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OSI Layers
To address the problem of
networks increasing in
size and in number, the
International Organization
for Standardization (ISO)
researched many network
schemes and recognized
that there was a need to
create a network model
that would help network
builders implement
networks that could
communicate and work
together and therefore,
released the OSI reference
model in 1984.
Application Layer
Application layer
o Layer seven, Top layer
o Interface between the applications
we use to communicate and the
underlying network.
Application layer protocols
o Exchange data between programs
running on the source and
destination hosts.
o (e.g. HTTP, SMTP, POP3, DNS, FTP,
TFTP, TELNET, SSH etc.)
Presentation Layer
Presentation Layer Present the data for receiving computer
The Presentation Layer has three primary functions :
o Coding and conversion
o Compression
o Encryption

Compression and coding formats :

o Graphic Interchange Format (GIF)
o Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG)
o Tagged Image File Format (TIFF)
Session Layer
Session layer establish/terminate logical session when physical path is available,
If there are multiple session established, it keeps the session separate.

Create and maintain dialogs between source and destination applications.

Handles the exchange of information to:
o Initiate dialogs
o Keep them active
o Restart sessions that are disrupted or idle for a long period of time
Most applications, like web browsers or e-mail clients, incorporate functionality of the
OSI layers 5, 6 and 7.
Transport Layer
• Responsible for source-to-destination delivery of the entire message
• divides each message into segments and assigns a sequence number to each segment
• Functions include
• Service point addressing
• End-to-end message delivery
• Segmentation and reassembly
• Connection control

• What are the two protocols at the transport layer?

• TCP – Transmission Control Protocol
• UDP – User Datagram Protocol
Transport Layer
www.horizoncomputer.org

• Segmenting data
• Managing each segment
TCP Segment
• Reassembling the
TCP Segment
segments
 Primary responsibilities:
 Tracking the individual communication between
applications
 Who is the client? Which application? Which process?
 Identifying the different applications (HTTP, FTP, etc.)
Transport Layer TCP v/s UDP
Why would any application use UDP? What is the
“cost” of all this reliability and flow control of TCP?
 TCP provides:  UDP provides:
 Reliable delivery  Unreliable delivery
 Error checking  No error checking
 Flow control  No flow control
 Congestion control  No congestion control
 Ordered delivery  No ordered delivery
 Connection establishment  No connection establishment
 Applications:  Applications:
Streaming media, real-time
 HTTP  DNS (usually) multiplayer games and voice
 FTP  DHCP over IP (VoIP) applications that
 SMTP  RTP (Real-Time Protocol) do not require reliability
mechanisms
 Telnet  VoIP
Transport Layer TCP and UDP Port Numbers
• Port numbers are used by the sender to tell the
receiver which network application it should use for
the “Data”.

• Port numbers are used by the receiver so it knows

which application it should send the “Data” to.

• Well known ports 1 – 1023 are reserved for well

known applications
• Registered ports 1024 49151

TCP : HTTP 80, HTTPS 443, SSH 22, POP3 110 • Private ports 49152 65535
TCP and UDP common ports : DNS 53, SNMP 161
Transport Layer TCP and UDP Port Numbers

Notice the difference in how source and destination port numbers are used
with clients and servers:
Client (initiating Telnet service):
Destination Port = 23 (telnet)
Source Port = 1028 (dynamically assigned)

Server (responding to Telnet service):

Destination Port = 1028 (source port of client)
Source Port = 23 (telnet)
Transport Layer TCP connection establishment and termination

• The three-way handshake happens • When the client has no more

before any data, HTTP Request is data to send in the stream, it
sent by the client. sends a segment with the
FIN flag set.
Transport Layer TCP reliability
• Reliability
Guaranteed delivery

• Flow Control
Flow control makes sure these buffers do not receive more data than the connection can
handle.

• Windowing
Network Layer
• The Network layer (Layer 3) provides best path to the destination network

• Layer 3 uses four basic processes : Source IP = 192.168.100.99

Destination IP = 172.16.3.10
Logical Addressing
Encapsulation
Routing
Decapsulation
192.168.100.99
172.16.3.10
 Routers examine Layer 3 Destination IP addresses to forward
packets.
 Search their routing tables.
 Send the packet to the next-hop router or host if on that
network
Network Layer Protocols
• Routed Protocols
IPV4 / IPV6,
IPX/SPX
Apple Talk

• Routing Protocol
RIP
EIGRP
OSPF
IS-IS
BGP

• IP is connectionless protocol, IP doesn’t notify the destination host

• Router and Layer 3 switch are the network layer devices
Data Link Layer

 Responsibility of the Data Link layer to take an IP packet and prepare it for transmission over the
communications medium.
 The Data Link layer provides a means for exchanging data over a common local media.
 The Data Link layer performs two basic services:
1. Allows the upper layers to access the media using techniques such as framing
2. Controls how data is placed onto the media and is received from the media.
Data Link Layer

Data Link layer Protocol and Devices

Ethernet 802.3, MAC, WAN Encapsulations,

L2 Switches, Bridges, NIC

Data Link layer has two sub-layers

Logical Link Control (LLC) – Software processes that provide services to the Network layer
protocols.
Frame information that identifies the Network layer protocol.
Multiple Layer 3 protocols, (IP and IPX) can use the same network interface and media.
Media Access Control (MAC) - Media access processes performed by the hardware.
Provides Data Link layer addressing and framing of the data according to the protocol in use.
Physical Layer
Responsible for transmitting a bit over the physical medium
Converts the data from the data link layer in a format that the communication
medium can carry.

• Devices use on this layer are:

HUB, Repeater, Cables and connectors