VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

BELAGAVI - 590018

DISSERATION ON

“AUTOMATIC ANESTHESIA CONTROL AND HEART BEAT

MONITORING SYSTEM”
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of

BACHELOR OF
ENGINEERING IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

Submitted by

S BHAVANA 1SJ20EC128
VANDANA R 1SJ20EC169
VARSHA M 1SJ20EC171

UNDER THE GUIDANCE

OF RAMEGOWDA M
ASSISTANT PROFFESOR
Dept. of ECE, SJCIT

S J C INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING CHICKBALLAPURA– 562101

2023-24
 ||Jai Sri Gurudev||
Sri Adichunchanagiri Shikshana Trust®

S.J.C INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Chickballapur-562101

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work entitled “AUTOMATIC ANESTHESIA SYRINGE AND
HEARTBEAT MONITORING SYSTEM” is a work carried out by Ms. S BHAVANA
(1SJ20EC128), VANDANA R (1SJ20EC169), VARSHA M (1SJ20EC171), a bonafide
students of S J C Institute Of Technology Chickballapur, in partial fulfillment for the award of
Bachelor’s Degree in Electronics and Communication of the Visvesvaraya Technological
University, Belgaum during the year 2023-24. It is certified that all corrections /Suggestions
indicated for internal assessment have been incorporated in the report submitted to the
departmental library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic
requirements in respect of projects work prescribed for the degree.

Signature of the Guide Signature of Coordinator Signature of HOD

Prof. RAMEGOWDA M Prof. MOHAN BABU C Dr. C RANGASWAMY
Assistant professor Assistant Professor Professor, HOD
Dept. Of ECE Dept. Of ECE Dept. Of ECE SJCIT

External Viva
 ABSTRACT

A surgical procedure will always involve an anesthetic process to the patient to start the surgery. In
major surgeries the patient will be administered with large amount of anesthesia where the procedure might
take 4 to 5 hours to complete. And a complete dosage of anesthesia cannot be delivered at once. High
dosage can affect the patient to enter coma stage. And low dosage can lead to more dangerous condition
where the patient might regain consciousness during the middle of the surgery itself. Hence depending on
the vial parameters of the patient, anesthesia can be regulated and delivered using a feedback analysis to
reduce further side effects. Anesthesia infusion is a closed loop system, in which anaesthesiologist follow
the process of anticipating and applying the predicted dose. To figure out appropriate dose one need to
continuously monitor different physiological parameters. This is a very laborious job. Many researchers are
tried to advise solution to this problem. Major operations are performed to remove or reconstruct the
infected parts in the human body. These operations will lead to blood loss and pain. In Bio-medical field
anesthesia plays an important role in the part of painkilling. Anesthesia is very essential in performing
painless surgery and so an Automatic administration of Anesthesia is needed for an effective surgery.
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The satisfaction and euphoria that accompany the completion of any task would be incomplete
without the mention of the people who made it possible, whose constant guidance and
encouragement ground our efforts with success.

We submit our humble pranams to his holiness Sri. Sri. Sri Dr. Nirmalanandanatha Maha
Swamiji for his blessings.

We express sincere gratitude to Dr. G T Raju, Principal, S J C Institute of Technology,

Chickballapur for providing facilities.

We sincerely convey thanks to Dr. C Rangaswamy, HOD, Dept. of Electronics and

Communication Engineering, SJCIT who adhered our request and granted permission to undergo
this seminar.

We express our deep sense of sincere thanks to Prof. RameGowda M, Assistant Prof, and internal
guide for the constant support.

Finally, we want to thank our family members and friends for their co-operation and motivation to
complete this project report successfully.

S BHAVANA 1SJ20EC128
VANADANA R 1SJ20EC169
VARSHA M 1SJ20EC171
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL.NO. CONTENTS PAGE NO

1. ABSRACT I
ACKNOLEDGEMENT II
2. Introduction 1
3. Block diagram 2-3
4. I R Sensors 3
5. Objectives 4
6. Motor drive L293D 5
7. Working of L293D 5
8. Power Generation 6
9. Features of proposed System 7
10. Working of the system 7
11. Literature Survey 8-10
12. Specifications required 10-11
13. Applications and Advantages 11-12
14. Future scope 13
s15. References 14
 LIST OF FIGURES
SL NO. FIGURE PAGE NO
1. Block diagram 2
2. IR sensor and waveform of IR sensor 3
3. Motor driven pin diagram 4
4. Logic table of motor drive 5
5. DC Motor power generation 6
 AUTOMATIC ANAESTHESIA SYRINGE AND MONITORING SYSTEM

CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION

Anesthesia is a medical drug that can be given to the patient to avoid pain during surgeries.
It is the greatest discovery in the medicine which provides comfort to both patient and doctor
while performing surgeries. Anesthesia is divided into three types General, Regional and Local
Anesthesia. General anesthesia is mainly used for all major surgeries to make the patient
unconscious; Local can be given to the numb small area of the body whereas Regional can be
given to block pain in an area of the body such as an arm or leg. Delivery of anesthesia can be
given to the patients in two ways either through inhalation or intravenous. Giving intravenous
anesthesia shows a quick response in patients. Anesthesiologists are overloaded with multiple
tasks like to deliver anesthesia continuously to maintain unconsciousness till the end of surgery
and also need to monitor physiological parameters side by side. This Embedded system uses a
syringe pump to deliver the right amount of anesthesia to the patient. The anesthetist can set the
desired amount of anesthesia that can be given to the patient with the help of a switch panel.
Once the Arduino Uno receives the signal it activates the motor driver to drive the syringe pump
at the preset intervals. The anesthesia is delivered to the patient according to the rotation of the
stepper motor. After administration of anesthesia, the vital parameters like Temperature,
Exhalation breath temperature, and Pulse are monitored side by side. If they are under the normal
state then the second dose of anesthesia will be injected. On the onset of abnormality the doctor
will be notified through a buzzer and anesthesia delivery would continue only if everything is
under normal. Additionally, these parameters are checked by corresponding sensors. This
integration of monitoring parameters increases the patient's safety and keeps the
anesthesiologists at ease. For any operations the patient being in an anesthetic condition is a
must. Anesthesia a practice in medicine to induce temporary state were the patient won’t feel any
pain during the medical procedure using anesthetics. The impact of the anesthesia should be
there how long the operation goes and for that at specified time intervals they are administered. It
should not be given at a single stretch as may result in serious implications.

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 AUTOMATIC ANAESTHESIA SYRINGE AND MONITORING SYSTEM

The automatic anesthesia controller system is developed using embedded systems. This
system has a switch panel to control the syringe infusion system and the whole set up. The
anesthetist can set the amount to be given to the patient. Using the switch panel, the anesthetist
can start the process and once the start signal is received by the system it controls all the system,
sends a signal to the motor driver to switch on the motors and start infusing the medicine. The
switch panel has switches for start, stop, and forward and backward action buttons. The motor
driver is capable of performing bidirectional rotation i.e. injecting and releasing action of the
syringe. A minimum amount of anesthesia will be injected to the patient body, while doing this
the heartbeat will be monitored. After administration it will check whether the heartbeat count is
normal or not. If normal, then the second dose of the medicine will be injected. If the heartbeat
shows any abnormality, then the administration will be stopped and will notify the doctor and
continue only after everything becomes normal. Anesthesia is the most important process that is
being followed prior to the conduction of any major or minor surgeries. Usually Anesthesia is
delivered manually in clinical practices. Due to this a lot of problems occur during the surgery
i.e. anesthesia might be having a very high dosage or low dosage due to which adverse effects of
complexities may occur to the patient. Moreover anesthetist may fail to administer the accurate
dose of anesthesia for the amount of the predestined time which could be disturbed the patient
during operation. Human errors which are neglect able also may cause various side effects on the
patient. Hence an automatic mechanism of mechanical syringe pump is employed to deliver and
regulate anesthesia. The anesthetist can set the keypad to administer the dose of anesthesia in
terms of mill liters per hours. The keypad transmits analog signal to the arduino Uno to regulate
the desired dose of anesthesia to be fed into DC motor to work injection pump. Anesthesia will
be administered that supports the patient’s body condition and movement of syringe within the
forward or backward direction supported the rotation of DC motor. This module will play a
significant role within the field of medication and useful to the physicians during surgery to
supply the will amount of anesthesia. In many applications within the medical industry today
embedded system is employed to regulate various biological and biomedical parameters.

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 AUTOMATIC ANAESTHESIA SYRINGE AND MONITORING SYSTEM

Based on the vital parameters like temperature, heart rate, respiration rate the
microcontroller will have an input of the binary values and process the signals. These signals
according to the limit set will help in regulating the DC motor to deliver anesthesia. The
peristaltic movement in the infusion pump and the to and fro movement in the syringe pump
mechanism is taken for consideration. This forward and backward movement facilitated the
delivery of anesthesia and regulates by delivering in the proper minimal amount. Embedded
system which is the basis of many of the instrumentation and signal processing process is
implemented.

1.1 TYPES OF ANESTHESIA

GENERAL ANESTHESIA: This type induces a reversible loss of consciousness, typically

administrated through inhalation or intravenous injection. It is commonly used for major
surgeries and procedures where the patient needs to be completely unconscious and pain free.

REGIONAL ANESTHESIA : This type of anesthesia blocks pains sensation in a specific

region of the body, such as an arm, leg or the lower half of the body. Examples include epidural
anesthesia, spinal anesthesia, and nerves block.

LOCAL ANESTHESIA: This type of anesthesia numbs a small, specific area of the body,
often used for minor surgical procedures or dental works. It is typically administrated via
injection or topical application to the skin or mucous membranes.

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 AUTOMATIC ANAESTHESIA SYRINGE AND MONITORING SYSTEM

1.2 ANESTHETIC DRUG

Propofol, etomidate, and ketamine are the intravenous sedative-hypnotic agents
commonly used to induce general anesthesia, while adjuvant agents commonly used to
induce general anesthesia , while adjuvant agents are often used to supplement the effects of
the primary sedative hypnotic induction agent. This topic discusses advantages and
beneficial effects, disadvantages and adverse effects, pharmacokinetics, dosing
considerations, and typical uses of each of the sedative hypnotic and adjuvant agents used to
induce general anesthesia.
Our overview of techniques for induction of general anesthesia with IV or inhalation
anesthetics including the selection of specific agents is found in a separate topic.

1.3 DOSING CONSIDERATIONS All available sedative hypnotic IV induction

agents are capable of achieving adequate depth of general anesthesia. After IV injection,
these induction agents have rapid onset due to their high lipid solubility allowing penetration
of the blood brain barrier, and the cardiac output that peruses the brain. Typically, one or
more adjuvant medications are also administered to achieve the desired initial depth of
anesthesia and induction conditions.

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 AUTOMATIC ANAESTHESIA SYRINGE AND MONITORING SYSTEM

1.4 AUTOMATIC ANESTHESIA CONTROL SYSTEM

It is important that during any operation, for the patient to be in an anesthetic condition.
The patient to be in an anesthetic condition. The patient won’t feel any pain during the medical
procedure using anesthetics and the impact of the anesthesia should be there for as long as the
operation goes on. It is also important to measure biomedical parameters such as heart rate and
body temperature since these parameters play a vital role. It will create serious health problems if
proper dosage of anesthesia is not administered at specified at specified time intervals and to
overcome such unfavorable situations this project has been designed to develop an automatic
anesthesia control system. Using this, the predefined number of doses can be administered at
regular time intervals by simultaneously measuring parameters such as heart rate and
temperature.

1.5 CLOSED LOOP ANESTHESIA

Expired concentration of various drugs can be measured continuously. For the inhaled
anesthetics such as desflurane, sevoflurane, and isoflurane, this can be done clinically using the
spectrometric gas analyzers available in most of the anesthesia monitors. Using these inhaled
anesthetic concentrations, a closed-loop system can be applied targeting a specific inspired or
end-tidal concentration. Over the last decades, various experimental control systems were
developed. More recently, a commercial closed-circuit anesthesia ventilator was released. This
machine is able to target the end-tidal concentrations of inhaled anesthetics and to control the
fresh gas flow using closed-loop technology . Recently, experimental devices measuring exhaled
concentration from intravenously given propofol have been tested using proton transfer mass
spectrometry and headspace solid-phase micro extraction coupled with gas chromatography-
mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS) or ion mobility spectrometry coupled to a
multicapillary column for pre-separation (MCC-IMS).

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 AUTOMATIC ANAESTHESIA SYRINGE AND MONITORING SYSTEM

Grosser etal. used gas chromatography mass spectrometry to measure exhaled propofol. Until
today, propofol exhaled Concentration measures are still experimental and no closed-loop
systems have been developed using this concentration as the controlled variable.

1.6 THE TARGET VALUE

It is difficult to assess pain when communication with the

patient is impaired (sedation) or impossible (general
anesthesia). It is, therefore, necessary to use objective
parameters as an adequate reflection of pain in order to
design adequate closed-loop systems. Hemodynamic
parameters have mostly been used and found to be useful
in administering opioids during surgery [18]. A novel
score was recently presented [19] which uses blood
pressure and heart rate to create a score of 9 t o 9
indicating either insufficient or too deep analgesia with
a zone of 3 to 3 regarded as optimal analgesia for
patients undergoing a variety of surgeries. This score
was successfully used for closed-loop remifentanil admin-
istration in a few patients and testing in a gr
It is difficult to assess pain when communication with the
patient is impaired (sedation) or impossible (general
anesthesia). It is, therefore, necessary to use objective
parameters as an adequate reflection of pain in order to
design adequate closed-loop systems. Hemodynamic
parameters have mostly been used and found to be useful
in administering opioids during surgery [18]. A novel
score was recently presented [19] which uses blood
pressure and heart rate to create a score of 9 t o 9
indicating either insufficient or too deep analgesia with
a zone of 3 to 3 regarded as optimal analgesia for
patients undergoing a variety of surgeries. This score
was successfully used for closed-loop remifentanil admin-
istration in a few patients and testing in a gr
V It is difficult to assess pain when communication with the
patient is impaired (sedation) or impossible (general
anesthesia). It is, therefore, necessary to use objective
parameters as an adequate reflection of pain in order to
design adequate closed-loop systems. Hemodynamic
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 AUTOMATIC ANAESTHESIA SYRINGE AND MONITORING SYSTEM

parameters have mostly been used and found to be useful

in administering opioids during surgery [18]. A novel
score was recently presented [19] which uses blood
pressure and heart rate to create a score of 9 t o 9
indicating either insufficient or too deep analgesia with
a zone of 3 to 3 regarded as optimal analgesia for
patients undergoing a variety of surgeries. This score
was successfully used for closed-loop remifentanil admin-
istration in a few patients and testing in a gr
It is difficult to assess pain when communication with the
patient is impaired (sedation) or impossible (general
anesthesia). It is, therefore, necessary to use objective
parameters as an adequate reflection of pain in order to
design adequate closed-loop systems. Hemodynamic
parameters have mostly been used and found to be useful
in administering opioids during surgery [18]. A novel
score was recently presented [19] which uses blood
pressure and heart rate to create a score of 9 t o 9
indicating either insufficient or too deep analgesia with
a zone of 3 to 3 regarded as optimal analgesia for
patients undergoing a variety of surgeries. This score
was successfully used for closed-loop remifentanil admin-
istration in a few patients and testing in a gr
It is difficult to assess pain when communication with the
patient is impaired (sedation) or impossible (general
anesthesia). It is, therefore, necessary to use objective
parameters as an adequate reflection of pain in order to
design adequate closed-loop systems. Hemodynamic
parameters have mostly been used and found to be useful
in administering opioids during surgery [18]. A novel
score was recently presented [19] which uses blood
pressure and heart rate to create a score of 9 t o 9
indicating either insufficient or too deep analgesia with
a zone of 3 to 3 regarded as optimal analgesia for
patients undergoing a variety of surgeries. This score
was successfully used for closed-loop remifentanil admin-
istration in a few patients and testing in a gr
It is difficult to assess pain when communication with the
patient is impaired (sedation) or impossible (general
anesthesia). It is, therefore, necessary to use objective
parameters as an adequate reflection of pain in order to
design adequate closed-loop systems. Hemodynamic
parameters have mostly been used and found to be useful
in administering opioids during surgery [18]. A novel
Dept .of ECE
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 AUTOMATIC ANAESTHESIA SYRINGE AND MONITORING SYSTEM

score was recently presented [19] which uses blood

pressure and heart rate to create a score of 9 t o 9
indicating either insufficient or too deep analgesia with
a zone of 3 to 3 regarded as optimal analgesia for
patients undergoing a variety of surgeries. This score
was successfully used for closed-loop remifentanil admin-
istration in a few patients and testing in a gr
It is difficult to assess pain when communication with the
patient is impaired (sedation) or impossible (general
anesthesia). It is, therefore, necessary to use objective
parameters as an adequate reflection of pain in order to
design adequate closed-loop systems. Hemodynamic
parameters have mostly been used and found to be useful
in administering opioids during surgery [18]. A novel
score was recently presented [19] which uses blood
pressure and heart rate to create a score of 9 t o 9
indicating either insufficient or too deep analgesia with
a zone of 3 to 3 regarded as optimal analgesia for
patients undergoing a variety of surgeries. This score
was successfully used for closed-loop remifentanil admin-
istration in a few patients and testing in a gr
It is difficult to assess pain when communication with the
patient is impaired (sedation) or impossible (general
anesthesia). It is, therefore, necessary to use objective
parameters as an adequate reflection of pain in order to
design adequate closed-loop systems. Hemodynamic
parameters have mostly been used and found to be useful
in administering opioids during surgery [18]. A novel
score was recently presented [19] which uses blood
pressure and heart rate to create a score of 9 t o 9
indicating either insufficient or too deep analgesia with
a zone of 3 to 3 regarded as optimal analgesia for
patients undergoing a variety of surgeries. This score
was successfully used for closed-loop remifentanil admin-
istration in a few patients and testing in a gr
It is difficult to assess pain when communication with the
patient is impaired (sedation) or impossible (general
anesthesia). It is, therefore, necessary to use objective
parameters as an adequate reflection of pain in order to
design adequate closed-loop systems. Hemodynamic
parameters have mostly been used and found to be useful
in administering opioids during surgery [18]. A novel
score was recently presented [19] which uses blood
pressure and heart rate to create a score of 9 t o 9
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 AUTOMATIC ANAESTHESIA SYRINGE AND MONITORING SYSTEM

indicating either insufficient or too deep analgesia with

a zone of 3 to 3 regarded as optimal analgesia for
patients undergoing a variety of surgeries. This score
was successfully used for closed-loop remifentanil admin-
istration in a few patients and testing in a gr
The target value or set-point is the value set by the clinician and will be approached as
closely as possible during the maintenance of anesthesia. A clinically adequate individual target
is essential for the accuracy of the closed-loop system. Two types of set-points can be used are
set-points that are based on population mean data, or individual data measured at the start or just
before the control period. The latter type could be expected to more closely correspond to the
clinical needs during the course of a surgical procedure.

1.7 PROPERTIES OF ANESTHESIA

 Analgesia: It reduces or eliminates pain sensations.

 Amnesia: It induces temporary memory loss or forgetfulness during the procedure.
 Muscle relaxation: It induces muscle relaxation, which facilitates surgical procedures
and prevents involuntary movements.
 Loss of consciousness: Depending on the type and depth of anesthesia, it can result in
partial or complete loss of consciousness.
 Control of autonomic responses: It helps regulate physiological functions like blood
pressure, heart rate and breathing.

1.8 PROBLEM STATEMENT

The main purpose of this project is to help the anesthetist concentrate more on the other
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 AUTOMATIC ANAESTHESIA SYRINGE AND MONITORING SYSTEM

tasks during surgery like, fluid balance, ventilation, drug application so that they can extent the
patient’s safety caused due to the other problem. The regulation of anesthesia is made automatic,
i.e. the injection delivering anesthesia is regulated according to the patient’s vital parameters.
The efficiency of delivering anesthesia is improved due to complete monitoring of the patients

vital parameters and helps in regulating the required dosage of anesthesia.

1.9 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT

 Focusing on the development of a computer-controlled system capable of delivering

anesthesia at regular intervals with precision.
 Ensuring precise and accurate delivery of anesthetic agents based on the patients
physiological parameters and medical history to achieve optimal anesthesia levels.
 Monitoring vital signs in real time and adjusting anesthesia dosages accordingly to
maintain patient’s safety and prevent complications.
 Streamlining the anesthesia process by automating routine tasks such as drug
admiration and monitoring.

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 AUTOMATIC ANAESTHESIA SYRINGE AND MONITORING SYSTEM

CHAPTER-2
LITERATURE SURVEY

PAPER 1
TITLE: “Study of Automatic Anesthesia Controller”

AUTHORS: Ishwari Ingale, Akanksha Pusatkar, Snehal Yeola

PUBLISHED ON: April 2021

DESCRIPTION: Anesthesia infusion is a closed loop system, in which anesthesiologist

follow the process of anticipating and applying the predicted dose. To figure out appropriate
dose one need to continuously monitor different physiological parameters. This is a very
laborious job. Many researchers are tried to advise solution to this problem. Major operations
are performed to remove or reconstruct the infected parts in the human body. These operations
will lead to blood loss and pain. In Bio-medical field anesthesia plays an important role in the
part of painkilling. Anesthesia is very essential in performing painless surgery and so an
Automatic administration of Anesthesia is needed for an effective surgery. In this design, an
AVR processor is used for controlling the anesthesia machine automatically, depending upon
the numerous biomedical parameters such as body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure of
body.
PAPER 2

TITLE: “Automatic Anesthesia Regulation System with Patient Monitoring

Module using Multitask Feedback Network”

AUTHORS: Bakkiyalakshmi B , Saranya S , Lakshmi Shree B

PUBLISHED ON: September 2020

DESCRIPTION: A surgical procedure will always involve an anesthetic process to the patient
to start the surgery.

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 AUTOMATIC ANAESTHESIA SYRINGE AND MONITORING SYSTEM

In major surgeries the patient will be administered with large amount of anesthesia where the
procedure might take 4 to 5 hours to complete. And a complete dosage of anesthesia cannot be
delivered at once. High dosage can affect the patient to enter coma stage. And low dosage can
lead to more dangerous condition where the patient might regain consciousness during the
middle of the surgery itself. Hence depending on the vial parameters of the patient, anesthesia
can be regulated and delivered using a feedback analysis to reduce further side effects.

PAPER 3

TITLE: “Automated Anesthesia Control System with Patient Monitoring”

AUTHORS: Dr. R. Anitha, Ms.B.Nivetha, R.Abinaya, M.Dharshan Keba and S.A.Sree

PUBLISHED ON: April 2022

DESCRIPTION: Providing painless surgery and delivering an accurate dose of anesthesia to

the patient plays a very crucial role in any major surgeries. Failing in providing an accurate
dose to the patient may show adverse effects and postoperative complications. In case of major
surgeries which could take a longer period, the complete dosage of anesthesia could not be
administered in a single dose to the patient since it may show lethal complications.
Administering less dose of anesthesia makes the patient regain consciousness during the
surgery. It is not easy for the anesthetist to deliver an accurate dose of anesthesia at regular
intervals of time. To overcome such complications during surgeries a computer-controlled
syringe is designed to deliver an accurate dose of anesthesia at regular intervals of time with
constant speed. Therefore this project aims to introduce an automatic anesthesia control system
integrating with monitoring parameters using Arduino Uno.

PAPER 4

TITLE: “Automatic Anesthesia Control”

AUTHORS: Chandana R, Kaveen V, Gajalakshmi M, Dr. Joshi Manisha S

PUBLISHED ON: April 2022

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 AUTOMATIC ANAESTHESIA SYRINGE AND MONITORING SYSTEM

DESCRIPTION: Providing painless surgery and delivering an accurate dose of anesthesia to

the patient plays a very crucial role in any major surgeries. Failing in providing an accurate
dose to the patient may show adverse effects and postoperative complications. In case of major
surgeries which could take a longer period, the complete dosage of anesthesia could not be
administered in a single dose to the patient since it may show lethal complications.
Administering less dose of anesthesia makes the Patient regains consciousness during the
surgery. It is not easy for the anesthetist to deliver an accurate dose of anesthesia at regular
intervals of time. To overcome such complications during surgeries a computer-controlled
syringe is designed to deliver an accurate dose of anesthesia at regular intervals of time with
constant speed. Therefore this project aims to introduce an automatic anesthesia control system
integrating with monitoring parameters using Arduino Uno.

PAPER 5

TITLE: “Design of Arduino based Automatic Anesthetic Drug Injector”

AUTHORS: Pooja G H, Dr. Shubhangi D C, Prof. Baswaraj Gadgay

PUBLISHED ON: August 2021

DESCRIPTION: The objective of this proposed system design is to eliminate human errors
while injecting specific amount of anesthetic drug to the patient during surgery. Because
anesthesia remains the severe pain in the backbone in many of the cases. At the hospitals when
any minor or major operation is performed it is compulsory that a patient must be in anesthetic
condition. Before injecting the drug the anesthesiologist must measure the quantity of
anesthesia. In addition to this anesthesiologist should have information about body temperature,
blood pressure, pulse rate within given period of time. The huge amount of dosage cannot be
injected in a single stroke. If a surgery takes long duration of time for 7 to 8 hours, then
complete dosage cannot be injected in one stroke which may leads to the death of a patient. If
the amount of dosage is less than the patient might wake up in the middle of operation. To
overcome this problem the anesthesiologist injects few millimeters of anesthesia per hour, if an
anesthetist miss to inject the anesthesia in a given interval of time the patient may suffer from
many health problems.
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CHAPTER-3
3.1 HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS

3.1.1 ARDUINO UNO

Arduino is an Italian open-source hardware and software company, project, and user
community that designs and manufactures single-board microcontrollers and microcontroller kits
for building digital devices. It’s hardware products are licensed under a CC BY-SA license ,
while the software is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL) or
the GNU General Public License (GPL), permitting the manufacture of Arduino boards and
software distribution by anyone. Arduino boards are available commercially from the
official website or through authorized distributors. Arduino board designs use a variety
of microprocessors and controllers. The boards are equipped with sets of digital and
analog input/output (I/O) pins that may be interfaced to various expansion boards ('shields')
or breadboards (for prototyping) and other circuits. The boards feature serial communications
interfaces, including Universal Serial Bus (USB) on some models, which are also used for
loading programs. The microcontrollers can be programmed using the C and C++ programming
languages (Embedded C), using a standard API which is also known as the Arduino
Programming Language, inspired by the Processing language and used with a modified version
of the Processing IDE. In addition to using traditional compiler tool chains, the Arduino project
provides an integrated development environment (IDE) and a command line tool developed
in Go.

Fig 3.1 : Arduino Uno

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3.1.2 DHT 11 TEMPERATURE SENSOR

The DHT11 is a commonly used Temperature and humidity sensor. The sensor comes
with a dedicated NTC to measure temperature and an 8-bit microcontroller to output the values
of temperature and humidity as serial data. The sensor is also factory calibrated and hence easy
to interface with other microcontrollers. The sensor can measure temperature from 0°C to 50°C
and humidity from 20% to 90% with an accuracy of ±1°C and ±1%. So if you are looking to
measure in this range then this sensor might be the right choice for you.

Fig: DTH 11 temperature sensor

3.1.3 STEPPER MOTOR

A stepper motor, also known as step motor or stepping motor is an electrical motor that
rotates in a series of small angular steps, instead of continuously. Stepper motors are a type of
digital actuator. Like other electromagnetic actuators, they convert electric energy
into mechanical position can be commanded to move and hold at one of these steps without
any position sensor for feedback , as long as the motor is correctly sized to the application in
respect to torque and speed. Switched reluctance motors are very large stepping motors of iron.
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The electromagnets are energized by an external driver circuit or a micro controller. To

make the motor shaft turn, first, one electromagnet is given power, which magnetically attracts
the gear's teeth. When the gear's teeth are aligned to the first electromagnet, they are slightly
offset from the next electromagnet. This means that when the next electromagnet is turned on
and the first is turned off, the gear rotates slightly to align with the next one. From there the
process is repeated. Each of the partial rotations is called a "step", with an integer number of
steps making a full rotation. In that way, the motor can be turned by a precise angle.

Fig 3.1.3 Stepper motor

3.1.4 IR SENSOR
An Infrared light-emitting diode (IR LED) is a special-purpose LED that emits infrared
rays ranging from 700 nm to 1 mm wavelength. Different IR LEDs may produce infrared light of
differing wavelengths, just like other LEDs produce light of different colors.IR sensor is a device
that uses infrared technology to detect objects or changes in the environment. IR sensors can
detect a wide range of physical properties such as temperature, motion, and proximity. IR LEDs
are usually made of gallium arsenide or aluminium gallium arsenide.

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The appearance of an IR LED is the same as a common LED. Since the human eye
cannot see infrared radiation, it is not possible for a person to identify if an IR LED is working.
A camera on a cell phone camera solves this problem. The IR rays from the IR LED in the circuit
are shown in the camera. There are two types of infrared sensors: active and passive. Active
infrared sensors both emit and detect infrared radiation. Active IR sensors have two parts: a light
emitting diode (LED) and a receiver. When an object comes close to the sensor, the infrared light
from the LED reflects off of the object and is detected by the receiver. Active IR sensors act
as proximity sensors, and they are commonly used in obstacle detection systems (such as in
robots).

Fig 3.1.5 IR Sensor

3.1.5 ECG SENSOR

The Heart Rate Monitor Kit with AD8232 ECG sensor module Kit For Arduino is a cost-
effective board use to measure the electrical activity of the heart. This electrical activity can be
chart as an ECG or Electrocardiogram and output as an analog reading. ECGs can be extremely
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noisy, the AD8232 Single Lead Heart Rate Monitor acts as an op-amp to help obtain a clear
signal from the PR and QT Intervals easily. The ECG module AD8232 heart ECG monitoring
sensor module is an integrated signal conditioning block for ECG and other bio-potential
measurement applications.The ECG Module AD8232 Heart ECG Monitoring Sensor Module Kit
for Arduino is designed to extract, amplify, and filter small bio-potential signals in the presence
of noisy conditions; such as those created by motion or remote electrode placement. The
AD8232 Heart Rate Monitor breaks out nine connections from the IC that you can solder pins,
wires, or other connectors too. SDN, LO+, LO-, OUTPUT, 3.3V, GND provide essential pins for
operating this monitor with an Arduino or other development board.

Fig 3.1.5 ECG sensor

3.1.6 12C MODULE

I2C Module has a inbuilt PCF8574 I2C chip that converts I2C serial data to parallel data
for the LCD display. These modules are currently supplied with a default I2C address of either
0x27 or 0x3F. To determine which version you have check the black I2C adaptor board on the
underside of the module. If there a 3 sets of pads labelled A0, A1, & A2 then the default address
will be 0x3F. If there are no pads the default address will be 0x27.The module has a contrast
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adjustment pot on the underside of the display. This may require adjusting for the screen to
display text correctly. his is a RoHS compliant I2C Serial LCD Daughter board that can be
connected to a standard 16×2 or 20×4 Character Display Module that supports 4-bit mode. All
Character Modules sold on our site support 4-bit mode, and nearly all commercially available
16×2 and 20×4 line character modules support it too.This board has a PCF8574 I2C chip that
converts I2C serial data to parallel data for the LCD display. There are many examples on the
internet for using this board with Arduino. Do a search for “Arduino LCD PCF8574“. The I2C
address is 0x3F by default, but this can be changed via 3 solder jumpers provided on the board.
This allows up to 3 LCD displays to be controlled via a single I2C bus (giving each one its own
address)

Fig 3.1.6. 12C Module

3.1.7 LCD DISPLAY

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) is widely used in various electronics applications. It is

commonly used in various systems to show different status and parameters. LCD16x2 has 2 lines
with 16 characters in each line. Each character is made up of a 5x8 (column x row) pixel matrix.
A liquid-crystal display (LCD) is a flat-panel display or other electronically modulated optical
device that uses the light-modulating properties of liquid crystals combined with polarizers.
Liquid crystals do not emit light directly but instead use a backlight or reflector to produce
images in color or monochrome.
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LCDs are available to display arbitrary images (as in a general-purpose computer display)
or fixed images with low information content, which can be displayed or hidden present words,
digits, and seven-segment displays (as in a digital clock) are all examples of devices with these
displays. They use the same basic technology, except that arbitrary images are made from a
matrix of small pixels, while other displays have larger elements.LCDs can either be normally on
(positive) or off (negative), depending on the polarizer arrangement. For example, a character
positive LCD with a backlight will have black lettering on a background that is the colour of the
backlight, and a character negative LCD will have a black background with the letters being of
the same colour as the backlight.

Fig 3.1.7 LCD Display

3.1.8 SYRINGE

Syringe is a simple reciprocating pump consisting of a plunger (though in modern

syringes, it is actually a piston) that fits tightly within a cylindrical tube called a barrel. The
plunger can be linearly pulled and pushed along the inside of the tube, allowing the syringe to
take in and expel liquid or gas through a discharge orifice at the front (open) end of the tube. The
open end of the syringe may be fitted with a hypodermic needle, a nozzle or tubing to direct the
flow into and out of the barrel. The anaesthesia is an essential technique used daily in all dental
clinics. The anaesthesia needles and syringes, are one of the most used dental instruments in

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dentistry. Why? Because they prevent the patient from feeling discomfort during dental
treatment and allow procedures to be carried out that would be impossible without them.

Anaesthesia aims to eliminate the sensitivity of a specific area, in this case, the mouth. It numbs
the tooth and gums so that dental treatment can be carried out painlessly and comfortably. For
this purpose, anaesthesia can be applied with different types of instruments and in different ways.
Due to the great importance of these instruments and the need to know
them in depth, today we bring you a post where we tell you everything you
need to know about anaesthesia needles and syringes and help you choose
the ones that best suit each clinical situation.

Fig 3.1.9 Syringe

3.1.10 BREAD BOARD

A breadboard, solder less breadboard, or protoboard is a construction base used to build

semi-permanent prototypes of electronic circuits. Unlike a perfboard or strip board, breadboards
do not require soldering or destruction of tracks and are hence reusable. For this reason,
breadboards are also popular with students and in technological education. A variety of

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electronic systems may be prototyped by using breadboards, from small analog and digital
circuits to complete central processing units (CPUs).

Compared to more permanent circuit connection methods, modern breadboards have high
parasitic capacitance, relatively high resistance, and less reliable connections, which are subject
to jostle and physical degradation. The layout of a typical solder less breadboard is made up
from two types of areas, called strips. Strips consist of interconnected electrical terminals. Often
breadboard strips or blocks of one brand have male and female dovetail notches so boards can be
clipped together to form a large breadboard.

Fig 3.1.10 Bread board

3.1.11 JUMPER WIRES

A jump wire (also known as jumper, jumper wire, DuPont wire) is an electrical wire, or
group of them in a cable, with a connector or pin at each end (or sometimes without them –
simply "tinned"), which is normally used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or
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other prototype or test circuit, internally or with other equipment or components, without
soldering. Individual jump wires are fitted by inserting their "end connectors" into the slots
provided in a breadboard, the header connector of a circuit board, or a piece of test equipment.

By placing the jumper wire on the circuit, it becomes possible to control the electricity,
stop the operation of the circuit, and operate a circuit that does not operate with ordinary wiring.
Also, when specification change or design change is necessary on the printed circuit board,
reinforcement of the defective part, partial stop of the unnecessary function, and change of the
circuit configuration of the unnecessary output part by attaching or detaching the jumper wire
can do.

Fig 3.1.11 Jumper wire

3.2 PARAMETERS TO INJECT ANESTHESIA

Monitoring the patient’s oxygenation, ventilation, circulation, and temperature

 Ventilation: Assessed by measuring end-tidal carbon dioxide and inspired anaesthetic

gases.

 Oxygenation: Assessed by measuring peripheral oxygen saturation and inspired

anaesthetic gases.

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 Temperature: Core temperature monitoring (e.g., tympanic membrane, distal oesophagus,

nasopharynx, etc.) is used to monitor intraoperative hypothermia, prevent over-heating,
and facilitate detection of malignant hyperthermia.

 Circulation: Assessed by measuring heart rate and non-invasive blood pressure every five
minutes, and through electrocardiogram analysis.

CHAPTER 4
4.1 ALGORITHM

Initialization Algorithm:

1. Initialize the system components including sensors, Arduino Uno, and DC motor.
2. Calibrate sensors to ensure accurate readings.
3. Set initial parameters such as anesthesia dosage, interval duration, and threshold values
for vital signs.

Main Control Loop Algorithm:

Continuously monitor vital signs using temperature sensor, SpO2 sensor, and heart rate
sensor.
1. Read sensor data and store it for processing.
2. Compare sensor readings with predefined threshold values to detect abnormalities.
3. If vital signs are within normal range:
• Activate the DC motor to deliver anesthesia according to the preset dosage and
interval.
• Continue monitoring vital signs.
4. If abnormalities are detected:
• Activate the buzzer to alert the anesthetist.
• Pause anesthesia delivery until vital signs return to normal or medical intervention
is provided.

Anesthesia Delivery Algorithm:

1. Calculate the amount of anesthesia to be administered based on the preset dosage and
interval.
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2. Convert the calculated dosage into motor rotation parameters.

3. Activate the DC motor to rotate the syringe pump accordingly, delivering the calculated
dosage of anesthesia.
4. Pause anesthesia delivery until the next interval.

4.2 FLOWCHART

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Fig 4.1 Mechanism Flowchart

Run the AUTOMATIC

ANAESTHESIA CONTROL
● This process will be
repeated fo
Run the AUTOMATIC
ANAESTHESIA CONTROL
 Run the automatic anesthesia control system simulation.

 The number of doses to be administered is given as input.

 The first dose is injected.

 It then checks for the inputs from the sensors and varies if the heartbeat is normal.

 If the heartbeat is normal, the next dose is injected or else, if it is not normal, the
next dose is injected or else, if it is not normal, then it alerts the doctor by
displaying on the LCD.

 This process will be repeated for the specified number of doses.

4.3 BLOCK DIAGRAM

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Fig:Block Diagram
The block diagram consists of the arduino board which acts as the main microcontroller. Other
componenets are connected to the arduino. The componenets are such as the temperature
controller with the specification DHT 11. It has also the various sensors comnected to it such as
ECG Sensor and the spo2 sensor . The stepper motor helps the syringe to rotate in the forward
movement through which the anesthsia fluid moves forward and gets injected to the patient.

4.4 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

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Fig: Circuit Diagram

A patient can be connected to various electrodes to measure

Electroencephalography (EEG),
Electrocardiography (ECG) and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) values. These
signals when analysed
using a microcontroller can set appropriate anaesthesia doses to maintain
adequate hypnosis and
analgesia as shown in Fig. 1.
Anesthesia Index (AI) is obtained from EEG which is used to measure the
depth of hypnosis. Depth
of analgesia is determined by AnalgoScore (AS), which is derived from ECG,
and GSR Index (GI).
AI value ranges from 40 to 60 is considered as representing an adequate
state of hypnosis. The
AnalgoScore (AS) is an index that ranges from -9 to +9 and a value between
-3 and +3 represents
adequate analgesia. The Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) also indicates the
extent of pain or pain relief
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of the patient. The GI is a value from 0 to 5 where 0 represents extreme pain

and 5 represents no pain.
Controller
The various inputs are given to the controller which calculates the
appropriate doses of anaesthetic
drugs to be given to the patient. The controller can range from a simple PID
controller to a more
complex fuzzy
A patient can be connected to various electrodes to measure
Electroencephalography (EEG),
Electrocardiography (ECG) and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) values. These
signals when analysed
using a microcontroller can set appropriate anaesthesia doses to maintain
adequate hypnosis and
analgesia as shown in Fig. 1.
Anesthesia Index (AI) is obtained from EEG which is used to measure the
depth of hypnosis. Depth
of analgesia is determined by AnalgoScore (AS), which is derived from ECG,
and GSR Index (GI).
AI value ranges from 40 to 60 is considered as representing an adequate
state of hypnosis. The
AnalgoScore (AS) is an index that ranges from -9 to +9 and a value between
-3 and +3 represents
adequate analgesia. The Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) also indicates the
extent of pain or pain relief
of the patient. The GI is a value from 0 to 5 where 0 represents extreme pain
and 5 represents no pain.
Controller
The various inputs are given to the controller which calculates the
appropriate doses of anaesthetic
drugs to be given to the patient. The controller can range from a simple PID
controller to a more
complex fuzzy
v A patient can be connected to various electrodes to measure
Electroencephalography (EEG),
Electrocardiography (ECG) and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) values. These
signals when analysed
using a microcontroller can set appropriate anaesthesia doses to maintain
adequate hypnosis and
analgesia as shown in Fig. 1.
Anesthesia Index (AI) is obtained from EEG which is used to measure the
depth of hypnosis. Depth
of analgesia is determined by AnalgoScore (AS), which is derived from ECG,
and GSR Index (GI).
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 AUTOMATIC ANAESTHESIA SYRINGE AND MONITORING SYSTEM

AI value ranges from 40 to 60 is considered as representing an adequate

state of hypnosis. The
AnalgoScore (AS) is an index that ranges from -9 to +9 and a value between
-3 and +3 represents
adequate analgesia. The Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) also indicates the
extent of pain or pain relief
of the patient. The GI is a value from 0 to 5 where 0 represents extreme pain
and 5 represents no pain.
Controller
The various inputs are given to the controller which calculates the
appropriate doses of anaesthetic
drugs to be given to the patient. The controller can range from a simple PID
controller to a more
complex fuzzy
A patient can be connected to various electrodes to measure Electroencephalography (EEG),
Electrocardiography (ECG) and Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) values. These signals when
analyzed using a microcontroller can set appropriate anesthesia doses to maintain adequate
hypnosis and analgesia as shown in Fig. 1. Anesthesia Index (AI) is obtained from EEG which is
used to measure the depth of hypnosis. Depth of analgesia is determined by AnalgoScore (AS),
which is derived from ECG, and GSR Index (GI). AI value ranges from 40 to 60 is considered as
representing an adequate state of hypnosis.

The Analog Score (AS) is an index that ranges from -9 to +9 and a value between -3 and
+3 represents adequate analgesia. The Galvanic Skin Response (GSR) also indicates the extent of
pain or pain relief of the patient. The GI is a value from 0 to 5 where 0 represents extreme pain
and 5 represents no pain. Controller The various inputs are given to the controller which
calculates the appropriate doses of anesthetics drugs to be given to the patient. The controller can
range from a simple PID controller to a more complex fuzzy controller. The controller initiates
the actuator system which will administer the required propofol dose based on the AI. The
analgesic drug remifentanil is administered based on the AS and GI .

4.5 METHODOLOGY
In this project, we have used Arduino UNO microcontroller which acts as brain of our
system, hence the entire system program is stored in it. The system consists of temperature, heart

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beat and ECG sensors which are used to monitor the patient’s vitals and the drug is infused
accordingly through the keypad. These processes will be displayed on LCD display. Historically
there have been 2 methods of administering IV drugs during anesthesia: bolus dose and
continuous infusion. Bolus doses are typically administered with a handheld syringe. Infusions
are typically administered with an infusion pump. Every anesthetic drug accumulates in tissue
during drug delivery.

4.6 WORKING OF PROPOSED SYSTEM

The Arduino anaesthesia machine is controlled by Arduino UNO with Atmega328
microcontrollers which control the entire system. As all the devices are connected to the central
part that is microcontroller. A DC gear motor is used for injecting process which is nothing but
the extension of a normal DC motor and it is used because of its more rotation as the process of
pumping required more rotation. Different types of sensor are used such as temperature sensor,
Heartbeat sensor, breathing sensor and bleeding detection. Firstly the data from each sensor is
observed one by one, and then time and date for the dosage is set with the help of RTC.A real
time clock (RTC) is available in microchip with its own inbuilt battery, which is also referred as
complementary metal-oxide semiconductor, it is basically like a watch. The dosage that need to
be injected is selected when the operation needed to start also date and timing is added
depending upon how long the operation goes. Keypad is used to enter the timing, date, day and
for other options and LCD is used to display all the information of sensors and other
information’s like the number of dosage using keypad etc. The specific time period is considered
for the dosages, the first dosage is given at the starting and after a specific amount of time the
second dosage is given automatically by the machine .

CHAPTER 5

5.1 CONCLUSION

In the proposed system microcontroller based system is used to inject the predefined
number of anesthesia doses to the patient at regular time intervals. The dose of anesthesia must
be known in advance, as a predefined value is programmed as input. The microcontroller is
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programmed using an embedded system to regulate the dose of anesthesia. We also measure the
biomedical parameters such as heart rate and temperature since the measurement of biomedical
parameters is a vital process. These parameters determine the overall condition of the patient,
only based on these parameters the movement of the stepper motor is determined.

The order no base automatic unaesthetic drug injector machine elaborate elaborated in
this paper is extremely safe and suitable in any environmental condition that is reliable and can
be easily operated this project has few sensors that observed, the eighth cracks or airways for
anesthetics gas concentration and mental processes of a patient. It also shows the depth of the
anesthesia but not directly. When a parameters per frame of mind changes in a designated time
or a specific period of time then the motor will be initiated to give the injection. The LCD will
display the values of vital parameters with time and date and day information by which
administration and management will become very easy to work. By this the automatically
induction process of the system please main role in reducing the risk that appear due to giving
the extra dosages bye anesthesiologists. The user interface is very easy, so it makes the
interfacing with user lot easier and it can be used in much number of surgeries this makes very
less use of Technology and find functions used here are very simple. After testing and validating
continuously the system can perform uniform operations and for this reason it will have huge
application in the market.

From the overall conduct of the project, monitoring patient’s parameters plays very crucial role
when patient is under anesthesia. It’s not easy for anesthesiologists to focus on multiple tasks. So
Embedded patient monitoring system has been designed with different sensors to give alert to
anesthesiologist if any abnormality occurs while delivering anesthesia to the patient via syringe
pump which in turn controlled by stepper motor. This project can be improved further by
integrating few more monitoring parameters like SpO2, Blood pressure sensor. It can also be
improved to control the motor with anyone of the parameter by making it stop if any abnormality
occurs in patient’s vital signs.

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5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

In future drug quantity based on patients age and health will be and be administered by using an
Android app and IOT web server by keeping patients database.

This project can be further developed by taking inputs for static parameters of the patient based
on which the anesthesia doses are calculated and storing the drug dosage value for different
modes of surgery in a database and hence calculating the number of doses.

5.3 RESULT

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Fig: Hardware Design

The proposed system takes the number of doses as the input and parameters such as heart rate
and temperature are monitored. The movement of the stepper motor is determined by the
conditions of heart rate. If the heart rate is normal, the stepper motor moves and it is displayed so
on the LCD screen. If the heart rate falls below or above the normal range, the stepper motor
does not rotate and the doctor is alerted by displaying on the LCD screen. Additionally,
temperature parameters are also monitored.

CHAPTER 6
6.1 APPLICATIONS

1. Precision Dosing: Automatic anaesthesia syringes are programmed to deliver precise

amount of anaesthetics agents based on patient characteristics such as weight, age,
and medical history.
2. Continuous Monitoring: These systems continuously monitor vital signs such as
heart rate, blood pressure, oxygen saturation and respiratory rate during anaesthesia
administration.

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3. Safety Enhancement: Automatic anaesthesia syringes are equipped with safety

features such as drug libraries, dose error reduction systems, and occlusion detection
mechanisms.
4. Reduced Workload for Anaesthesia Providers: Automation of anaesthesia delivery
and monitoring tasks reduces the workload for anaesthesia providers, allowing them
to focus more on patient care and clinical decision-making.
5. Improved Workflow Efficiency: Integration of automatic anaesthesia syringes with
electronic health records systems and anaesthesia information management system
streamlines documentation, simplifies record-keeping and facilities data analysis for
quality improvement initiatives.
6. Pediatric Anaesthesia: Automatic anaesthesia syringes are particularly beneficial in
pediatric anesthesia, where precise dosing and continuous monitoring are crucial due
to the unique physiological characteristics of pediatric patients.
7. Complex Procedures: For complex surgical procedures requiring deep levels of
anesthesia providers to monitor patients vital signs and anaesthesia levels from a
distance.
8. Remote Monitoring and Telemetry: Automatic anaesthesia syringes and monitoring
systems also find applications in research and training settings, where they are used to
study the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of anaesthetic agents.

6.2 ADVANTAGES
1. Real-time Adaptability: The system's ability to continuously monitor and adapt
anesthesia levels in real-time enhances its responsiveness to dynamic changes in a
patient's physiological state during surgery.

2. Customization and Individualization: The closed-loop system allows for the

customization of anesthesia delivery based on individual patient needs, optimizing the
balance between achieving the desired depth of anesthesia and avoiding unnecessary
over-sedation.
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3. Early Detection of Anomalies: The incorporation of alarms and safety mechanisms

enables early detection and prompt response to abnormal vital signs or system
malfunctions, contributing to proactive patient care.

4. Data Logging and Analysis: The system's capability to log patient vitals and system
events facilitates post-analysis, providing valuable insights for continuous improvement,
research, and audit purposes.

5. Precision dosing: These systems can deliver precise amounts of anesthesia, ensuring
accurate dosing tailored to each patient's needs. This reduces the risk of under or
overdosing, enhancing patient safety and comfort.

6. Consistency: With automated systems, anesthesia delivery is consistent, eliminating

variations that may occur with manual administration. This consistency contributes to
more predictable outcomes and better patient management.

7. Efficiency: Automated systems can save time for medical professionals by streamlining
the anesthesia delivery process. This allows healthcare providers to focus on other
aspects of patient care, improving overall efficiency in the operating room.

8. Safety features: Many automatic anesthesia syringe systems come with built-in safety
features such as alarms for occlusions, air bubbles, or other issues. These features help
prevent complications and enhance patient safety during procedures.

9. Reduced risk of contamination: Manual syringe handling carries a risk of

contamination. Automatic systems minimize this risk by reducing the need for manual
intervention, maintaining a sterile environment, and preventing accidental needle sticks.

10. Remote control and monitoring: Some advanced systems offer remote control and
monitoring capabilities, allowing anesthesiologists to adjust dosages or monitor patients
from a distance. This can be particularly useful in complex surgical procedures or
emergency situations.
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11. Data recording and integration: Automated systems often include features for
recording anesthesia delivery data, which can be valuable for documentation, analysis,
and integration with electronic medical records (EMRs). This enhances record-keeping
accuracy and facilitates comprehensive patient care.

REFERENCES
[1] “ARDUINO based Automated Dosage Prescriptor using Load Cell” by 1. Rasheedha; K.
Srinathi, 2. T. Sivalavanya, 3. R.R. Monesha, 4. S. Nithin(IEEE @2023).

[2] “Automatic anesthesia regularization system (AARS) with patient monitoring modules” May
2023 International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7(2):48-52

[3] “Study of Automatic Anesthesia Controller” by 1. Ishwari Ingale, 2. Akanksha Pusatkar, 3.

Snehal Yeola, 4. MVP’s Karmaveer Adv. Baburao Ganpatrao Thakare College of Engineering(©
April 2020 | IJIRT | Volume 6 Issue 11 | ISSN: 2349-6002)

[4]”Microcontroller based Anesthesia Machine with Dosage Calculator” by 1. Akshay Sharma A

S1, 2. Chethan Ravindra Kabade, 3. Hitesh K B3, 4. Sourabh R4, 5. Bhanu H S5 (Issue: 07 | July
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2022).

[5]Durgadevi S, Anbananthi Embedded System: Patient Life Secure System Based On

Microcontroller. International Journal for Advance Research in Engineering and Technology, 2021,
142-147.

[6] Hanuman R.Vani , Pratik V, Makh, Mohanish & Chandurkar.K Anesthesia Regularization
using Heart Beat Sensor International Journal Of Engineering, Education And Technology
(ARDIJEET), 2 (1), 2022,1 – 9.

[7]Isaka, S., “Control Strategies for Arterial Blood Pressure Regulation”, IEEE Trans. Biomed.
Eng., 40, 1993, 353- 363.Jung Kim, Gina Bledsoe, Steven R Hofstetter, Maureen Fitzpatrick&
Maria Fezza,Patient Safety,Practice Management, BJA: British JournalofAnaesthesia,108(2), 2022,
310–3D.

[8]S.Diwase,R.W. Jasutkar, “Expert Controller for Regulating Dose of Iso flurane”, IJAE
ST,Vol9,IssueNo.2,pp.218-67,2023.

[9] David Miller, Sharon R Lewis, Michael W Pritchard, Oliver J SchofieldRobinson, Cliff L
Shelton, Phil Alderson, Andrew F Smith, “Intravenous versus inhalational maintenance of
anaesthesia for postoperative cognitive outcomes in elderly people undergoing noncardiac
surgery”, Cochrane Database Syst Rev., vol. 8, PMCID:PMC6513211, August 2020.

[10 ] Tushar Chokshi, Shivakumar Channabasappa, Davies C Vergheese, Sukhminder Jit Singh Bajwa,
Bhavna Gupta, Lalit Mehdiratta, "Reemergence of TIVA in COVID times”, Indian journal of
Anaesthesia, vol. 64, pp. 47-53, May 2020.

[11] S. Krishnakumar, Bethanney Janney, “Automatic anaesthesia regularization system (AARS) with
patient monitoring modules”, International Journal of Engineering and Technology, vol. 7, pp. 48- 52,
January 2019.

[12] Todor A Popov, Tanya Z Kralimarkova, Marina Labor and Davor Plavec, “The added value of
exhaled breath temperature in respiratory medicine”, Journal of Breath Research, vol. 11, 034001,
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[13] Barkha Bindu, Ashish Bindra and Girija Rath, “Temperature management under general
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