O2 = two Outcomes

P(Oj | I, Cj, N) = Probability

P(O1 | I, C1, N) != P(O1 | I, C2, N)

The choices must have unequal efficiencies for the desired outcomes.
Topic, Problem, Purpose & Questions

General Topic Online Learning

Research Lack of students in the

Problem online classes

Deductive
Process Purpose To study why students
Statement do not attend
online education classes

Research Whether technology deters

Question students from enrolling in an
Specific
online education class?
The 5 Elements of Problem Statement
Topic Subject area

Social Work
Issue A concern / problem needing solution

Evidence for • Evidence from literature

the Issue • Evidence from practical experience

What is missing in evidence? Deficiencies

What do we need to know more? in the Evidence

How the solution helps: Remedy of

Researchers; educators; policy makers; Deficiencies
persons in the field It helps whom?
Sources of Research Problems
Experience
Previous
Consultation Research
with experts

Sources of Existing
theory
Research
Exposure to field
situations Problem

Intuitions Social
Brainstorming issues
Selecting of a Research Problem

1. Subject which is not overdone is chosen

2. Controversial subject should be avoided
3. Avoid vague problem
4. Subject should be familiar and feasible
5. Selection of problem must be preceded by preliminary study
Necessity of Defining the Problem

Clearly stated research problem is half solved:

1. What data are to be collected?

2. What characteristics of data are relevant?
3. What relations are to be explored?
4. What techniques are to be used for this purpose?
Technique Involved in Defining a Problem

1. State the problem in a general way

2. Understand the nature of the problem
3. Survey the available literature
4. Develop ideas through discussions
5. Rephrase the research problem
Technique Involved in Defining a Problem

a) Technical terms and words or phrases, with special meanings used

in the statement of the problem, should be clearly defined.
b) Basic assumptions or postulates (if any) relating to the research
problem should be clearly stated.
c) The criteria for the selection of the problem should be provided.
d) The suitability of the time-period and the sources of data available
must also be considered.
e) The scope of the investigation (or the limits within which the
problem is to be studied) must be mentioned explicitly.
 In Conclusion

● The task of defining a research problem follows a sequential pattern —

● the problem is stated in a general way, the ambiguities are resolved,

● thinking and rethinking process results in a more specific formulation of

the problem so that it

● may be a realistic one in terms of the available data and resources and

● is analytically meaningful.

● All this results in a well defined research problem that is

● meaningful from an operational point of view,

● paves the way for the development of working hypotheses and

● means of solving the problem.

OBJECT
(OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN

THANK YOU

Research Writings & Ethics

Defining the Research Problem

Prof. Priya Badarinath.

[email protected]
Dept of Computer Science and Engineering
OBJECT
(OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN

Research Writings & Ethics

Literature Review

Prof. Priya Badarinath

[email protected]
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
Research Writings & Ethics

Literature Review

Prof Priya Badarinath

Department of Computer Science and Engineering
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review

Chapter Objectives:

1)Review of Literature (RoL)

● What, Importance, Why/Purpose, Goal

2)Sources of Literature
3)Technique of Reviewing
4)Organization
5)Writing LR
6)Good LR Properties
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review

REVIEW OF LITERATURE (RoL)

A broad, comprehensive, in-depth, systematic, and critical
review of scholarly publications.

A Literature Review
surveys, summarizes, and links together research (a.k.a., literature) in a given
field
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review
RoL
• Important step in Res. Process; laborious but essential

• An account of what is already done/known about the issue

• Describe, summarize, evaluate.

• Clarify & integrate the content of primary reports

Research Writings & Ethics: Literature Review
What is Review of Literature?

It is a CRITICAL EVALUATION of available literature on the topic of

research to be carried out

Provides an overview of the problem to be studied

Continued….
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review
Importance of Review of Literature?

• Identification, development, refinement of RQ’s

• Identification of gaps/inconsistencies

• Strength and weaknesses of designs/methods /instruments used in research work

• Development of plan – research methodology

• Development of Research Hypothesis

Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review
Why Review of Literature?
Purpose
For the chosen Research Problem, RoL Determines :
1. Design/Md. of study – Instruments, data collection, analysis
2. Replication needed
3. What is till date known
4. Gaps / inconsistencies & consistencies
5. Unanswered questions
6. Strengths / weaknesses
7. Refinement of research problem
8. Hypothesis
9. Justification
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review

Function of RoL

The literature review is a critical look at the existing research that is significant to the
work that you are carrying out.

• To provide background information

• To establish importance
• To demonstrate familiarity
• To “carve out a space” for further research
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review

Primary and Secondary Sources

Primary source: Secondary source:
is written by a person(s) who developed is written by a person(s) other than the
the theory or conducted the research individual who developed the theory or
conducted the research

Reasons for using secondary sources:

1. Primary sources is literally NOT available
2. A secondary source can provide different ways of looking at an issue or
problem

Secondary sources should not be overused

Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review
Primary and Secondary Sources

Primary source: Example Secondary source: Example

An original qualitative on patient A literature review on patients
experiences in the ICU: experiences in the ICU:

Feeling safe the psychosocial needs Patient experiences of being in an

of ICU patients. intensive care unit

Hupcey, J. E. (2000). Stein-Parbury, J. & Mckinley,S. (2000)

Journal of Nursing Scholarship, : a select literature review.
32:361-367 American Journal of critical care, 9:20-
www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com 27 www.drjayeshpatidar.blogspot.com
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review
Sources for RoL

• Electronic data-bases
• Journals
• Research Reports - thesis
• Books
• Conference Papers
• Magazines/newspapers
• Encyclopedias and dictionaries
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review

When you read an article:

Questions to consider:
• Has the author clearly defined the problem/issue?
• How good is the study design?
• How valid are the results?
• Are there flaws in the logic of the discussion?
• What problems has the author avoided or ignored?
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review

TECHNIQUE
OF REVIEWING OF LITERATURE
Key words / refined / focused
Shortlist articles – basis, ABSTRACT
Data base / s
Latest first & backwards - year
Table – authors, place, year, Journal
Methods (Expt. Details)
Data collection, analysis
Findings, results, inference
Organize (acc. to time / theme / method)
Transition – linking
Intro. - Body – Conclusion (justify)

Comprehensive, Cohesive, Concise Write-up

Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review

B E F O R E W R I T I N G RoL
Sketch of Scheme
Organize
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review
Organize
🖑Consider organization
🖑You've got a focus, and you've narrowed it down to a
thesis statement.
🖑Now what is the most effective way of presenting the
information?
🖑What are the most important topics, subtopics, etc.,
that your review needs to include?
🖑And in what order should you present them?
Research Writings & Ethics : Literature Review
How to organize studies

Chronological
– By publication date
– By trend
Thematic
– A structure which considers different themes
Methodological
– Focuses on the methods of the researcher,
– e.g., qualitative versus quantitative approaches

21
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review
What should you write?
🖑 the accepted facts in the area
🖑 the popular opinion
🖑 the main variables
🖑 the relationship between concepts and variables
🖑 shortcomings in the existing findings
🖑 limitations in the methods used in the existing findings
🖑 the relevance of your research
🖑 suggestions for further research in the area.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review

A F T E R W R I T I N G RoL
Read for coherence
Logical
Use critiquing Criteria - Checklist
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review

When you read your RoL:

CRITIQUING CRITERIA

1. Uncover gaps, inconsistencies & consistencies

2. Relevant concepts & variables included
3. Reveal components of study of design (Expt.)
4. Strengths, weaknesses & conflicts depicted (in rel. to current area)
5. Conceptual & Data based literature included
6. Summary and synthesis done (Integration)
7. Follow a logical sequence (Time, theme, method, trend..)
8. Signify what to be researched (Justification & lead to HYPOTHESIS)
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review

Organization of literature review

• A general organization looks like a funnel

– Broader topics
– Subtopics
– Studies like yours

27
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY : Literature Review
A Good Literature Review is:
Focused - The topic should be narrow. Present ideas and report on studies
that are closely related to topic.

Concise - Ideas should be presented economically

Logical - logical progression from one idea to the next

Developed - Don’t leave the story half told

Integrative - What commonality among articles? How are some studies

different?
Your paper should stress how all the studies reviewed contribute to your topic.

Current - Your review should focus on work being done on the cutting edge of
your topic
OBJECT
(OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN

THANK YOU

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Literature Review

Prof. Priya Badarinath.

[email protected]
Dept. of Computer Science and Engineering
OBJECT
(OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design

Prof. Priya Badarinath

[email protected]
Dept of Computer Science and Engineering
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Ch. 3: Research Design

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY: Ch. 3: Research Design

Contents – Chapter 3

3.1 Meaning of Research Design

3.2 Need for Research Design
3.3 Research Design Breakdown
3.4 Important Concepts Relating to Research Design
3.5 Basic Principles of Experimental Designs
3.6 Important Experimental Designs
i) Informal Experimental Designs
ii) Formal Experimental Designs
MEANING OF RESEARCH DESIGN
Research Design is the preparation of the design of the research project.
It constitutes the blueprint for the collection, measurement and analysis of
data.
Design decisions revolve around the following questions:
1. What is the study about?
2. Why is the study being made?
3. Where will the study be carried out?
4. What type of data is required?
5. Where can the required data be found?
6. What periods of time will the study include?
7. What will be the sample design?
8. What techniques of data collection will be used?
9. How will the data be analyzed?
10. In what style will the report be prepared?
NEED FOR RESEARCH DESIGN

1. It facilitates the smooth sailing of the various research

operations.
2. Making research as efficient as possible yielding maximal
information with minimal expenditure of effort, time and money.
3. We need a research design or a plan in advance of data
collection and analysis for our research project.
4. Research design stands for
● advance planning of the methods to be adopted for collecting

the relevant data and

● the techniques to be used in their analysis,

● keeping in view the objective of the research and the

availability of staff, time and money.

RESEARCH DESIGN-BREAK DOWN

1. The sampling design

○ Deals with the method of selecting items to be observed for the
given study.
2. The observational design
○ Relates to the conditions under which the observations are to be
made.
3. The statistical design
○ Concerns with the question of how many items are to be
observed and how the information and data gathered are to be
analyzed.
4. The operational design
○ Deals with the techniques by which the procedures specified in
the sampling, statistical and observational designs can be
carried out.
 FEATURES OF A GOOD DESIGN

• A good design is often characterised by adjectives like flexible,

appropriate, efficient, economical and so on.
• Generally, the design which minimises bias and maximises the reliability of
the data collected and analysed is considered a good design.
• The design which gives the smallest experimental error is supposed to be
the best design in many investigations.
• A design which yields maximal information and provides an opportunity for
considering many different aspects of a problem is considered most
appropriate and efficient design in respect of many research problems.

Thus, the question of good design is related to the purpose or objective of the
research problem and also with the nature of the problem to be studied. A
design may be quite suitable in one case, but may be found wanting in one
respect or the other in the context of some other research problem. One
single design cannot serve the purpose of all types of research problems.
FEATURES OF A GOOD DESIGN

A research design appropriate for a particular research problem,

usually involves the consideration of the following factors:

(i) the means of obtaining information;

(ii) the availability and skills of the researcher and his staff, if any;
(iii) the objective of the problem to be studied;
(iv) the nature of the problem to be studied; and
(v) the availability of time and money for the research work
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN

1. Dependent and Independent Variables

2. Extraneous Variable
3. Control
4. Confounded Relationship
5. Research Hypothesis
6. Experimental and Non-experimental Hypothesis- Testing Research
7. Experimental and Control Groups
8. Treatments
9. Experiment
10.Experimental Unit(s)
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN

Dependent and Independent Variable

Variable: A concept which can take on different quantitative values.
For example, concepts like weight, height, income,
etc.
Continuous variables – phenomena which can take on quantitatively
different values even in decimal points.
For example, age.
Discontinuous or Discrete variables – If some variables can only be
expressed in integer values.
For example, no. of children.

If one variable depends upon or is a consequence of the other variable, it

is termed as dependent variable, and the variable that is antecedent to the
dependent variable is termed as independent variable.
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN
Dependent and Independent Variable

CONTINUOUS
VARIABLE
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN

DISCRETE
VARIABLE

All variables are not continuous.

Only if they are expressed in integer values they are non
continuous variables.
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN

Extraneous variable
Independent variables that are not related to the
purpose of the study, but may affect the dependent
variable are termed as extraneous variables.

Whatever effect is noticed on dependent variable as a

result of extraneous variable(s) is technically described
as ‘experimental error’.
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN

Suppose the researcher wants to test the hypothesis that there is a

relationship between student working hours and exam performances. In
this case student working hours is an independent variable and exam
performances is a dependent variable.

Intelligence may as well affect the exam performances, but since it is not
related to the purpose of the study undertaken by the researcher, it will be
termed as an extraneous variable.
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN

CONTROL :

The technical term ‘control’ is used when we design the study

minimising the effects of extraneous independent variables.
In experimental researches, the term ‘control’ is used to refer to
restrain experimental conditions.
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN

Research Hypothesis

● When a prediction or a hypothesised relationship is to be tested by scientific methods, it is

termed as ‘research hypothesis’.
● The research hypothesis is a predictive statement that relates an independent variable to a
dependent variable.
● Usually, a research hypothesis must contain at least, one independent and one dependent
variable.
● For example, “e-Learning enhances teaching learning experience”. Here, the dependent
variable is “teaching learning experience”, whereas “e-Learning” is the independent
variable.
● Listening to music lowers blood pressure level.
 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN
Experimental and Non-experimental
Hypothesis-Testing Research
● Purpose = Test Research Hypothesis:
1) Experimental Hypothesis-testing Research – independent variable is manipulated
2) Non-experimental Hypothesis-testing Research – independent variable NOT manipulated

Example:
Effectiveness of a training programme on the student’s performance-level:
● Researcher randomly selects 50 students from a group of students who are to take a
course in statistics and then divides them into two groups by randomly assigning 25 to
Group A, the usual studies programme, and 25 to Group B, the special studies
programme.
● At the end of the course, he administers a test to each group in order to judge the
effectiveness of the training programme on the student’s performance-level.
● (Exp Hypothesis testing) Why? The type of training programme is manipulated.
 IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN
Experimental and Non-experimental
Hypothesis-Testing Research
● Purpose = Test Research Hypothesis:
1) Experimental Hypothesis-testing Research – independent variable is manipulated
2) Non-experimental Hypothesis-testing Research – independent variable NOT manipulated

Example:

For instance, suppose a researcher wants to study whether intelligence affects

reading ability for a group.
of students and for this purpose he randomly selects 50 students and tests their
intelligence and reading ability by calculating the coefficient of correlation between
the two sets of scores. This is an example of non-experimental hypothesis-testing
research because herein the independent variable, intelligence, is not
manipulated.
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN
Treatment
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN
IMPORTANT CONCEPTS RELATING TO RESEARCH DESIGN

Experimental unit(s):

The pre-determined plots or the blocks, where different treatments

are used, are known as experimental units. Such experimental units
must be selected (defined) very carefully.
Basic Principles of Experimental Design

Professor Fisher has enumerated three principles of experimental

designs:

1. Principle of Replication
2. Principle of Randomization
3. Principle of Local Control
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Basic Principles of Experimental Design
Important Experimental Design
Experimental design refers to the framework or structure of an experiment and
as such there are several experimental designs.

We can classify experimental designs into two broad categories :-

Informal Experimental Designs:
1. Before-and-after without control design.
2. After-only with control design.
3. Before-and-after with control design

Formal Experimental Designs:

1. Completely Randomized Design (C. R. Design)
2. Randomized Block Design (R. B. Design)
3. Latin Square Design (L. S. Design)
4. Factorial Designs
Important Experimental Designs
Important Experimental Design
Important Experimental Design
Important Experimental Design
Important Experimental Design
[A] Completely Randomized Design
(1) Two Group Simple Randomized Design
Important Experimental Design
[A] Completely Randomized Design
Important Experimental Design
[A] Completely Randomized Design
(2) Random Replications Design
Important Experimental Design
[B] Randomized Block Design
Important Experimental Design
[B] Randomized Block Design
Important Experimental Design
[C] Latin Square Design
FEATURES OF A GOOD RESEARCH DESIGN
A research design appropriate for a particular research problem,
usually involves the consideration of the following factors:
OBJECT
(OOMD)ORIENTED MODELLING & DESIGN

THANK YOU

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
Research Design

Prof. Priya Badarinath

[email protected]
Dept of Computer Science and Engineering
Case study of how to select a problem
for the Research
By
Dr. Deepu R
Department of Computer Science & Engineering.
The process of selecting a research problem
involves identifying a broad area of interest,
conducting a literature review, narrowing down
the focus, and ensuring the problem is relevant,
feasible, original, and ethical. By following these
steps, you can select a research problem that is
not only interesting but also contributes
meaningfully to your field.
• 1. Identify Your Broad Area of Interest
Step: Begin by identifying a broad area of interest that aligns with your expertise, resources, and
future career goals.
Casework Example: As a professor in Computer Science & Engineering with a focus on
underwater robotics, your broad area of interest might be autonomous underwater vehicle
(AUV) navigation.

• 2. Conduct a Literature Review

Step: Review the existing literature to understand the current state of research in your area of
interest. Identify gaps, unresolved questions, and areas where more work is needed.
Casework Example: Through a literature review, you discover that while significant work has
been done on AUV navigation in open waters, there is limited research on AUV path planning in
complex underwater environments like coral reefs or shipwrecks.

• 3. Narrow Down the Research Area

Step: Focus on a more specific aspect of the broad area that is both interesting and feasible for
you to explore, given your resources and constraints.
Casework Example: You decide to narrow down your research to path planning for AUVs in
cluttered underwater environments.
• 4. Identify Practical Relevance and Impact
Step: Consider the practical relevance of the research problem. Is it
addressing a significant issue? Will the results have a meaningful impact
on the field or industry?
Casework Example: You realize that improving AUV navigation in cluttered
environments could enhance marine exploration, underwater
archaeology, and environmental monitoring, making the research highly
relevant.

• 5. Assess Feasibility
Step: Evaluate the feasibility of the problem. Consider the availability of
data, required equipment, time, funding, and your own expertise.
Casework Example: You have access to a small-scale underwater testing
facility and simulation tools, making the problem of path planning for
AUVs in cluttered environments feasible for you to tackle.
• 6. Define the Research Question
Step: Formulate a clear, concise, and focused research question that guides your study. It should be
specific enough to be manageable but open enough to allow for exploration.
Casework Example: Your research question might be: “How can we improve the efficiency and
accuracy of path planning algorithms for AUVs navigating cluttered underwater environments?”
• 7. Consider the Research Methodology
Step: Think about the methodology you will use to answer your research question. This includes
the data you will collect, the tools you will use, and the analytical methods you will apply.
Casework Example: You decide to use a combination of simulations and real-world experiments to
test different path planning algorithms in a controlled underwater environment.
• 8. Evaluate the Originality and Contribution
Step: Ensure that the research problem is original and contributes new knowledge to the field. It
should not simply replicate previous studies but should offer new insights or approaches.
Casework Example: Your research on improving path planning for AUVs in cluttered environments
offers originality by addressing a less-explored aspect of underwater navigation, potentially
contributing new algorithms or techniques to the field.
• 9. Seek Feedback and Refine
Step: Discuss your research problem with peers, mentors, or experts in the field. Their feedback
can help refine your research question and approach.
Casework Example: After discussing with colleagues and attending a few conferences, you refine
your focus to developing a hybrid algorithm that combines machine learning and traditional path
planning techniques for AUVs.

• 10. Define the Scope and Objectives

Step: Clearly define the scope of your research and set specific, measurable objectives that you aim
to achieve.
Casework Example: You set objectives such as: (1) Develop a hybrid path planning algorithm; (2)
Test the algorithm in simulated and real-world environments; (3) Compare its performance against
existing algorithms.
• 11. Ensure Ethical Considerations
Step: Consider the ethical implications of your research, including the environmental impact if
applicable, and ensure that your study complies with ethical standards.
Casework Example: You assess the potential environmental impact of your underwater
experiments and ensure that your study adheres to ethical guidelines for marine research.
Research Ethics

By
Dr. Deepu R
Professor in CSE
What is Research Ethics?
Research ethics provides guidelines for the
responsible conduct of research. In addition, it
educates and monitors scientists conducting
research to ensure a high ethical standard.

Research ethics are the norms and guidelines that

guide researchers in conducting their studies with
integrity, respect for life, and adherence to
human rights. They are also known as research
integrity and are critical in the scientific
community.
Some examples of research ethics include:
• Voluntary participation
• Informed consent: The person who is invited to be part of the research
should understand both the benefits and the risks involved.
• Anonymity
• Confidentiality: A core principle of research ethics and a standard practice
in social research. Breaching confidentiality may expose informants to
harm.
• Potential for harm
• Results communication: Scientists, as well as the general public, believe
that the findings and theories are accurately reported and earnestly
discussed.
Some Ethical Principles
• Honesty:
Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate,
falsify, or misrepresent data.
• Objectivity:
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review,
personnel decisions, grant writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.
• Integrity:
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and
action.
• Carefulness:
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work and the work
of your peers. Keep good records of research activities.
• Openness:
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
• Respect for Intellectual Property:
Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data,
methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize.
 Some Ethical Principles…….
• Confidentiality:
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for publication, personnel
records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
• Responsible Publication:
Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own career. Avoid
wasteful and duplicative publication.
• Responsible Mentoring:
Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their
own decisions.
• Respect for Colleagues:
Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
• Social Responsibility:
Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public
education, and advocacy.
• Non-Discrimination:
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity, or other
factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.
• Competence:
Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through lifelong education
and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a whole.
• Legality:
Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.
• Animal Care:
Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not conduct
unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.

• Human Subjects Protection:

When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and maximize benefits;
respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy.
Seven main principles to guide the conduct of
ethical research:
• Social and clinical value.
• Scientific validity.
• Fair subject selection.
• Favorable risk-benefit ratio.
• Independent review.
• Informed consent.
• Respect for potential and enrolled subjects.
Social and clinical value
• Every research study is designed to answer a specific question. The answer should be important
enough to justify asking people to accept some risk or inconvenience for others. In other words,
answers to the research question should contribute to scientific understanding of health or improve
our ways of preventing, treating, or caring for people with a given disease to justify exposing
participants to the risk and burden of research.
Scientific validity
• A study should be designed in a way that will get an understandable answer to the important
research question. This includes considering whether the question asked is answerable, whether
the research methods are valid and feasible, and whether the study is designed with accepted
principles, clear methods, and reliable practices. Invalid research is unethical because it is a waste
of resources and exposes people to risk for no purpose
Fair subject selection
• The primary basis for recruiting participants should be the scientific goals of the study — not
vulnerability, privilege, or other unrelated factors. Participants who accept the risks of research
should be in a position to enjoy its benefits. Specific groups of participants (for example, women or
children) should not be excluded from the research opportunities without a good scientific reason
or a particular susceptibility to risk.
Favorable risk-benefit ratio
• Uncertainty about the degree of risks and benefits associated with a clinical research study is
inherent. Research risks may be trivial or serious, transient or long-term. Risks can be physical,
psychological, economic, or social. Everything should be done to minimize the risks and
inconvenience to research participants to maximize the potential benefits, and to determine that
the potential benefits are proportionate to, or outweigh, the risks.
Independent review
• To minimize potential conflicts of interest and make sure a study is ethically acceptable before it
starts, an independent review panel should review the proposal and ask important questions,
including: Are those conducting the trial sufficiently free of bias? Is the study doing all it can to
protect research participants? Has the trial been ethically designed and is the risk–benefit ratio
favorable? The panel also monitors a study while it is ongoing.
Informed consent
• Potential participants should make their own decision about whether they want to participate or
continue participating in research. This is done through a process of informed consent in which
individuals (1) are accurately informed of the purpose, methods, risks, benefits, and alternatives to
the research, (2) understand this information and how it relates to their own clinical situation or
interests, and (3) make a voluntary decision about whether to participate.
Respect for potential and enrolled participants
• Individuals should be treated with respect from the time they are
approached for possible participation — even if they refuse enrollment in
a study — throughout their participation and after their participation
ends. This includes:
• respecting their privacy and keeping their private information confidential
• respecting their right to change their mind, to decide that the research
does not match their interests, and to withdraw without a penalty
• informing them of new information that might emerge in the course of
research, which might change their assessment of the risks and benefits of
participating
• monitoring their welfare and, if they experience adverse reactions,
unexpected effects, or changes in clinical status, ensuring appropriate
treatment and, when necessary, removal from the study
• informing them about what was learned from the research
 Research misconducts?

• (a) Fabrication - making up data or results and

recording or reporting them.
• (b) Falsification - manipulating research materials, or
changing or omitting data or results such that the
research is not accurately represented in the research
record.
• (c) Plagiarism - the appropriation of another person's
ideas, processes, results, or words without giving
appropriate credit.
• (d) Research misconduct does not include honest error
or differences of opinion.
Thanks
Legislative Framework of
IP Administration
Legislative Framework of IP Administration
Department of IP &P covers
The Patents Act, 1970 (as amended in 2005)
The Patents Rules, 2003 (as amended in 2006)
The Designs Act, 2000
The Designs Rules, 2001 (as amended in 2008)
The Trade Marks Act 1999
The Trade Marks Rules 2002
The Geographical Indications of Goods
(Registration & Protection) Act, 1999
The Geographical Indications of Goods (Registration &
Protection) Rules, 2002,
Department of Education covers
The Copyrights Act 1957 (amended in 1999)
 CONTROLLER GENERAL OF PATENTS, DESIGNS
AND TRADEMARKS
(CGPDTM)

IPTI ,NIIPM,
PATENT OFFICE T M REGISTRY G.I. REGISTRY
P.I.S. Nagpur

Head Office
Head Office DESIGN OFFICE CHENNAI
MUMBAI
KOLKATA

Branch DELHI
DELHI KOLKATA

Branch KOLKATA
CHENNAI

Branch CHENNAI
MUMBAI

A’BAD
 Law and Regulations
• Patents Act, 1970
– Amended in
• 1999
• 2002
• 2005
• Patents Rules, 2003
– Amended in
• 2005
• 2006
 Legislative Measures -Patents

• From 1.1.1995
– Mail-Box for pharmaceutical and agrochemicals products
– Exclusive Marketing Rights
• From 1.1.2000
– Patent term increased to 20 years
– Definition of invention – inclusion of inventive step
– Reversal of burden of proof – on the infringer
– Mandatory compulsory licence provision for food, drugs
and chemicals removed
– Right of patentee (importation also included)
• From 1.1.2005
– Product patents for food, chemical and pharmaceutical

We have met our international commitments

Patent Law - Salient Features

• Both product and process patent provided

• Term of patent – 20 years
• Examination on request
• Both pre-grant and post-grant opposition
• Fast track mechanism for disposal of appeals
• Provision for protection of bio-diversity and
traditional knowledge
• Publication of applications after 18 months
with facility for early publication
• Substantially reduced time-lines
6
Safeguards in the Patent Law
• Compulsory license to ensure availability
of drugs at reasonable prices
• Provision to deal with public health
emergency
• Revocation of patent in public interest and
also on security considerations

7
Scope of Patentability Under
The Patents Act
 What is an Invention?

Sec.2(1)(J)
“Invention” means a new product or
process involving an inventive
step and capable of industrial
application
 Patentable subject matter
Invention must
relates to a Process or Product or
both
be new (Novel)
involves an inventive step
be Capable of industrial application
not fall under Section 3 and 4
 “NEW”
MEANS
Invention must not be
Published in India or elsewhere
In prior public knowledge or prior public
use with in India
Claimed before in any specification in
India
 Inventive step
A feature of an invention that
involves technical advance as
compared to the existing knowledge
or
have economic significance or both
and
makes the invention not obvious to
a person skilled in the art
Industrial application means
Invention is capable of
being made or used
in any kind of
industry
 Section 3 exclusions
Section 3(a)
• Frivolous inventions
• Inventions contrary to well
established natural laws
Examples
➢ Machine that gives more than 100%
performance
➢ Perpetual machine
 Section 3 exclusions
Section 3(b)
Commercial exploitation or primary use
of inventions, which is
➢Contrary to
➢public order or
➢Morality
Examples
– Gambling machine,
– Device for house-breaking ,
 Section 3 exclusions
Section 3(b)
Commercial exploitation or primary use
of inventions , which
➢Causes serious Prejudice to
➢ health or
➢ human, animal, plant life or
➢ to the environment
Examples
▪ Biological warfare material or device,
weapons of mass destruction
▪ Terminator gene technology,
▪ Embryonic stem cell
 Checks and Balances
Section 3(b)
Excludes patents on
• GMOs – exploitation of which could be
contrary public order or morality or
prejudicial to human, animal or plant life or
health or to the environment
Effect : Only genetically modified micro-
organisms (GMOs) which do not fall under
section 3 (b) are patentable.
 Section 3 exclusions
Section 3 ( c )
• Mere Discovery of a Scientific Principle or
• formulation of an Abstract Theory or
• discovery of any living thing or
• discovery of non–living substance occurring in
nature

Examples
Newton’s Laws
Superconducting Phenomenon as such
Property of certain material to withstand
mechanical shock
Discovery of micro-organism
Discovery of natural gas or a mineral
 Checks and Balances
Section 3(c)
Excludes patents on
•Naturally occurring Micro-organisms

Effect
Genetically modified microorganisms (GMOs)
are however, patentable.
 Section 3 exclusions
Section3 (d)
The mere discovery of a new form of a
known substance which does not result
in the enhancement of the known
efficacy of that substance
 Section 3 exclusions
Section3 (d) Explanation
For the purposes of this clause,
• salts, esters, ethers, polymorphs,
• metabolites, pure form, particle size,
• isomers, mixture of isomers,
• complexes, combinations and other derivatives of known substances
shall be considered to be the same substance, unless they
differ significantly in properties with regard to efficacy.

Examples
– Crystalline forms of known substance
 Checks and Balances
Section 3 (d) Explanation
Effect
Salts, esters, ethers, polymorphs, metabolite, pure
forms, particle size, isomers, complexes,
combinations and derivatives of a known substance
with enhanced efficacy are patentable
 Section 3 exclusions
Section3 (d)
Mere discovery of any new property
or new use for a known substance or
of the mere use of a known process,
machine or apparatus, unless such
known process results in a new
product or employs at least one new
reactant.
Examples
– New use of Aspirin for heart ailments,
– Mere new uses of Neem
 Section 3 exclusions
Section 3(e)
Substance obtained by mere admixture resulting only in
the aggregation of the properties of the components thereof or
a process for producing such substance

Examples
➢ Combiflam [Paracetamol (Antipyretic) + Brufen (analgesic)]
➢ Solution of sugar and color additives in water to form a soft
drink
However,
A mixture resulting into synergistic properties of
mixture of ingredients however, may be patentable
- Soap, Detergents, lubricants etc
 Checks and Balances
Section 3 ( e )
Effect
➢ Substance obtained by mere admixture
resulting only in the aggregation of the
properties of the components thereof or
➢ a process for producing such substance
are not patentable
However
Synergistic formulations are patentable
 Section 3 exclusions
Section 3 ( f )
Mere arrangement or re-arrangement
or duplication of known devices, each
functioning independently of one
another in a known way
Examples
▪A Bucket fitted with torch,
▪ An Umbrella with fan
▪ A Clock and radio in a single cabinet
▪ A flour-mill provided with sieving
 Section 3 exclusions
Section 3(h)
Method of Agriculture or Horticulture

Examples
▪ Cultivation of algae ,
▪ Producing new form of a known plant,
▪ Preparation of an improved soil
However,
Agricultural Equipments are patentable
 Section 3 exclusions
Section 3(i)
Any process for medicinal, surgical, curative, prophylactic,
diagnostic, therapeutic or other treatment of human beings
or a similar treatment of animals to render them free of
disease or to increase their economic value or that of
their products

Examples
➢ Removal of cancer tumor
➢ Removal of dental plaque and carries
➢ Surgical processes
➢ Processes relating to therapy
➢ Method of vaccination,
➢ Blood transfusion
However ,
▪Treatment performed on tissues or fluids permanently removed from the body
▪Surgical,therapeutic or diagnostic Apparatus or instruments
are patentable
 Section3 exclusions
Section 3(j)
Plants & animals in whole or any part
thereof other than micro- organisms,
but including seeds, varieties an d
species and essentially biological
process for production or propagation
of plants & animals
 Section 3 exclusions
Section 3(j)
• Plants & animals in whole
• Parts of plants & animals
• Seeds
• Varieties & species
• Essentially biological processes
for propagation or production of
the animals & plants
 Checks and Balances
Section 3(j)
Excludes patents on
• Plants and animals in whole or any parts
thereof, …… including seeds, varieties and
species and essentially biological processes
for production or propagation of plants and
animals
Examples
– Clones and new varieties of plants
– A process for production of plants or animals
if it consists entirely of natural phenomena
such as crossing or selection
– Essentially biological Process
 Section 3 exclusions
Section 3(k)
* mathematical method or
* business method or
* algorithms or
* computer programme per se

Examples
– Computer program by itself or as a record on a
carrier
However
– New calculating machine
– combination of hardware and software
is patentable
 Section 3 exclusions
Section 3(l)
A literary,dramatic, musical or artistic work or any
other aesthetic creation including cinematographic
work and television productions

These subject-matters fall under the

copyright protection
 Section 3 exclusions
Section 3(m)
A mere scheme or rule or method of performing mental
act or method of playing game

Examples
•Scheme for learning a language
•Method for solving a crossword puzzle,
•Method of learning a language
•Method of teaching /learning

However,
•Novel apparatus for playing game or carrying
out a scheme is patentable
 Section 3 exclusions
Section 3 (n)
Presentation of information
Examples
➢ Any manner or method of expressing
information whether by
➢spoken words
➢Visual display
➢symbols
➢diagrams
➢Information recorded on a carrier
 Section 3 exclusions
Section 3 (o)
Topography of integrated
circuits.

Examples
Mask works - circuits layout
 Section 3 exclusions
Section 3 (p)
Inventions which are
Traditional Knowledge or an aggregation or duplication of known
properties of traditionally known component or components
Examples
Traditional Knowledge already in public domain
- Wound healing property of Haldi
However,
Any value-addition using Traditional Knowledge leading to
a new process or product ,which is novel with inventive
step and industrial applicability,
Extraction of Azadirachtin from Neem
can be patented
Non Patentable inventions
Section 4
Inventions falling within Section 20(1)
of the Atomic Energy Act, 1962 are not
patentable
Effect
Inventions relating to compounds of Uranium, Beryllium, Thorium,
Plutonium, Radium, Graphite, Lithium and more as notified by Central
Govt. from time to time.
Stages from filing to grant
of a patent
 Obtaining a patent
• File an application for patent
– With one of the patent offices based on territorial
jurisdiction of the place of office or residence of the
applicant /agent
– Pay the required fee
• Information concerning application form and
details of fee available at www.ipindia.nic.in
• Guidelines for applicants also available on this
website
 Formality Check
• An Examiner checks the formal
requirements before accepting the
application and the fee – this is done
immediately
• Issue of application number and the cash
receipt – this is done the same day
• In case of receipt of application by post,
cash receipt, application number is sent by
post within 2-3 days
 Publication
• Application is kept secret for a period of 18
months from the date of filing
• In 19th month, the application is published in the
official journal – this journal is made available on
the website weekly
• Applicant has an option to get his application
published before 18 months also
• In that case, application is published within one
month of the request
 Request for Examination
• Application is examined on request
• Request for examination can be made
either by the applicant or by a third party
• A period of 48 months, from the date of
filing, is available for making request for
examination
 Examination
• Application is sent to an Examiner within
1 month from the date of request for
examination
• Examiner undertakes examination w.r.t.
– whether the claimed invention is not
prohibited for grant of patent
– whether the invention meets the criteria of
patentability
 Issue of FER
• A period of 1 to 3 months is available to
Examiner to submit the report to the
Controller
• 1 month’s time available to Controller to
vet the Examiner’s report
• First Examination Report (FER) containing
gist of the objections is issued within 6
months from the date of filing of request
 Response from the Applicant
• 12 months’ time, from the date of issue of
FER, is available to the applicant to meet
the objections

• If objections are met, grant of patent is

approved by the Controller – within a
period of 1 month
 Pre-grant Opposition

• After publication, an opposition can be

filed within a period of 6 months

• Opportunity of hearing the opponent is

also available
 Examination of Pre-grant
Opposition

• Opposition (documents) is sent to the

applicant

• A period of 3 months is allowed for receipt

of response
 Consideration of
Pre-grant Opposition
• After examining the opposition and the
submissions made during the hearing,
Controller may
– Either reject the opposition and grant the
patent
– Or accept the opposition and modify/reject
the patent application
• This is to be done within a period of 1
month from the date of completion of
opposition proceedings
 Grant of a Patent
• A certificate of patent is issued within 7
days

• Grant of patent is published in the official

journal
 STAGES - FILING TO GRANT OF
PATENT
FILING OF APPLICATION
• IF P.S.IS FILED C.S. TO BE FILED WITHIN 12MONTHS
PROVNL. / COMPLETE

PUBLICATION OF APPLICATION • PROMPTLY AFTER 18 MONTHS FROM P.D.

REQUEST FOR EXAMINATION • WITHIN 48 MONTHS FROM F.D.

EXAMINATION-ISSUE OF FER 3rd Party Representation

• ALL OBJECTIONS TO BE COMPLIED WITHIN 12
MONTHS
GRANT OF PATENT
OPPOSITION
• WITHIN 12 MONTHS
Decision of
Controller

Appeal
Revocation/Amendment
Appellate Board
 Renewal Fee
• To be paid within 3+6 months from date of
recording in the register [sec 142 (4) ]
• No fee for 1st and 2nd year
• Renewal fee, on yearly basis, is required to be
paid for 3rd to 20th for keeping the patent in force
• Delay upto six months from due date permissible
on payment of fee for extension of time
• Patent lapses if renewal fee is not paid within the
prescribed period
Intellectual Property Rights

Dr. Deepu R
Professor in Department of
Computer Science & Engineering
Intellectual property rights are the rights given
to persons over the creations of their minds.
They usually give the creator an exclusive right
over the use of his/her creation for a certain
period of time.
Intellectual property rights are customarily divided into
two main areas:

(i) Copyright and rights related to copyright.

The main social purpose of protection of copyright and
related rights is to encourage and reward creative
work. The rights of authors of literary and artistic
works (such as books and other writings, musical
compositions, paintings, sculpture, computer programs
and films) are protected by copyright, for a minimum
period of 50 years after the death of the author.
• (ii) Industrial property.
Industrial property can usefully be divided into two main
areas: Trademarks (The protection may last
indefinitely, provided the sign in question continues to
be distinctive). The protection of such distinctive signs
aims to stimulate and ensure fair competition and to
protect consumers, by enabling them to make
informed choices between various goods and services

Patents : The protection is usually given for a finite term

(typically 20 years in the case of patents)
 Websites
https://www.ipindia.gov.in/

https://iprsearch.ipindia.gov.in/PublicSearch/Pu
blicationSearch/ApplicationStatus
Thanks
Unit 2: Data collection, Survey and Metrics

By
Dr. Deepu R
Professor in Department of Computer Science &
Engineering
 Unit 2
Data collection, survey and metrics
Collection of Primary Data, Observation Method,
Collection of Data through Questionnaires,
Collection of Data through Schedules, Difference
between Questionnaires and Schedules, Collection
of Secondary Data. Literature survey and
comparative analysis, Indexing databases, Citation
databases: Web of science, Scopus etc. Research
Metrics: Impact factor of journal citation report,
SNIP, SJR, IPP, cite score. Metrics: h index, g index,
i10 index, altmetrics.
 Indexing databases
• Indexing databases are used to organize and list
journals and articles, and to provide access to
research analytics results, bibliometric data, and
performance improvement. They can be
organized based on factors such as disciplines,
geographic regions, and subjects.
• Database indexing is a data structure that helps
retrieve information from a database quickly. It's
used when the data is too large to search for
iteratively. Some types of database indexes
include:
• Composite indexes
Created by adding the values of two or more
fields together.
• Hash indexes
Use hashes to map each hash value to a
location in the database, where the
corresponding data is stored
• Bitmap indexes
Used on large tables with many rows, and
store one row for each key in the table
 Citation databases
• A citation database allows you to access
published, peer-reviewed, high-quality material
such as journal articles, research reports,
systematic reviews, conference proceedings,
editorials, and related works.
Scopus
• Scopus is a scientific abstract and citation
database, launched by the academic publisher
Elsevier as a competitor to older Web of Science
in 2004
• JSTOR
• ScienceDirect
• Web of Science
• PubMed
• Semantic Scholar
• Google Scholar
• Directory of Open Access Journals
• MEDLINE
• IEEE Xplore
• SCI
 Research Metrics
• Impact factor of journal citation report: The Journal Citation Reports (JCR) impact factor (IF) is a metric
that measures how often articles from a journal are cited in a given year: The IF is calculated by dividing
the number of times articles were cited by the number of citable items published in the previous two
years.
Meaning
• An IF of 1.0 means that, on average, articles published one or two years ago have been cited once. An IF of
2.5 means that, on average, articles published one or two years ago have been cited two and a half
times. The IF can be used to compare a journal's relative importance to others in the same field. It can also
help determine which journals may be better for a collection.

• SNIP (Source Normalized Impact per Paper) : A SNIP of 1.0 means that a journal's articles are cited at the
average rate for all journals in the same subject area; anything over 1.0 indicates more citations than
average in the field while a SNIP of less than 1.0 is below the average.
• SJR (SCImago Journal Rank): SCImago Journal Rank (SJR) is a portal that includes the journals and country
scientific indicators developed from the information contained in the Scopus database (Elsevier).

• IPP : The impact per publication, calculated as the number of citations given in the present year to
publications in the past three years divided by the total number of publications in the past three years. IPP
is fairly similar to the well-known journal impact factor.

• CiteScore : CiteScore (CS) of an academic journal is a measure reflecting the yearly average number of
citations to recent articles published in that journal. It is produced by Elsevier, based on the citations
recorded in the Scopus database.
 Metrics
• h index : Hirsch2 was of the opinion that 20 h-index is Good,40 is Outstanding and
60 is Exceptional but after 20 years of research life. He further pointed out that
approximately 84% of Physicists with Nobel Prizes had h-index of 30. The h-
index captures research output based on the total number of publications and the
total number of citations to those works, providing a focused snapshot of an
individual's research performance. Example: If a researcher has 15 papers, each of
which has at least 15 citations, their h-index is 15.
• g index: The Glasgow Index gives more weight to highly-cited articles. To calculate
the g-index: "[Given a set of articles] ranked in decreasing order of the number of
citations that they received, the g-index is the (unique) largest number such that
the top g articles received (together) at least g² citations."
• i10 index : Developed by Google Scholar, the author i10-index is the number of
articles published by an author that have received at least 10 citations.
• Altmetrics : Altmetrics let us measure and monitor the reach and impact of
scholarship and research through online interactions. Altmetrics stands for
"alternative metrics." The "alternative" part references traditional measurements
of academic success such as citation counts, journal prestige (impact factor), and
author H-index.
Thank You
Research Writing and Ethics

Methods of Data Collection

Priya badarinath and Raghu B. A.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering
[email protected], [email protected]
Research Writing and Ethics

Ch. 6: Methods of Data Collection

Priya Badarinath and Raghu B. A.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering
CONTENTS

1) Introduction
2) Collection of Primary Data
3) Types of Collection of Primary Data
a)Observation Method
b)Interview Method
c)Through Questionnaires
d)Through Schedules
◆Differences
a) Collection of Secondary Data
b) Selection Criteria
DATA COLLECTION
Primary data Collection :

● Fresh
● First Time
● Original in Character

Secondary data Collection :

● Already collected by some one
● Already passed through statistical process
SURVEY Vs EXPERIMENT
COLLECTION OF PRIMARY DATA

1. Observation Method
2. Interview Method
a. Personal Interview
b. Telephonic Interview
3. Questionnaires
4. Schedules
5. Other methods
OBSERVATION Method
● Related to Behavioral Sciences
● Non scientific method – To observe things around us
● Scientific tool -
● systematically planned and recorded,
● subjected to checks and
● Controls on validity and reliability.
● Information is sought by way of investigators own direct observation w/o
asking respondents

Advantages :
1. Subjective bias is eliminated ; if observation done accurately.
2. Relates to current happenings
3. Independent of respondents
Limitations:
1. Expensive method
2. Limited information is provided.
3. Unforeseen factors interfere
4. People may not be accessible
OBSERVATION

While using this method researcher should keep following in mind

● What should be observed?
● How should observation be recorded?
● How can accuracy be ensured?

Few Terminologies
● Structured Observation
● Units, style, standardised conditions, pertinent data selection
● Descriptive studies
● Unstructured Observation
● Exploratory studies
● Participant Observation
● Non Participant Observation (Disguised Observation)
● Controlled and Non Controlled Observation.
INTERVIEW METHOD

Presentation of Oral Verbal Stimuli and reply in oral verbal

responses.

2 types
● Personal Interview
● Telephonic Interview
PERSONAL INTERVIEW METHOD

● Requires person as interviewer asking questions generally F2F

contact to other person.
● Direct Personal Interview : Interviewer must collect info
personally from sources concerned.
● He has to be on the spot and has to meet people from whom
data has to be collected.
● Indirect Personal Interview : Interviewer cross examines other
person who are supposed to have knowledge about the problem
under investigation.
PERSONAL INTERVIEW METHOD

● Face to Face contact with person / persons.

● Direct personal investigation or indirect oral investigation
● DPI- Interviewer collect information personally from sources concerned.
● He has to be on spot and has to meet people from whom data have to be
collected.
Structured Interview:
● Method of collecting information through personal interview usually done is structured way.
● Predetermined set of questions.
● Rigid procedure asking the questions in form and order prescribed.

Unstructured Interview
● Flexibility approach of questioning.
● Do not follow predetermined questions and standards
● Interviewer allowed much greater freedom to ask, ask supplementary questions, omit certain questions.
● He may change sequence of questions

Focused Interview
Clinical Interview
Non Directive Interview
MERITS OF INTERVIEW METHOD

● More information in greater depth

● Greater flexibility to restructure questions.
● Observation – applied to recording verbal answers
● Personal information can be easily obtained.
● Low non responsive
● Interviewer can easily control which person will answer
the questions.
● Language of the interview can be adopted easily,
misinterpretations concerning questions can be avoided.
DEMERITS OF INTERVIEW METHOD

● Expensive – when large geographical locations are taken

as samples.
● Few respondents may not be easily approachable
● Time consuming when sample is large.
● Presence of interviewer may stimulate respondents.
● Selecting, training and supervising field staff is complex.
PREREQUISITES & BASIC TENETS OF INTERVIEW METHOD

● Interviewer should be carefully selected, trained and briefed.

● They should be honest, sincere and hardworking, must
possess technical competence and necessary practical
experience.
● Field checks should be made – to ensure interviewer is neither
cheating nor deviating from instructions given.
TELEPHONIC INTERVIEW
● Method of collecting information contacting respondents over
telephone.
● Not widely used, but plays important role in industry surveys.

Merits:
1) More flexible
2) Faster than other modes
3) Cheaper than personal interview
4) Replies can be recorded.
5) Easy to call back
6) No field staff requirement
7) Higher rate of response than mailing method
8) Wider range of respondents
TELEPHONIC INTERVIEW

Demerits:
1) Little time given to respondents to answer
2) Extensive geographic coverage may be restricted because of cost.
3) Questions to be short, answers to the point
4) Survey is restricted to respondents with telephones
5) Not suitable for comprehensive answers.
6) Probability of bias of interviewer is relatively more
QUESTIONNAIRE

● Big enquiries – economic and business surveys.

● Being adopted – private individuals, research workers, private
and public organizations, governments.
● Questions are sent (by post) to persons concerned and required
to answer and return.
● Consists of number of questions printed or typed in definite order
on a form/s.
● Questionnaire is mailed to respondent/s and who is expected to
read and understand the questions and write down their reply in
space meant for the purpose.
QUESTIONNAIRE

Merits
1. Low cost even over large geographic area.
2. Free from bias of interviewer
3. Respondents have adequate time to respond
4. Respondents who are not easily approachable can also be reached
conveniently.
5. Large samples can be made use of, results can be reliable

Demerits
1. Low rate of return
2. Used when respondents are educated and cooperating.
3. Control over questionnaire may be lost when sent.
4. Inbuilt inflexibility – amending approach once dispatched.
5. Difficult to know whether willing respondents are truly representative.
6. Slowest of all methods.
7. Incomplete/ambiguous answers – hard to interpret.
QUESTIONNAIRE

Pilot Study may be required to test the questionnaire – rehearsal of main

survey:
● Weakness of questionnaire may be identified

● Omission of questions

● Modification (reordering/rewording/rephrasing) of questions may be

required – wrong interpretation of question by respondent

Main aspects of questionnaire:

a)General form
b)Question sequence
c)Question formulation and wordings
● Very clear in construction – simple, easily understood

● Open ended questions

● Multiple choice questions, True/False

Essentials of a good questionnaire:

CONTENTS

1) Introduction
2) Collection of Primary Data
3) Types of Collection of Primary Data
a)Observation Method
b)Interview Method
c)Through Questionnaires
d)Through Schedules
◆Differences
a) Collection of Secondary Data
b) Selection Criteria
SCHEDULES
● The schedule is another data collection technique containing statements,
questions, and blank spaces to fill up the answers given by the respondents
to the enumerator or interviewer.

● A schedule is a structure of a set of questions on a given topic which are

asked by the interviewer or investigator personally. ... It contains direct
questions as well as questions in tabular form. Schedule include open-
ended questions and close-ended questions.

● Schedules are filled by enumerators who are appointed for this purpose.
● These enumerators go to respondents, ask listed questions and record the
replies.
● In few instances schedules may be handed over to respondents and
enumerators may help them in recording answers.
● Enumerators should explain objectives of investigation and remove
difficulty giving appropriate clarifications.
SCHEDULES
● Benefits:
● It is a useful method in case the informants are illiterate.
● The researcher can overcome the problem of non-response as the
enumerators go personally to obtain the information.
● It is very useful in extensive studies and
● Can obtain more reliable data

● Demerits
● Very expensive

● Enumerator selection

● Enumerators to be trained extensively

Differences between Questionnaires and Schedules:
Both questionnaires and schedules are popularly used methods of collecting data in
research surveys. There is much resemblance in the nature of these two methods. From a
practical point of view, the two methods can be taken to be the same. But from a technical
point of view there is difference between the two.

The important points of difference are as under:

# Questionnaires Schedules
1 ● Filled out by the respondent. Generally filled out by the research worker or the
enumerator.
2 Relatively cheap and economical; Relatively more expensive;
no field staff required. appointing enumerators and in imparting training to
them; preparing schedules also has costs.
3 Non-response is usually high; Generally Non-response very low;
Bias due to non-response often remains Since filled by enumerators who get answers to all
indeterminate. questions;
Danger of interviewer bias and cheating exists.
4 Not always clear as to who replies, respondent Identity of respondent is known to enumerator.
or someone on his/her behalf.
5 Personal contact is generally not possible. Direct personal contact is established with
Differences between Questionnaires and Schedules:

# Questionnaires Schedules
6 Personal contact is generally not possible. Direct personal contact is established with
respondents.
7 Can be used only when respondents are Respondents may be illiterate.
literate and cooperative.
8 Wider and more representative Difficulty in sending
distribution of sample enumerators over a relatively wider area.
9 Risk of collecting incomplete and wrong Relatively more accurate;
information is relatively more particularly Generally complete and accurate as
when people are unable to understand enumerators can remove the difficulties, if any.
questions properly.
10 Success lies more on the quality of the Depends upon the honesty and competence of
questionnaire itself. enumerators.
11 Physical appearance of questionnaire Not Applicable.
must be quite attractive.
SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION
● Data already available – already collected and analysed by someone
else.
● Researcher should look into sources from where s/he can obtain.
● 2 forms of secondary data:
○ Published
○ Unpublished.
SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION
Published -
a) Publication in form of central, state and local government.
b) Publication of foreign govt and international bodies.
c) Technical and trade journals
d) Books, magazines and newspapers
e) Reports and publications of various business associations,
industries, banks, stock exchanges, etc.
f) Reports prepared by universities, scholars, economists
g) public records and statistics, historical documents,
h) websites - Ex : RBI, NSE, etc.

Unpublished
■ diaries, letters, biographies, autobiographies, also made
available with scholars and workers, trade associations, etc.
SECONDARY DATA COLLECTION
Caution before using secondary data to see following characteristics:
1. Reliability of data:
● Who collected the data?
● What were the sources of data?
● Were they collected using proper methods?
● At what time were they collected?
● Was it achieved?

2. Suitability of data:
● Data suitable for one enquiry may not be suitable for another.
Hence if the data is found unsuitable it should not be used.

3. Adequacy of data:
● If the level of accuracy is found to be inadequate, it should not
be considered for research.
THANK YOU

Priya Badarinath and Raghu B. A.

Department of Computer Science and Engineering
[email protected], [email protected]