Exponential and Log Equation
Exponential and Log Equation
Inverse Properties b x
x b
log x
logb b x
logb M logb N
Quotient Rule M N
M
log log
log
bbb
N
Power Rule
If M N b b then M N.
Example 3: Solve 3 30 x using (a) common logarithms, (b) natural logarithms, and (c) the
definition of a logarithm.
Page 2 (Section 4.6)
Example 4: Solve 10 3 835 Example 5: Solve 5 50 2 x
x
Example 6: Solve 2 1 2 3
xx
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=== Example 7: Use FACTORING to solve each of the following equations. (Hint: Use
substitution or short-cut method learned in Section 1.6.)
2
xx
(a) 2 3 0
2
xx
e e (b) 3 4 3 12 0
=========================================================================
==
Page 3 (Section 4.6)
Steps for solving LOGARITHMIC EQUATIONS: Example 8: Solve log4(x 3) 2
(Examples 8 – 11)
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=== Periodic Interest Formula Continuous Interest Formula
nt rt
A Pe
r
A P
1
n
Example 15: How long will it take $25,000 Example 16: How long will it take $25,000 to grow
to $500,000 at 9% interest to grow to $500,000 at 9% interest compounded continuously?
compounded quarterly?
Example 18: In 2001 the world population was approximately 6.2 billion. If the annual growth
rate averaged about 1.3% per year, write an exponential equation that models this situation.
Use your model to estimate the population for this year.
Example 19: An account has a continuous interest rate of k.
(a) How long will it take your money to double if compounded continuously?
(d) What interest rate is needed for an investment to double after 5 years?
Example 20: The minimum wage in 1970 was $1.60. In 2000 it was
$5.15.
(a) Find a growth model for this situation.
(b) Estimate the minimum wage for this year.
(c) An art collector plans to purchase a painting by Leonardo DaVinci for a considerable
amount of money. (DaVinci lived from 1452-1519). Could the painting in part (b) possibly be
one of DaVinci’s works?
(c) What is the decay rate (per day) to the nearest tenth of a percent.
Expressing an Exponential Model in Base e: x y ab is equivalent to b x y ae(ln
) xb
or y ae ln
(a)
x012345
f(x) 36 30 24 18 12 6
(b)
x012345
g(x) 32 16 8 4 2 1
(c)
t 2 4 6 8 10
Q(t) 3 9 15 21 27
(d)
q012345
h(q) 4 1 0 1 4 9
(e)
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y 32 48 72 108 162
years. A. ( ) 12,000(1.05)t P t
B. ( ) 6000(1.035)t P t
C. ( ) 15,000(.94)t P t
D. P t t ( ) 1200 300
E. ( ) 900(1.15)t P t
F. P t t ( ) 5000 25
(a) Which town had a constant population decrease? Find the average rate of change per
year. (b) Which town has the fastest annual growth rate? What is the annual growth rate?
(d) What is the annual rate of decrease (decay) for Town C? At this rate how many people will
be left after 150 years?
x
e 10. 2 3 1 5 3
xx
11. x x
12 0.6
e 10 12. 40 3 237
x
9. 7 11,243 4 5
e
Solve by factoring. Write the answer using exact values.
2
xx
2
e e 16. 5 24 4 2 2 e e 14. 3 2 0
xx xx
xx
13. 4 3 0
e e 15. 2 3 ee
Solve each logarithmic equation.
17. log4(3x 2) 3 18. 5ln(2x) 20
26. What interest rate is needed for $1000 to double after 10 years if compounded continuously?
27. The formula t A e0.0183 22.9 models the population of Texas, A, in millions, t years after
2005. (a) What was the population in Texas in 2005? (b) Estimate the population in 2012?
(c) When will the population reach 27 million?
28. You have $2300 to invest. What interest rate is needed for the investment to grow to
$3000 in two years if the investment is compounded quarterly?
29. What interest is needed for an investment to triple in four years if it is compounded (a)
semiannually and (b) continuously?
30. How much money would you need to invest now in order to have $15,000 saved in two
years if the principal is invested at an interest rate of 6.2% compounded (a) quarterly and (b)
continuously?
(b) Use your model from part (a) to determine how long it will take for a
sample of this type of radioactive iodine to decay to 10% of its original
amount.
Round your final answer to the nearest whole day.
34. The growth model t A e0.012 107.4 describes Mexico’s population, A, in millions t years
after 2006. (a) What is Mexico’s growth rate?
(b) How long will it take Mexico to double its population?
4.6 Homework Answers: 1. 7 2.61
3. 3 4. 0 5. {2.05} 6. {.90} 7. {2.06} 8. {6.06}
e
9. {3.58} 10. {-2.80} 11. {.28} 12. {2.99} 13. {0, ln 3} 14. {0, ln 2} 15. {ln 3} 24
19.
62 18.
3
ln3 4
2 17. 16. 3 22. {5} 23.
2
5 9 24.
4 20. {6} 21.
25. (a) 32.19 years; (b) 32.39 years 26. 6.93% 27. (a) 22.9 million; (b) 26.03 million; (c) 2014
28. 13.5% 29. (a) 29.44%; (b) 27.47% 30. (a) $13,263.31; (b) $13,250.70 31. (a) t A A e0.086643
0
(b) 27 days 32. (a) 50.68 million; (b) 6.02 years 33. 6.2 hours 34. (a) 1.2%; (b) about 58 years