Magnetism 87

Sm Ng


Sg Nm

The molecular theory of magnetism was given by Weber and modified later by Ewing. According to this

theory.

Every molecule of a substance is a complete magnet in itself. However, in an magnetised substance the

molecular magnets are randomly oriented to give zero net magnetic moment. On magnetising, the molecular

magnets are realigned in a specific direction leading to a net magnetic moment.

(Unmagnetised) (Magnetised)

Note :  On heating/hammering the magnetism of magnetic substance reduces.

Bar Magnet.
A bar magnet consist of two equal and opposite magnetic pole separated by a small distance. Poles are

not exactly at the ends. The shortest distance between two poles is called effective length ( Le) and is less then its
2R
geometric length (Lg).
S N S N
Le = 2 l
Lg
5
Le   Lg
6 Le = 2 R and Lg = R
88 Magnetism

(1) Directive properties : When a magnet suspended freely it stays in the earth’s N-S direction (in magnetic

meridian).
Magnetic axis
N
S
Magnetic meridian

(2) Monopole concept : If a magnet is Broken into number of pieces, each piece becomes a magnet. This in

turn implies that monopoles do not exist. (i.e., ultimate individual unit of magnetism in any magnet is called

dipole).

S N

S N S N S N

(3) For two rods as shown, if both the rods attract in case (i) and doesn’t attract in case (ii) then, B is a

magnetic and A is simple iron rod. Repulsion is sure test of magnetism.

A B

B A
(i) (ii)

(4) Pole strength (m) : The strength of a magnetic pole to attract magnetic materials towards itself is known

as pole strength.

(i) It is a scalar quantity.

(ii) Pole strength of N and S pole of a magnet is conventionally represented by +m and –m respectively.

(iii) It's SI unit is amp × m or N/Tesla and dimensions are [LA].

 Magnetism 89

(iv) Pole strength of the magnet depends on the nature of material of magnet and area of cross section. It

doesn't depends upon length.

S N
S N
SS
A – more
N
N
SS
SS
A – less NN
S N NN
S N SS
S
S m – more N m – less N
N


(5) Magnetic moment or magnetic dipole moment (M) : It represents the strength of magnet.
 
Mathematically it is defined as the product of the strength of either pole and effective length. i.e. M  m(2 l )

(i) It is a vector quantity directed from south to north. –m +m

S N
L = 2l

(ii) It's S.I. unit amp×m2 or N-m/Tesla and dimensions [AL2] M

(iii) Magnetic moment in various other situations.

Current carrying coil

M
Magnetic moment M = NiA

i i M
N = number of turns,

i= current through the coil, A= Area of the coil

Combination of bar magnet

M2
S M net  M 12  M 22  2 M 1 M 2 cos 

N  M net M 2 sin 
 tan  
N S M 1  M 2 cos 
M1

N
2M M N 2M

M S 60o S N M
S 90o N S S N M
3M
M
N S
M Mnet = 2M

Revolving charge

(a) Orbital electron : In an atom electrons revolve around the nucleus in circular orbit and it is equivalent to the
90 Magnetism

flow of current in the orbit. Thus the orbit of electrons is considered as tiny current loop with magnetic moment.

e r 2 1 e eh
M  e A   evr  L ; where,  = angular speed,  = frequency, v = linear speed and
2 2 2m 4m
L= Angular moment I.
QL QI
(b) For geometrical symmetrical charged rotating bodies : The magnetic moment given by M   ; where
2m 2m
m = mass of rotating body, Q = charge on body, I = moment of inertia of rotating body about axis of rotation.

mR 2 1 1 mL 2 1
I , M  QR 2 I  MR 2 , M  QR 2 I , M  Q L2
2 4 2 12 24

Note :  Bohr magneton  B 

eh
 9.27×10–24 A/m2 . It serves as natural unit of magnetic moment.
4m
Bohr magneton can be defined as the orbital magnetic moment of an electron circulating in inner
most orbit.

 Magnetic moment of straight current carrying wire is zero.

 Magnetic moment of toroid is zero.

 If a magnetic wire of magnetic moment (M) is bent into any shape then it's M decreases as it's
length (L) always decreases and pole strength remains constant.
L/3
L
L/2 R
L/3 L/3
–m +m L = R
L/2
M = mL
M'  M / 2 M'  M / 3 M'  2M /  M = 0

(6) Cutting of a bar magnet : Suppose we have a rectangular bar magnet having length, breadth and mass
are L, b and w respectively if it is cut in n equal parts along the length as well as perpendicular to the length
simultaneously as shown in the figure then
b
b

L
L
 Magnetism 91

L b w
Length of each part L'  , breadth of each part b '  , Mass of each part w'  , pole strength of
n n n
m m L M
each part m '  , Magnetic moment of each part M '  m ' L'   
n n n n
If initially moment of inertia of bar magnet about the axes passing from centre and perpendicular to it’s
 L2  b 2 
length is I  w   then moment of inertia of each part I'  I
 12  n2
 

Note :  For short bar magnet b = 0 so L' 

L w
, w'  , m '  m , M ' 
M I
and I'  3
n n n n
 Commonly asked question
S N A/2
S N  S N  S N
S N A/2
L L L L/2 L/2
(m, M) m = m/2, M = M/2 (m, M)
m = m, M = M/2

Various Terms Related to Magnetism.

(1) Magnetic field and magnetic lines of force : Space around a magnetic pole or magnet or current carrying

wire within which it's effect can be experienced is defined magnetic field. Magnetic field can be represented with

the help of a set of lines or curves called magnetic lines of force.

       

       

       
N S S N
       

       

Isolated north pole Isolated south pole Magnetic dipole Inward magnetic field Outward magnetic field

(2) Magnetic flux () and flux density (B)

92 Magnetism

(i) The number of magnetic lines of force passing normally through a surface is defined as magnetic flux ( ).

It's S.I. unit is weber (wb) and CGS unit is Maxwell.

Remeber 1 wb = 108 maxwell.

(ii) When a piece of a magnetic substance is placed in an external magnetic field the substance becomes

magnetised. The number of magnetic lines of induction inside a

magnetised substance crossing unit area normal to their direction is called

S N
magnetic induction or magnetic flux density (B). It is a vector quantity.

It's SI unit is Tesla which is equal to

wb N J volt  sec
  
m 2
amp  m amp  m 2 m2

and CGS unit is Gauss. Remember 1 Tesla = 104 Gauss.

Note :  Magnetic flux density can also be defined in terms of force experienced by a unit north

F
pole placed in that field i.e. B  .
m0

(3) Magnetic permeability : It is the degree or extent to which magnetic lines of force can enter a substance

and is denoted by . or

Characteristic of a medium which allows magnetic flux to pass through it is called it's permeability. e.g.

permeability of soft iron is 1000 times greater than that of air.

In air In soft iron

Also  =  0  r ; where  0  absolute permeability of air or free space = 4  10 7 tesla m / amp .

B flux density in material
and  r  Relative permeability of the medium =  .
B 0 flux density in vacuum
 Magnetism 93

(4) Intensity of magnetising field (H ) (magnetising field) : It is the degree or extent to which a magnetic
B
field can magnetise a substance. Also H  .

N N J J
It's SI unit is A / m.    3  It's CGS unit is Oersted. Also 1oersted = 80
m  Tesla
2
wb m  Tesla m  wb
A/ m
(5) Intensity of magnetisation (I) : It is the degree to which a substance is magnetised when placed in a

magnetic field.

It can also be defined as the pole strength per unit cross sectional area of the substance or the induced

dipole moment per unit volume.

m M
Hence I=  . It is a vector quantity, it's S.I. unit is Amp/m.
A V
(6) Magnetic susceptibility (m) : It is the property of the substance which shows how easily a substance can

be magnetised. It can also be defined as the ratio of intensity of magnetisation ( I) in a substance to the magnetic
I
intensity (H) applied to the substance, i.e.  m  . It is a scalar quantity with no units and dimensions.
H
(7) Relation between permeability and susceptibility : Total magnetic flux density B in a material is the sum

of magnetic flux density in vacuum B 0 produced by magnetising force and magnetic flux density due to

magnetisation of material B m . i.e. B  B 0  B m

 B   0 H   0 I   0 (H  I)   0 H (1   m ) . Also  r  (1   m )

Note :  In CGS B  H  4I and   1  4 m .

Force and Field.

(1) Coulombs law in magnetism : The force between two magnetic poles of strength m1 and m2 lying at a
m m 
distance r is given by F  k . 1 2 2 . In S.I. units k  0  10 7 wb / Amp  m , In CGS units k  1
r 4
(2) Magnetic field
F
(i) Magnetic field due to an imaginary magnetic pole (Pole strength m) : Is given by B 
m0
0 m
also B  .
4 d 2
(ii) Magnetic field due to a bar magnet : At a distance r from the centre of magnet
 e B
Be
g
Equatorial line

 +
S N 
a Ba
2l
94 Magnetism

(a) On axial position

 0 2 Mr
Ba  ;
4  (r 2  l 2 )2

0 2M
If l<<r then B a 
4 r 3
0 M  M
(b) On equatorial position : B e  ; If l <<r ; then B e  0 3
4 (r  l )
2 2 3/2
4 r

0 M
(c) General position : In general position for a short bar magnet B g  (3 cos 2   1)
4 r 3

(3) Bar magnet in magnetic field : When a bar magnet is left free in an uniform magnetic field, if align it

self in the directional field.

(i) Torque :  = MB sin     M  B

(ii) Work : W  MB(1  cos  )

(iii) Potential energy : U  MB cos    M . B ; ( = Angle made by the dipole with the field)

Note :  For more details see comparative study of electric and magnetic dipole in electrostatics.
(4) Gauss's law in magnetism : Net magnetic flux through any surface is always zero i.e.  B.ds  0
Concepts

 The property of magnetism is materials is on account of magnetic moment in the material.

 Atoms which have paired electron have the magnetic moment zero.
 Magnetostriction : The length of an iron bar changes when it is magnetised, when an iron bar magnetised it's length
increases due to alignment of spins parallel to the field. This increase is in the direction of magnetisation. This effect is known
as magnetostriction.

 A current carrying solenoid can be treated as the arrangement of small magnetic dipoles placed in line with each other as
shown. The number of such small magnetic dipoles is equal to the number of such small magnetic
 dipoles
S isN equal to the
number of turns in the in the solvent

 When a magnetic dipole of moment M moves from unstable equilibrium to stable equilibrium position in a magnetic field B,

B=0
 Magnetism 95

the kinetic energy by it will be 2 MB.

 Intensity of magnetisation (I) is produced in materials due to spin motion of electrons.
 For protecting a sensitive equipment from the external magnetic field it should be placed inside an iron cane. (magnetic
shielding)

Examples

Example: 1 The work done in turning a magnet of magnetic moment M by an angle of 90° form the meridian, is n
times the corresponding work done to turn it through an angle of 60°. The value of n is given by[MP PET 2003]

(a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 1/2 (d) 1/4

Solution : (a)  
W  MB(1  cos )  W0 o 90 o  nx W0 o 60 o  MB(1  cos 90 o )  n  MB(1  cos 60 o )  n  2

Example: 2 The magnetic susceptibility of a material of a rod is 499, permeability of vacuum is 4  10 7 H / m .

Permeability of the material of the rod in henry/metre is

(a)   10 4 (b) 2  10 4 (c) 3  10 4 (d) 4  10 4

Solution : (b) r  (1   m )  r  (1  499 )  500 Also   0 r  4  10 7  500  2  10 4

Example: 3 A magnetic needle lying parallel to a magnetic field requires W units of work to turn it through 60°. The
torque required to maintain the needle in this position will be
3
(a) 3W (b) – W (c) W (d) 2W
2
MB 3 MB
Solution : (a)  = MB sin  and W  MB(1  cos )  W  MB(1  cos 60 o )  . Hence  = MB sin 60 o   3W
2 2
Example: 4 An iron rod of length L and magnetic moment M is bent in the form of a semicircle. Now its magnetic
moment will be [CPMT 1984; MP Board 1986; NCERT 1975; MP PET/PMT 1988; EAMCET (Med.) 1995;

Manipal MEE 1995; RPMT 1996; BHU 1995; MP PMT 2002]

2M M
(a) M (b) (c) (d) M
 
Solution : (b) On bending a rod it's pole strength remains unchanged where as it's magnetic moment changes

 2L  2M S N 
New magnetic moment M '  m (2 R)  m   S N
    L L' = 2 R
 96 Magnetism

Example: 5 A short bar magnet with its north pole facing north forms a neutral point at P in the horizontal plane. It the
magnet is rotated by 90° in the horizontal plane, the net magnetic induction at P is : (Horizontal
component of earth's magnetic field = BH)
5
(a) 0 (b) 2 BH (c) BH (d) 5 BH
2
Solution : (d) Initially N BH
N
E
W P
S S B

Neutral point is obtained on equatorial line and at neutral point | B H | | B e |

Where BH  Horizontal component of earth's magnetic field and Be  Magnetic field due to bar magnet
on it's equatorial line N BH
E
Finally S N Ba
W P
S

Point P comes on axial line of the magnet and at P, net magnetic field

B BH2  Ba2  (2 Be )2  (BH )2  (2 BH )2  BH2  5 BH

Example: 6 A bar magnet of magnetic moment 3.0 Amp  m is placed in a uniform magnetic induction field of
2  10 5 T. If each pole of the magnet experiences a force of 6  10 4 N the length of the magnet is
(a) 0. 5 m (b) 0. 3 m (c) 0.2 m (d) 0.1 m
M 3
Solution : (d) M  mL and F  mB , F   B  6  10  4   2  10  5  L  0 .1m
L L
Example: 7 Force between two identical bar magnets whose centres are r metre apart is 4.8 N when their axes are in
the same line. If the separation is increases to 2 r metre, the force between them is reduced to
[AIIMS 1995; Pb. CET 1997]

(a) 2.4 N (b) 1.2 N (c) 0.6 N (d) 0.3 N

4
F d 
2
1 4 . 8  2r 
Solution : (d) Force between two bar magnet F  4
 1   2       F2  0 .3 N Where d= separation
d F2  d1  F2  r 
between magnets.
Example: 8 Two identical magnetic dipoles of magnetic moments 1.0 A-m2 each, placed at a separation of 2m with
their axis perpendicular to each other. The resultant magnetic field at a point midway between the dipoles
is
[Roorkee 1995]

T
(a) 5  10 7 T (b) 5  10 7 T (c) (d) None of these
2
 Magnetism 97

0 2M 2 1  M 1
Solution : (b) B1  .  10 7  ; B2  0  10 7  ; Bnet  (2  10 7 )2  (10 7 )2  5  10 7 T
4  r  3
2
3 4  r
3
2
3
       
2 2 2 2
Example: 9 A magnet of magnetic moment 20 C.G.S. units is freely suspended in a uniform magnetic field of intensity
0.3 C.G.S. units. The amount of work done in deflecting it by an angle of 30° in C.G.S. units is [MP PET 1991]

(a) 6 (b) 3 3 (c) 3(2  3 ) (d) 3

Solution : (c) W  MB(1  cos )  W  20  0.3(1  cos 30 o )  3(2  3 )

Example: 10 The magnetic field at a point X on the axis of a small bar magnet is equal to the field at a point Y on the
equator of the same magnet. The ratio of the distance of X and Y from the centre of the magnet is
[MP PMT 1990]

(a) 2 3 (b) 2 1 / 3 (c) 2 3 (d) 21 / 3

Solution : (d) Suppose distances of points X and Y from magnet are x and y respectively then According to question
 0 2 M 0 M x 21 / 3
Baxial  Bequatorial  . 3  . 3  
4 x 4 y y 1
Example: 11 A magnetising field of 2000 A/m produces a flux 6.28  10 4 weber in a rod. If the area of cross-section is
2  10 5 m 2 . Then the relative permeability of the substance is

(a) 0 .75  10 2 (b) 1.25  10 4 (c) 0.25 (d) 1.01

4
  6.28  10
Solution : (b) By using B  0 r H and B  ,  r    1.25  10 4
A A 0 H 2  10  5  4  10 7  2000
Example: 12 Due to a small magnet intensity at a distance x in the end on position is 9 Gauss. What will be the intensity
x
at a distance on broad side on position
2
(a) 9 Gauss (b) 4 Gauss (c) 36 Gauss (d) 4.5 Gauss
2M M 8M
Solution : (c) In C.G.S. Baxial  9  .....(i) Bequaterial   .....(ii)
x3 x
3
x3
 
2

From equation (i) and (ii) Bequaterial  36 Gauss.

Example: 13 The magnetic moment produced in a substance of 1 gm is 6  10 7 ampere  metre 2 . If its density is

5 gm / cm 3 , then the intensity of magnetisation in A/m will be

(a) 8.3  10 6 (b) 3.0 (c) 1.2  10 7 (d) 3  10 6

M M 5  10 3 kg
Solution : (b) I  , given mass = 1gm = 10 3 kg , and density = 5 gm / cm 3  2 3 3
 5  10 3 kg / m 3
V mass/densi ty (10 ) m

6  10 7  5  10 3
Hence I  3
10  3
 98 Magnetism

Example: 14 The distance between the poles of a horse shoe magnet is 0.1 m and its pole strength is 0.01 amp-m. The

induction of magnetic field at a point midway between the poles will be

(a) 2  10 5 T (b) 4  10 6 T (c) 8  10 7 T (d) Zero

Solution : (c) Net magnetic field at mid point P, B  B N  B S

0.1 m
P
where B N  magnetic field due to N- pole S BN Bs N

BS  magnetic field due to S- pole

0 m 0 .01
B N  BS   10 7   4  10 7 T  Bnet  8  10 7 T .
4 r 2
 0 .1 
2
 
 2 

Example: 15 A cylindrical rod magnet has a length of 5 cm and a diameter of 1 cm. It has a uniform magnetisation of

5.30 × 103Amp/m3 . What its magnetic dipole moment

(a) 1  10 2 J / T (b) 2.08  10 2 J / T (c) 3.08  10 2 J / T (d) 1.52  10 2 J / T

Solution : (b) Relation for dipole moment is, M  I  V , Volume of the cylinder V  r 2 l, Where r is the radius and l is

the length of the cylinder, then dipole moment,

22
M  I  r 2 l  (5 .30  10 3 )   (0 .5  10  2 )2 (5  10  2 )  2.08  10 2 J / T
7

Example: 16 A bar magnet has a magnetic moment of 2.5 JT 1 and is placed in a magnetic field of 0 .2T . Work done in

turning the magnet from parallel to anti-parallel position relative to field direction is

(a) 0 .5 J (b) 1 J (c) 2 J (d) 0J

Solution : (b) Work done, W   MB(cos  2  cos 1 )   MB(cos 180 o  cos 0 o )   MB(1  1)  2 MB  2  2.5  0.2  1 J

Example: 17 A bar magnet with it's poles 25 cm apart and of pole strength 24 amp×m rests with it's centre on a

frictionless pivot. A force F is applied on the magnet at a distance of 12 cm from the pivot so that it is held

in equilibrium at an angle of 30° with respect to a magnetic field of induction 0.25 T. The value of force F

is

(a) 5.62 N (b) 2.56 N (c) 6.52 N (d) 6.25 N

Solution : (d) In equilibrium

 Magnetism 99

mlB sin  24  0.25  0.25 sin 30 o

Magnetic torque = Deflecting torque  MB sin   F.d or F   6 .25 N
d 0.12

Example: 18 Two identical bar magnets with a length 10 cm and weight 50 gm – weight are arranged freely with their

like poles facing in a arranged vertical glass tube. The upper magnet hangs in the air above the lower one

so that the distance between the nearest pole of the magnet is 3 mm. Pole strength of the poles of each
S
magnet will be N
N
(a) 6.64 amp  m S

(b) 2 amp  m

(c) 10.25 amp  m

(d) None of these

Solution : (a) The weight of upper magnet should be balanced by the repulsion between the two magnet

 m2 m2
 .  50 gm  wt  10 7   50  10  3  9.8  m  6.64 amp  m
4 r 2 (9  10  6 )

Tricky Example: 1

A bar magnet of magnetic moment 2.0 A-m2 is free to rotate about a vertical axis passing through
its centre. The magnet is released form rest from east–west position. Then the kinetic energy of the
magnet as it takes north-south position is (Horizontal component of earth's field is 25  T )
[EAMCET (Engg.) 1996]

(a) 25 J (b) 50 J (c) 100 J (d) 12 .5 J

B
Solution : (b) When a bar magnet suspended freely in earth's magnetic field, it always align it self in Hthe direction
S N M
of field (i.e. along N – S direction)
So by using U   MB H cos  ; where   angle between M and B H
U   M  B cos 0  2  25  50 J

Earth’s magnetic Field (Terrestrial Magnetism).

As per the most established theory it is due to the rotation of the earth where by the various charged ions

present in the molten state in the core of the earth rotate and constitute a current.
Geographic
Magnetic
axis
axis

Sm Ng

Equator

Sg Nm
100 Magnetism

(1) The magnetic field of earth is similar to one which would be obtained if a huge magnet is assumed to
be buried deep inside the earth at it's centre.

(2) The axis of rotation of earth is called geographic axis and the points where it cuts the surface of earth are
called geographical poles (Ng, Sg). The circle on the earth's surface perpendicular to the geographical axis is called
equator.

(3) A vertical plane passing through the geographical axis is called geographical meridian.

(4) The axis of the huge magnet assumed to be lying inside the earth is called magnetic axis of the earth.
The points where the magnetic axis cuts the surface of earth are called magnetic poles. The circle on the earth's
surface perpendicular to the magnetic axis is called magnetic equator.

(5) Magnetic axis and Geographical axis don't coincide but they makes an angle of 17.5° with each other.

(6) Magnetic equator divides the earth into two hemispheres. The hemisphere containing south polarity of
earth's magnetism is called northern hemisphere while the other, the southern hemisphere.

(7) The magnetic field of earth is not constant and changes irregularly from place to place on the surface of
the earth and even at a given place in varies with time too.

(8) Direction of earth's magnetic field is from S (geographical south) to N (Geographical north).
Elements of Earth's Magnetic Field.
The magnitude and direction of the magnetic field of the earth at a place are completely given by certain.

quantities known as magnetic elements.

(1) Magnetic Declination () : It is the angle between geographic and the magnetic meridian planes.


BH
 N
  oE
oW 

BV
Geographical B W E
meridian
Magnetic
meridian
S
 Magnetism 101

Declination at a place is expressed at  o E or  o W depending upon whether the north pole of the
compass needle lies to the east or to the west of the geographical axis.

(2) Angle of inclination or Dip () : It is the angle between the direction of intensity of total magnetic field of
earth and a horizontal line in the magnetic meridian.

(3) Horizontal component of earth's magnetic field ( BH) : Earth's magnetic field is horizontal only at the
magnetic equator. At any other place, the total intensity can be resolved into horizontal component ( BH) and
vertical component (BV).

Also BH= B cos  ...... (i) and B V  B sin  ....... (ii)

By squaring and adding equation (i) and (ii) B  BH 2  BV 2

BV
Dividing equation (ii) by equation (i) tan  
BH

Note :  At equator   0  B H  B, B V  0 while at poles   90 o  B H  0, B V  B.

Magnetic Maps and Neutral Points.

(1) Magnetic maps (i.e. Declination, dip and horizontal component) over the earth vary in magnitude from
place to place. It is found that many places have the same value of magnetic elements. The lines are drawn joining
all place on the earth having same value of a magnetic elements. These lines forms magnetic map.
(i) Isogonic lines: These are the lines on the magnetic map joining the places of equal declination.
(ii) Agonic line: The line which passes through places having zero declination is called agonic line.
(iii) Isoclinic lines : These are the lines joining the points of equal dip or inclination.
(iv) Aclinic line : The line joining places of zero dip is called aclinic line (or magnetic equator)
(v) Isodynamic lines : The lines joining the points or places having the same value of horizontal component
of earth's magnetic field are called isodynamic lines.
(2) Neutral points : At the neutral point, magnetic field due to the bar magnet is just equal and opposite to
the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field.

(i) Magnet is placed horizontally in a horizontal plane.

102 Magnetism

N- pole of magnet is facing N- pole of earth N - pole of magnet is facing N- pole of earth

BH BH
N1
B
d
N BH S BH
N BH BH N
B B
W W
N1 N2
E E
S B B S
S N d
BH BH
d d
N2
B

Two neutral points N1 and N2 are obtained on axial line

Two neutral points N1 and N2 are obtained on
of B or magnet and at neutral points B  B H i.e.
equatorial line of bar magnet as shown and at Neutral
0 2M
 M .  BH
points B  B H  0 3  BH 4 d 3
4 d

(ii) Magnet is placed vertically in a horizontal plane

N- pole of magnet is the horizontal plane S- pole of magnet is the horizontal plane

BH
S BH P 
N
BN BN
BH BH BS N
N BH W
N W BS BH
BN S E
BN BS E S
 BH S BS
BH
P BS
BN

BN = Magnetic field due to N-pole

BS = Magnetic field due to S-pole

M = Pole strength of each pole of the

magnet
At neutral point P : BS – BN cos = BH (BS < BN)
At neutral point P : BN – BS cos = BH (BS < BN)
If suppose effect of N-pole is neglected : As seen from
BH
If suppose effectBof
N S-pole is neglected : As seen from BH point is obtained as shown and at
top only one neutral
top only one neutral point isBobtained as shown
N and at P 0 m
BH H
neutral point BS = BBHS   BH N
 m BH 4 BrH 2
neutral point
BN
BN = BNH  0
 BH W E
r 4 rB2N S W E
BH BS BS
S r BH
P BS S
BN
 Magnetism 103

Concepts

 Apparent dip : In a vertical plane inclined at an angle  to the magnetic meridian, vertical component of earth's magnetic
field remains uncharged while in the new inclined plane horizontal component B' H  B H cos 
BH Magnetic meridian

 '  apparent angle of dip  BH cos

BV BV
and tan  '   BV B
BH' BH cos 
Inclined plane

tan 
 tan  ' 
cos 

 If at any place the angle of dip is  and magnetic latitude is  then tan  = 2tan

 At the poles and equator of earth the values of total intensity are 0.66 and 0.33 Oersted respectively.

Examples

Example: 19 If the angles of dip at two places are 30° and 45° respectively, Then the ratio of horizontal components of

earth's magnetic field at the two places will be [MP PET 1989]

(a) 3: 2 (b) 1 : 2 (c) 1 : 3 (d) 1 : 2

(B H )1 (cos  )1 cos 30 3
Solution : (a) By using B H  B cos     
(B H ) 2 (cos  ) 2 cos 45 2

Example: 20 At a place the earth's horizontal component of magnetic field is 0.38  10 4 weber / m 2 . If the angle of dip

at that place is 60°, then the vertical component of earth's field at that place in weber/m2 will be

approximately
 104 Magnetism

[MP PMT 1985]

(a) 0.12  10 4 (b) 0.24  10 4 (c) 0.40  10 4 (d) 0.62  10 4

BV BV
Solution : (d) By using tan    tan 60 o  4
 B V  0.38  10 4  3  0 .62  10 4 .
BH 0 .38  10

Example: 21 A dip circle is so set that it moves freely in the magnetic meridian. In this position, the angle of dip is 40°.

Now the dip circle is rotated so that the plane in which the needle moves makes an angle of 30° with the

magnetic meridian. In this position, the needle will dip by the angle

(a) 40° (b) 30° (c) More than 40° (d) Less than 40°

tan 
Solution : (c) By using tan    ; where   40 o ,   30 o
cos 

1
As cos 30o < 1  1
cos 30 o

tan  
Hence  1  tan    tan       or    40 o .
tan 

Example: 22 Earth's magnetic field may be supposed to be due to a small bar magnet located at the centre of the earth.

If the magnetic field at a point on the magnetic equator is 0.3×10 –4 T. Magnet moment of bar magnet is

(a) 7 .8  10 8 amp  m 2 N Magnetic

equator
(b) 7 . 8  10 22 amp  m 2

(c) 6 .4  10 22 amp  m 2 R
S
(d) None of these

Solution : (b) When a magnet is freely suspended in earth’s magnetic field, it's north pole points north, so the magnetic

field of the earth may be suppose to be due to a magnetic dipole with it's south pole towards north and as

equatorial point is on the broad side on position of the dipole.

0 M M
Be  . 3  0 .3  10  4  10 7   M  7 .8  10 22 A-m2.
4 r (6 .4  10 6 ) 3

Example: 23 A short bar magnet is placed with its south pole towards geographical north. The neutral points are

situated at a distance of 20 cm from the centre of the magnet. If B H  0.3  10 4 wb / m 2 then the

magnetic moment of the magnet is

N1
N S r = 20 cm
(a) 9000 ab- amp × cm2
E
W
S N r = 20 cm
N2
 Magnetism 105

(b) 900 ab  amp  cm 2

(c) 1200 ab  amp  cm 2

(d) 225 ab  amp  cm 2

Solution : (c) At neutral point magnetic field due to magnet = Horizontal component of earth's magnetic field

0 2 M 10 7  2  M  1
 . 3  BH   0.3  15 4  M  1 .2amp  m 2  1200 ab  amp  cm 2 .
4 r (0.2)3

Example: 24 Two magnets of equal mass are joined at right angles to each other as shown the magnet 1 has a magnetic

moment 3 times that of magnet 2. This arrangement is pivoted so that it is free to rotate in the horizontal

plane. In equilibrium what angle will the magnet 1 subtend with the magnetic meridian

1
(a) tan 1  
2
m1  m2
N N
1 (1) (2)
(b) tan 1  
3
S 90° S
1
(c) tan (1)

(d) 0°

Solution : (b) For equilibrium of the system torques on M1 and M 2 due to B H must counter balance each other i.e.

M 1  B H  M 2  B H . If  is the angle between M1 and B H then the angle between M 2 and B H will be

(90 – ) ; so M1 BH sin  M 2 BH sin(90   )

M2 M 1 1
 tan        tan 1  
M1 3M 3 3

Tricky Example: 2

A compass needle whose magnetic moment is 60 amp × m2 pointing geographical north at a

certain place, where the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field is 40  b/m2, experiences
a torque 1 .2  10 3 N  m . What is the declination at this place

(a) 30° (b) 45° (c) 60° (d) 25°

Solution : (a) As the compass needle is free to rotate in a horizontal plane and points along
mBH
the magnetic
Magnetic
meridian, meridian 

M
so when it is pointing along the geographic meridian, it will experience a torque due to the

horizontal component of earth's magnetic field i.e.  = MB H sin 

mBH
106 Magnetism

Where  = angle between geographical

and magnetic meridians called angle of declination

1 .2  10 3 1
So, sin  6
    30 o
60  40  10 2

Tangent Law and it's Application.

When a small magnet is suspended in two uniform magnetic fields B and B H which are at right angles to
each other, the magnet comes to rest at an angle  with respect to B H such that B  B H tan  . This is called
tangent law.

BH mBH
Circular coil

mB
N S
N
Compass box

B
Terminals
S
mB
Leveling screws
mBH

Tangent galvanometer : It is an instrument which can detect/measure very small electric currents. It is also

called as moving magnet galvanometer. It consists of three circular coils of insulated copper wire wound on a

vertical circular frame made of nonmagnetic material as ebonite or wood. A small magnetic compass needle is

pivoted at the centre of the vertical circular frame. This needle rotates freely in a horizontal plane inside a box

made of nonmagnetic material. When the coil of the tangent galvanometer is kept in magnetic meridian and

current passes through any of the coil then the needle at the centre gets deflected and comes to an equilibrium

position under the action of two perpendicular field : one due to horizontal component of earth and the other

due to field set up by the coil due to current (B).

 0 ni
In equilibrium B  B H tan θ where B  ; n = number of turns, r = radius of coil, i = the current to be
2r
measured,  = angle made by needle from the direction of BH in equilibrium.
 0 Ni 2rBH
Hence  B H tan   i = k tan where k  is called reduction factor.
2r 0 N
 Magnetism 107

Note :  Principle of moving coil galvanometer is i  tan  . Since i  tan  so it’s scale is not
uniform.
 When   45 o , reduction factor equals to current flows through coil.
 Sensitivity of this galvanometer is maximum at  = 45o.
 This instrument is also called moving magnet type galvanometer.
Magnetic Instruments.
Magnetic instruments are used to find out the magnetic moment of a bar magnet, find out the horizontal
component of earth's magnetic field, compare the magnetic moments of two bar magnets.

(1) Deflection magnetometer

It's working is based on the principle of tangent law. It consist of a small compass needle, pivoted at the
centre of a circular box. The box is kept in a wooden frame having two meter scale fitted on it's two arms.
Reading of a scale at any point directly gives the distance of that point from the centre of compass needle.

0o
90o 90o
0o

Different position of deflection magnetometer : Deflection magnetometer can be used according to two
following positions.

Tan A position Tan B position

Arms of magnetometer are placed along E-W direction Arms of magnetometer are placed along N-S direction

such that magnetic needle is acted upon by only such that magnetic needle align itself in the direction

horizontal component of earth's magnetic field (B H ) of earth's magnetic field (i.e. B H ) as shown.
N
as shown BH N
BH W E
2l 90
W E S
0 0 BH
B
90 S
S N 90

r 0 0 B

90

N S
108 Magnetism

It a bar magnet is placed on one arm with it's length

parallel to arm, so magnetic needle comes under the

influence of two mutual perpendicular magnetic field If a bar magnet is placed on one arm with it's length
(i) B H and (ii) Axial magnetic field of experimental bar perpendicular to arm, so magnetic needle comes

magnet. under the influence of two mutual perpendicular

magnetic fields (i) B H and (ii) equatorial magnetic field
 2M
In equilibrium B  BH tan   0 3  BH tan  of experimental bar magnet.
4 r
0 M
(M= Magnetic moment of experimental bar magnet) In equilibrium B  B H and  .  BH tan 
4 r 3

Note :  Deflection magnetometer also used to compare the magnetic moments either by deflection
M1 tan  1
method or by null deflection method. Deflection method :  , Null deflection method :
M 2 tan  2
3
M 1  d1 
  where d1 and d2 are the position of two bar magnet placed simultaneously on each arm.
M 2  d 2 

(2) Vibration magnetometer

Vibration magnetometer is used for comparison of magnetic moments and magnetic fields. This device

works on the principle, that whenever a freely suspended magnet in a uniform

magnetic field, is disturbed from it's equilibrium position, it starts vibrating Torsion head

about the mean position.

Time period of oscillation of experimental bar magnet (magnetic moment M)

N S
I
in earth's magnetic field (B H ) is given by the formula. T  2
MB H

wL 2
Where, I  moment of inertia of short bar magnet  (w = mass of bar magnet)
12

(3) Use of vibration magnetometer

(i) Determination of magnetic moment of a magnet :

 Magnetism 109

The experimental (given) magnet is put into vibration magnetometer and it's time period T is determined.
I 4 2 I
Now T  2 M 
MBH B H .T 2

(ii) Comparison of horizontal components of earth's magnetic field at two places.

I 1 (B ) T2
T  2 ; since I and M the magnet are constant, so T 2   H 1  22
MB H BH (B H )2 T1

(iii) Comparison of magnetic moment of two magnets of same size and mass.

I 1 M 1 T22
T  2 ; Here I and BH are constants. So M  2  
M .B H T M 2 T12

(iv) Comparison of magnetic moments of two magnets of unequal sizes and masses (by sum and

difference method) :

In this method both the magnets vibrate simultaneously in two following position.

Sum position : Two magnets are placed such that their magnetic moments are additive

Net magnetic moment Ms = M1 + M2

S N M1
Net moment of inertia Is = I1 + I2
S N M2

Time period of oscillation of this pair in earth's magnetic field (BH)

Is I1  I 2
Ts  2  2 .....(i)
M s BH (M 1  M 2 )B H

1 M s (B H )
Frequency  s 
2 Is

Difference position : Magnetic moments are subtractive

Net magnetic moment Md = M1 + M2

M2 N S
S N
Net moment of inertia Id = I1 + I2
M1

Id I1  I 2
and Td  2  2 .......(ii)
M d BH (M 1  M 2 )B H
110 Magnetism

1 (M 1  M 2 ) B H
and  d 
2 (I1  I 2 )

Ts M1  M 2 M 1 Td2  Ts2  s2   d2
From equation (i) and (ii) we get    
Td M1  M 2 M 2 Td2  Ts2  s2   d2

B
(v) To find the ratio of magnetic field : Suppose it is required to find the ratio where B is the field
BH

created by magnet and BH is the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field.

B
To determine a primary (main) magnet is made to first oscillate in earth's magnetic field ( BH) alone
BH

and it's time period of oscillation (T) is noted.

I
T  2
M BH BH

1 M BH
and frequency   M N S
2 I

Now a secondary magnet placed near the primary magnet so primary magnet oscillate in a new field with

is the resultant of B and BH and now time period, is noted again.

There are two important possibilities for placing secondary magnet

Possibility 1
New field increases so time period of oscillation of primary magnet decreases
BH

Sec. Pri. Pri

N S N S N S N S N S
d d Sec d
or or
S N

I 1 M (M  B H )
Now time period T '  2 or new frequency  ' 
M (B  B H ) 2 I

2
 ' 
2 2
 '  B  BH  '  B B
Also        1     1
  BH   B1 BH   
 Magnetism 111

Possibility 2

Net field decreases so time period of oscillation of primary magnet increases

BH

Pri. Sec. Sec. Pri.

S N S N S N S N S N
d d d

or or S N

I 1 M (B H  B)
T '  2 (BH > B) and  '
M ( B H  B) 2 I

2
 ' 
2 2
 '  BH  B  '   B  B
Also        1     1 
  BH    B1  BH  

Concepts

 Remember time period of oscillation in difference position is greater than that in sum position T d > Ts .
1
 If a rectangular bar magnet is cut in n equal parts then time period of each part will be times that of complete magnet
n
T T
(i.e. T '  ) while for short magnet T '  . If nothing is said then bar magnet is treated as short magnet.
n n

 Suppose a magnetic needle is vibrating in earth’s magnetic field. With temperature rise M decreases hence time period (T)
increases but at 770oC (Curie temperature) it stops vibrating.

Examples

Example: 25 Two magnets are held together in a vibration magnetometer and are allowed to oscillate in the earth's

magnetic field. With like poles together 12 oscillations per minute are made but for unlike poles together

only 4 oscillations per minute are executed. The ratio of their magnetic moments is

(a) 3 : 1 (b) 1 : 3 (c) 3 : 5 (d) 5 : 4

 112 Magnetism

M1 T 2  Ts2 60 60 M (15 )2  (5)2 5

Solution : (d) By using  d2 ; where Ts   5 sec and Td   15 sec  1  
M2 Td  Ts 2
12 4 M 2 (15 )2  (5)2 4

Example: 26 The magnetic needle of a tangent galvanometer is deflected at an angle 30° due to a magnet. The

horizontal component of earth's magnetic field 0.34×10 –4 T is along the plane of the coil. The magnetic

intensity is

[KCET 1999; AFMC 1999, 2000; BHU 2000; AIIMS 2000, 02]

(a) 1.96  10 4 T (b) 1.96  10 5 T (c) 1.96  10 4 T (d) 1.96  10 5 T

Solution : (b) B  BH tan   B  0.34  10 4 tan 30 o  1.96  10 5 T

Example: 27 A magnet freely suspended in a vibration magnetometer makes 10 oscillations per minute at a place A and
40 oscillations per minute at a place B. If the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field at A is
36  10 6 T , then its value at B is

(a) 36  10 6 T (b) 72  10 6 T (c) 144  10 6 T (d) 288  10 6 T

I 1 TA (B H ) B 60 / 10 (B H ) B
Solution : (c) By using T  2 T      6
 (B H ) B  144  10 6 T .
MB H BH TB (B H ) A 60 / 20 36  10

Example: 28 The magnet of a vibration magnetometer is heated so as to reduce its magnetic moment by 19%. By doing
this the periodic time of the magnetometer will [MP PMT 2000]

(a) Increase by 19% (b) Increase by 11% (c) Decrease by 19% (d) Decrease by 21%

I 1 T M2
Solution : (b) T  2 T   1 
MB H M T2 M1

T1 81 9 10
If M1  100 then M 2  (100  19 )  81 . So,    T2  T1  11 %T1
T2 100 10 9

Example: 29 A magnet makes 40 oscillations per minute at a place having magnetic field intensity B H  0.1  10 5 . At
another place, it takes 2.5 sec to complete one-vibration. The value of earth's horizontal field at that place
[CPMT 1999; AIIMS 2000]

(a) 0.25  10 6 T (b) 0.36  10 6 T (c) 0.66  10 8 T (d) 1.2  10 6 T

I T (B H ) 2 60 / 40 (B H ) 2
Solution : (b) By using T  2  1     (B H )2  0.36  10 6 T .
MB H T2 (B H )1 2,5 0 .1  10 5

Example: 30 When 2 amp. current is passed through a tangent galvanometer, it gives a deflection of 30°. For 60°
deflection, The current must be

(a) 1 amp. (b) 2 3 amp. (c) 4 amp. (d) 6 amp.

 Magnetism 113

i1 tan 1 2 tan 30 o 1
Solution : (d) By using i  tan        i2  6 amp.
i2 tan  2 i2 tan 60 o
3

Example: 31 In vibration magnetometer the time period of suspended bar magnet can be reduced by [CBSE PMT 1999]

(a) Moving it towards south pole (b) Moving it towards north pole

(c) Moving it toward equator (d) Any one them

I
Solution : (c) As we move towards equator BH increases and it becomes maximum at equator. Hence T  2 ,
MB H
we can say that according to the relation T decreases as B H  increases (i.e. as we move towards
equator).

Example: 32 The time period of a freely suspended magnet is 2 sec . If it is broken in length into two equal parts
and one part is suspended in the same way, then its time period will be [MP PMT 1999]

(a) 4 sec (b) 2 sec (c) 2 sec (d) 1 sec

I
Solution : (d) T  2 ; When a bar magnet is broken in n equal parts so magnetic moment of each part become
MB H
1 1 1
times and moment of inertia becomes of each part becomes 3 times. Hence time period becomes times
n n n
T
i..e. T ' 
4
T 2
In this question n  2 so, T '    1sec
2 2

Example: 33 A magnet is suspended in such a way that it oscillates in the horizontal plane. It makes 20

oscillations per minute at a place where dip angle is 30 o and 15 oscillations per minute at a place

where dip angle is 60 o. The ratio of total earth's magnetic field at the two places is

(a) 3 3 : 8 (b) 16 : 9 3 (c) 4 : 9 (d) 2 3 : 9

I I
Solution : (b) By using T  2  2
MB H MB cos 

1 T1 B2 cos  2 60 / 20 B2 cos 0 B 16
 T        1  .
B cos  T2 B1 cos 1 60 / 15 B1 cos 30 B2 9 3

Example: 34 If 1 and 2 are the deflections obtained by placing small magnet on the arm of a deflection

magnetometer at the same distance from the compass box in tan A and tan B positions of the
tan 1
magnetometer respectively then the value of will be approximately [MP PMT 1992]
tan  2
 114 Magnetism

1
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) (d) 2
2

0 2 M
Solution : (b) In tan A position .  B H tan 1 ......(i)
 d 3

0 M
In tan B position .  B H tan  2 .....(ii)
4 d 3

tan 1 2
Dividing equation (i) by equation (ii)  .
tan  2 1

Example: 35 In a vibration magnetometer, the time period of a bar magnet oscillating in horizontal component

of earth's magnetic field is 2 sec. When a magnet is brought near and parallel to it, the time period

reduces to 1 sec . The ratio H/F of the horizontal component H and the field F due to magnet will be

[MP PMT 1990]

1 1
(a) 3 (b) (c) 3 (d)
3 3

Solution : (b) Time period decreases i.e. field due to magnet (F) assist the horizontal component of earth's magnetic field

(see theory)

2
B T  F 2 H 1
Hence by using    1    1  3   .
BH  T '  H 1 F 3

Example: 36 A certain amount of current when flowing in a properly set tangent galvanometer, produces a

deflection of 45 o. If the current be reduced by a factor of 3 , the deflection would

(a) Decrease by 30o (b) Decreases by 15o (c) Increase by 15o (d) Increase by 30o

i1 tan 1 i tan 45 o 1
Solution : (b) By using i  tan     1   3 tan  2  1  tan  2    2  30 o
i2 tan  2 i1 / 3 tan  2 3

So deflection will decrease by 45 o  30 o  15 o .

Example: 37 The angle of dip at a place is 60 o. A magnetic needle oscillates in a horizontal plane at this place

with period T. The same needle will oscillate in a vertical plane coinciding with the magnetic

meridian with a period

T T
(a) T (b) 2T (c) (d)
2 2

Solution : (d) When needle oscillates in horizontal plane

 Magnetism 115

I
Then it's time period is T  2 ......(i)
MB H

When needle oscillates in vertical plane i.e. It oscillates in total earth's total magnetic field (B)

I
Hence T '  2 ......(ii)
M

T' BH B cos  1 T
Dividing equation (ii) by (i)    cos 60   T'
T B B 2 2

Example: 38 A dip needle vibrates in the vertical plane perpendicular to the magnetic meridian. The time period

of vibration is found to be 2 seconds. The same needle is then allowed to vibrate in the horizontal

plane and the time period is again found to be 2 seconds. Then the angle of dip is

(a) 0o (b) 30o (c) 45o (d) 90o

Solution : (c) In vertical plane perpendicular to magnetic meridian.

I
T  2 ......(i)
MB V

I
In horizontal plane T  2 .....(ii)
MB H

Equation (i) and (ii) gives BV  BH

BV
Hence by using tan    tan   1    45 o
BH

Tricky Example: 3

A magnet is suspended horizontally in the earth's magnetic field. When it is displaced and
then released it oscillates in a horizontal plane with a period T. If a place of wood of the
same moment of inertia (about the axis of rotation) as the magnet is attached to the magnet
what would the new period of oscillation of the system become

T T T
(a) (b) (c) (d) T 2
3 2 2

Solution : (d) Due to wood moment of inertia of the system becomes twice but there is no change magnetic
moment of the system.

I
Hence by using T  2 T  I  T'  2T
MB H
116 Magnetism

Magnetic Materials.
(1) Types of magnetic material : On the basis of mutual interactions or behaviour of various materials in an
external magnetic field, the materials are divided in three main categories.

(i) Diamagnetic materials : Diamagnetism is the intrinsic property of every material and it is generated due
to mutual interaction between the applied magnetic field and orbital motion of electrons.

(ii) Paramagnetic materials : In these substances the inner orbits of atoms are incomplete. The electron
spins are uncoupled, consequently on applying a magnetic field the magnetic moment generated due to spin
motion align in the direction of magnetic field and induces magnetic moment in its direction due to which the
material gets feebly magnetised. In these materials the electron number is odd.

(a) (b)
When no field is applied On application of field (B)

(iii) Ferromagnetic materials : In some materials, the permanent atomic magnetic moments have strong

tendency to align themselves even without any external field.

These materials are called ferromagnetic materials.

In every unmagnetised ferromagnetic material, the atoms form domains inside the material. The atoms in

any domain have magnetic moments in the same direction giving a net large magnetic moment to the domain.

Different domains, however, have different directions of magnetic moment and hence the materials remain

unmagnetised. On applying an external magnetic field, these domains rotate and align in the direction of

magnetic field.

Unmagnetised Magnetised
 Magnetism 117

(2) Curie Law : The magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic substances in inversely to its absolute
1 C
temperature i.e.    
T T
where C = Curie constant, T = absolute temperature

On increasing temperature, the magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic materials decreases and vice versa.

The magnetic susceptibility of ferromagnetic substances does not change according to Curie law.

(i) Curie temperature (Tc) : The temperature above which a ferromagnetic material behaves like a

paramagnetic material is defined as Curie temperature ( Tc).

or

The minimum temperature at which a ferromagnetic substance is converted into paramagnetic substance

is defined as Curie temperature.

For various ferromagnetic materials its values are different, e.g. for Ni, TC Ni  358 o C

for Fe, TCFe  770 o C

for CO, TCCO  1120 o C
At this temperature the ferromagnetism of the substances suddenly vanishes.

(ii) Curie-weiss law : At temperatures above Curie temperature the magnetic susceptibility of ferromagnetic
1
materials is inversely proportional to (T – Tc) i.e.   
T  Tc
C
  Here Tc = Curie temperature
(T  Tc )

-T curve is shown (for Curie-Weiss Law) TC T

(3) Comparative study of magnetic materials

Property Diamagnetic substances Paramagnetic substances Ferromagnetic substances

Cause of magnetism Orbital motion of Spin motion of electrons Formation of domains

electrons
118 Magnetism

Explanation of magnetism On the basis of orbital On the basis of spin and On the basis of domains

motion of electrons orbital motion of electrons formed

Behaviour In a non- These are repelled in an These are feebly attracted These are strongly

uniform magnetic field external magnetic field i.e. in an external magnetic attracted in an external

have a tendency to move field i.e., have a tendency magnetic field i.e. they

from high to low field to move from low to high easily move from low to

region. field region high field region

State of magnetisation These are weekly These get weekly These get strongly

magnetised in a direction magnetised in the magnetised in the

opposite to that of applied direction of applied direction of applied

magnetic field magnetic field magnetic field

When the material in the Liquid level in that limb Liquid level in that limb Liquid level in that limb

form of liquid is filled in gets depressed rises up rises up very much

the U-tube and placed N S N S N S

between pole pieces.

Liquid Liquid Liquid

On placing the gaseous The gas expands at right The gas expands in the The gas rapidly expands in
materials between pole angles to the magnetic direction of magnetic field. the direction of magnetic
pieces field. field

The value of magnetic B < B0 B > B0 B >> B0

induction B

where B0 is the magnetic induction in vacuum

Magnetic susceptibility  Low and negative ||  1 Low but positive   1 Positive and high   102

Dependence of  on Does not depend on Inversely proportional to 

1
or
T  Tc
temperature temperature (except Bi at temperature 
1
or
C
T  This is called
low temperature) T  Tc
 Magnetism 119

 
C
. This is called Curie Weiss law.
T
Tc = Curie temperature
Curie law, where C = Curie

constant

Dependence of  on H Does not depend Does not depend Does not depend

independent independent independent

Relative r < 1 r > 1 r >> 1

permeability (r) r = 102

Intensity of magnetisation I is in a direction opposite I is in the direction of H I is in the direction of H

(I) to that of H and its value is but value is low and value is very high.

very low

I-H curves
+I Is

H
–I H Hs H

Magnetic moment (M) The value of M is very low The value of M is very low The value of M is very

( 0 and is in a direction and is in the direction of H high and is in the direction

opposite to H.) of H

Transition of materials (at These do not change. On cooling, these get These get converted into

Curie temperature) converted to ferromagnetic paramagnetic materials

 materials at Curie above Curie
 temperature

temperature

T T TC T

The property of Diamagnetism is found in Paramagnetism is found in Ferro-magnetism is found

magnetism those materials the atoms those materials the atoms in those materials which

of which have even of which have majority of when placed in an external

120 Magnetism

number electrons electron spins in the same magnetic field are strongly

direction magnetised

Examples Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Bi, Sb, Al, Mn, Pt, Na, CuCl2, O2 Fe, Co, Ni, Cd, Fe3O4 etc.
NaCl, H2O air and and crown glass

diamond etc.

Nature of effect Distortion effect Orientation effect Hysteresis effect

(4) Hysteresis : For ferromagnetic materials, by removing external magnetic field i.e. H = 0. The magnetic

moment of some domains remain aligned in the applied direction of previous magnetising field which results

into a residual magnetism.

The lack of retracibility as shown in figure is called hysteresis and the curve is known as hysteresis loop.

I or (B)
C B
A

D O G H

F
E

(i) When magnetising field (H) is increased from O, the intensity of magnetisation I increases and becomes

maximum. This maximum value is called the saturation value.

(ii) When H is reduced, I reduces but is not zero when H = 0. The remainder value OC of magnetisation

when H = 0 is called the residual magnetism or retentivity.

The property by virtue of which the magnetism ( I) remains in a material even on the removal of

magnetising field is called Retentivity or Residual magnetism.

 Magnetism 121

(iii) When magnetic field H is reversed, the magnetisation decreases and for a particular value of H,

denoted by Hc, it becomes zero i.e., Hc = OD when I = 0. This value of H is called the corecivity.

(iv) So, the process of demagnetising a material completely by applying magnetising field in a negative

direction is defined Corecivity. Corecivity assesses the softness or hardness of a magnetic material. Corecivity

signifies magnetic hardness or softness of substance :

Magnetic hard substance (steel)  High corecvity

Magnetic soft substance (soft iron)  Low corecivity

(v) When field H is further increased in reverse direction, the intensity of magnetisation attains saturation

value in reverse direction (i.e. point E)

(vi) When H is decreased to zero and changed direction in steps, we get the part EFGB.

Thus complete cycle of magnetisation and demagnetisation is represented by BCDEFGB.

Note :  The energy loss (or hysteresis energy loss) in magnetising and demagnetising a specimen

is proportional to the area of hysteresis loop.

(vii) Comparison between soft iron and steel :

Soft iron Steel

I I

H H

The area of hysteresis loop is less (low energy loss) The area of hysteresis loop is large (high energy loss)
 122 Magnetism

Less relativity and corecive force More retentivity and corecive force

Magnetic permeability is high Magnetic permeability is less

Magnetic susceptibility () is high  is low

Intensity of magnetisation (I) is high I is low

It magnetised and demagnetised easily Magnetisation and demagnetisation is complicated

Used in dynamo, transformer, electromagnet tape Used for making permanent magnet.

recorder and tapes etc.

Concepts

 An iron cored coil and a bulb are connected in series with an ac generator. If an iron rod is introduced inside a coil, then
the intensity of bulb will decrease, because some energy lest in magnetising the rod.

 Hysteresis energy loss = Area bound by the hysteresis loop = VAnt Joule

Where , V = Volume of ferromagnetic sample, A = Area of B – H loop P, n = Frequency of alternating magnetic field and t =
Time.

Examples

Example: 39 A ferromagnetic substance of volume 10 –3 m3 is placed in an alternating field of 50 Hz. Area of hysteresis

curve obtained is 0.1 M.K.S. unit. The heat produced due to energy loss per second in the substance will be

(a) 5 J (b) 5  10–2 cal (c) 1.19  10–3 cal (d) No loss of energy

Solution : (c) By using heat loss = VAnt ; whre V = volume = 10–3 m3; A = Area = 0.1m2, n = frequency = 50 Hz and t = time = 1sec

Heat loss = 10–3  0.1  50  1 = 5  10–3 J = 1.19  10–3 cal

Example: 40 A magnetising field of 1600 A-m–1 produces a magnetic flux of 2.4  10–5 Wb in an iron bar of cross-

sectional area 0.2 cm2. The susceptibility of an iron bar is

(a) 298 (b) 596 (c) 1192 (d) 1788

B 
Solution : (b) By using B  H   0  r H and  r  (1   m )   r  
0 H  0 HA
 Magnetism 123

2.4  10 5
r  = 596.8. Hence  m  595 .8  596
(4  10 7 )  1600  (0.2  10 4 )

Example: 41 For iron it's density is 7500 kg/m3 and mass 0.075 kg . If it's magnetic moment is 8  10 –7 Amp  m2 ,

it's intensity of magnetisation is

(a) 8 Amp/m (b) 0.8 Amp/m (c) 0.08 Amp/m (d) 0.008 Amp/m

M Md 8  10 7  7500
Solution : (c) I    0 .08 Amp / m
V m 0 .075

Example: 42 The dipole moment of each molecule of a paramagnetic gas is 1.5  10 –23 Amp  m2 . The

temperature of gas is 27 oC and the number of molecules per unit volume in it is 2  10 26 m–3 . The

maximum possible intensity of magnetisation in the gas will be

(a) 3  103 Amp/m (b) 4  10–3 Amp/m (c) 5  105 Amp/m (d) 6  10–4 Amp/m

M  N 1.5  10 23  2  10 26
Solution : (a) I    3  10 3 Amp / m
V V 1

Example: 43 The coereivity of a small bar magnet is 4  10 3 Amp/m. It is inserted inside a solenoid of 500 turns

and length 1 m to demagnetise it. The amount of current to be passed through the solenoid will be

(a) 2.5 A (b) 5 A (c) 8 A (d) 10 A

H 4  10 3
Solution : (c) H = ni  i    8A
n 500

Example: 44 The units for molar susceptibility

(a) m3 (b) kg-m–3 (c) kg–1 m3 (d) No units

Volume susceptibility I/H I/H

Solution : (a) Molar susceptibility   molecular weight  M  M
Density of material  M /V

So it's unit is m3.

Example: 45 The ratio of the area of B-H curve and I-H curve of a substance in M.K.S. system is

1 1
(a) 02 (b) (c) 0 (d)
 02 0

Solution : (c) Area of B-H loop   0 (Area of I-H)