Probability

1. The proportion of people with Blood O, A, B, and AB in a particular population is the ratio 48: 35:
12: 5 respectively. Determine the probability that a random sample of 20 people from the
population contains;
(1) Exactly 10 with blood group “O”
(2) At most 2 with blood group “AB”
(3) At least 8 with blood group “A”.

2. New laboratory test (Q) for disease (A), has the sensitivity of 80%. Ten patients confirmed with
another gold standard test are investigated with test(Q).
(1) What is the probability of more than one false negative results?
(2) What is the probability of all true positive results?
(3) What is the probability of no positive result?

3. 70% of a certain species of tomato live after transplanting from pot to garden. Najib transplants
3 of these tomato plants. Assume that the plants live independently pf each other. Let the
number of tomato plants that live.
What is the probability that exactly (i) 2, (ii) 1 and (iii) more than 1 of the tomato plants live?

t-test

1. A professor wants to know if her introductory statistics class has a good grasp of basic math. Six
students are chosen at random from the class and given a math proficiency test. The professor
wants the class to be able to score above 70 on the test. The six students get the following
scores: 62, 92, 75, 68, 83, 95. Can the professor have 90% confidence that the mean score for
the class on the test would be above 70?

2. Cortisol level determinations were made on two samples of women at childbirth. Group 1
subjects underwent emergency cesarean section following induced labor. Group 2 subjects
delivered by either cesarean section or the vaginal route following spontaneous labor. The
sample sizes, mean cortisol levels, and standard deviations were as follows:

Sample n mean s
1 10 435 65
2 12 645 80

Do these data provide sufficient evidence to indicate a difference in the mean cortisol levels in
the populations represented? Let α: 0.05.

3. Two different diets were tested to evaluate their effects on cholesterol levels. Group 1 followed
Diet A, and Group 2 followed Diet B. The sample sizes, mean cholesterol levels, and standard
deviations for each group were as follows:
 Sample n mean s
1 (Diet A) 25 200 15
2 (Diet B) 30 215 20

Do these data provide sufficient evidence to conclude that the mean cholesterol levels differ
between the two diets? Assume equal variances and use a significance level of α=0.05.

Chi square

1. A wildlife conservation agency tracks the number of bird species spotted in a park across
different seasons. The agency wants to know if the bird species are evenly distributed
throughout the four seasons (Spring, Summer, Fall, and Winter). The observed number of bird
species spotted in each season is recorded below:

Seasons Number of Bird species spotted

Do these data suggest that the bird species are not uniformly distributed across the four
seasons? Use a significance level of α=0.05.

2. A study was conducted to examine whether there is an association between income level and
preferences for different types of vacations. A random sample of 300 individuals was surveyed,
and the data are summarized in the contingency table below:

Beach Mountai City Total

At a significance level of α=0.01, can we conclude that there is an association between income
level and vacation preferences?

3. A marketing firm wants to examine whether customer preferences for different types of
beverages (Tea, Coffee, or Soda) vary between three different regions: North, South, and West. A
survey of 600 people was conducted, and the responses are summarized in the table below:
 Tea Coffee Soda Total
North 60 90 50 200
South 50 70 80 200
West 40 110 50 200
Total 150 270 180 600

Using a significance level of α=0.05, can we conclude that the beverage preferences are
homogeneous across the three regions?

Correlation

1. In the study by Parker et al., the authors also looked at the change in AUC (area under the curve
of plasma concentration of digoxin) when comparing digoxin levels taken with and without grape
fruit juice. The following table gives the AUC when digoxin was consumed with water (ng.hr/ml)
and the change in AUC compared to the change in AUC when digoxin is taken with grapefruit
juice (GFJ, %).
Water AUC Level Change in
(ng.hr/ml) AUC with GFJ (%)
6.96 17.4
5.59 24.5
5.31 8.5
8.22 20.8
11.91 -26.7
9.50 -29.3
11.28 -16.8

2. A simple random sample of 15 apparently healthy children between the ages of 6months and
15years yielded the following data on age, X, and liver volume per unit of body weight (ml/kg), Y.

X Y
0.5 41
0.7 55
2.5 41
4.1 39
10.0 26
10.1 35
10.9 25
11.5 31
5.9 50
6.1 32
7.0 41
8.2 42
12.1 31
14.1 29
 15.0 23

3. The purpose of a study by Brown and Persley was to characterize acute hepatitis A in patients
more than 40 years old. They performed a retrospective chart review of 20 subjects who were
diagnosed with acute hepatitis A, but were not hospitalized. Of interest was the use of
age(years) to predict bilirubin levels(mg/dl). The following data were collected.

Age Bilirubin
(years) (mg/dl)
42 1
58 5.2
52 5.1
52 3.5
58 5.6
45 1.9
78 7.5
72 12.9
81 14.3
59 8
64 14.1
48 10.9
46 12.3
44 7
42 1.8
45 0.8
78 3.8
47 3.5
50 5.1
57 16.5