CE0021

MODULE #1
INTRODUCTION TO HYDRAULICS

• CONTINUITY PRINCIPLE
Course Information
Course Name: Hydraulics Engineering
Course Code: CEHYDRAULICS

Credits: 5 units (4 units lecture, 1 unit laboratory)

Contact Hours: 5.33 hours lecture, 3 hours laboratory
Textbook:
Other Supplemental Materials:
Course Information
Prerequisites: CE0009/CE0009L
Co-requisites: None
Course Classification: Required
Course Information
Grades Computation (As per Institutional Policy)
Course Description
➢ This is a follow-up course to Fluid Mechanics
and taken with the one (1) unit laboratory
course.
➢ It deals with the study of flow in closed
conduits, open channel flow and
hydrodynamic forces.
Introduction
 Hydraulics
➢ derived from the greek
words hudro (water)
and aulos (pipe)
Hydraulics
hudro
+ = Hudraulikos
aulos
 Hydraulics
➢ Science that deals
with the mechanical
behavior of water at
rest or in motion
Mechanical Behavior
➢ Forces & Energy of Fluids at Rest
➢ Energy and Momentum of Fluids
in Motion
➢ Water Surface Elevation
➢ Discharge and Velocity
➢ Hydrostatics and Hydrodynamics
 Hydraulics
➢ main focus is water
although other fluids
may be discussed
Fluid Mechanics
vs.
Hydraulics
Fluid Mechanics
➢ has more emphasis on
physics and its applications
➢ deals with all types of
fluids
PROPERTIES OF FLUID
PROPERTIES OF FLUID

General Note

P – Pressure of a droplet (F/L2,

MPa or psi);
𝜎 – Surface Tension (F/L, N/m or
lb/ft);
d – diameter of the droplet (L, mm
or in);
h – Capillarity rise (L, mm or in);
𝜃 – Wetting Angle (Degrees);
Water – 0 Degree;
𝛾 – Unit of weight of fluid (F/L3,
kN/m3 or lb/ft3)
 Hydraulics
➢ more empirical
➢ problems are solved based
on results of previous
experimentations
➢ mostly focused on water
Hydraulics is actually, an
applied science of Fluid
Mechanics.
Flow of Fluids
Classification of Fluid

SOLID FLUID
“A solid, no matter how plastic,
requires a certain magnitude of “Any fluid, no matter how
stress to be exerted before it viscous, will yield in time to the
will flow.” slightest stress.”

©2017 Google Image

Classification of Fluid

LIQUIDS GASES
• Closely spaced with large • Widely spaced with small
intermolecular cohesive forces. intermolecular cohesive forces.
• Retain volume but take shape of • Take volume and shape of container.
container.

©2017 Google Image

Classification of Fluid

Newtonian Fluid Non-Newtonian Fluid

“A fluid is said to “In a non-Newtonian fluid, the

be Newtonian if the viscous relation between the shear
stresses that arise from its flow, stress and the shear rate is
at every point, are proportional different, and can even be time-
to the local strain rate.” dependent.”

©2017 Google Image

 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids
Shear Rate (s-1) – Shear Stress () Relationship of Different Fluids (i.e. Dilatant Fluid, Newtonian Fluid, Pseudo plastic Fluid and Bingham
Plastic)

©2017 Google Image

Classification of Fluid

Ideal Fluid Real Fluid

An ideal fluid may be defined In a real fluid, either liquid or

as one in which there is no gas, tangential or shearing
friction; that is its viscosity is forces always come into being
zero. Thus the internal forces at whenever motion takes place,
any internal section are always thus giving rise to fluid friction,
normal to the section, even because these forces oppose the
during motion. Hence the forces movement of one part past
are purely pressure forces. Such another. These friction forces
a fluid does not exist in reality are due to a property of the fluid
called viscosity.
 CONTROL VOLUME

“It is a mathematical abstraction employed in the process of

creating mathematical models of physical processes. In an inertial
frame of reference, it is a volume fixed in space or moving with
constant velocity through which the fluid (gas or liquid) flows. The
surface enclosing the control volume is referred to as the control
surface.”
1D & 3D CONTROL VOLUME

1D CONTROL VOLUME

3D CONTROL VOLUME

©2017 Google Image

BOUNDARY LAYER AND NO-SLIP
CONDITIONS

Boundary layer is the layer of fluid in the immediate vicinity of a

bounding surface where the effects of viscosity are significant.
All fluids possess viscosity which reduces the relative velocity (of the
fluid with respect to the wall) to zero at a solid boundary. This is known
as no-slip condition. ©2017 Google Image
CONTINUM HYPOTHESIS

“Fluids are composed of molecules that collide with one

another and solid objects. The continuum assumption
however, consider fluids to be continuous.” ©2017 Google Image
FLUID FLOWS ASSUMPTIONS

Lagranian Fluid Flow Eulerian Fluid Flow

“A way of looking at fluid
motion where the observer “a way of looking at fluid
follows an individual fluid motion that focuses on specific
parcel as it moves through space locations in the space through
and time. Plotting the position of which the fluid flows as time
an individual parcel through time passes. This can be visualized
gives the path line of the parcel. by sitting on the bank of a river
This can be visualized as sitting and watching the water pass the
in a boat and drifting down a fixed location.”
river.”
 Streamlines, Streaklines and Pathlines

Streamlines, streaklines and pathlines are field lines resulting from this vector field
description of the flow.
•Streamlines are a family of curves that are instantaneously tangent to the velocity vector of
the flow. These show the direction a fluid element will travel in at any point in time.

•Streaklines are the locus of points of all the fluid particles that have passed continuously
through a particular spatial point in the past. Dye steadily injected into the fluid at a fixed
point extends along a streakline.

•Pathlines are the trajectories that individual fluid particles follow. These can be thought of as
"recording" the path of a fluid element in the flow over a certain period. The direction the
path takes will be determined by the streamlines of the fluid at each moment in time.
 Streamlines, Streaklines and
Pathlines

Visualization of the three

vector lines in flow field.
(Note the figure above is
better viewed in power point
presentation.

©2017 Google Image

Hydraulics Engineering
Fluid Flow Classification

Steady State Flow Unsteady State Flow

“Steady flow means steady with respect to time.
“In unsteady flow the flow changes
Thus the flow at every point remains constant with
with time.”
respect to time.”

Uniform Flow Non-uniform Flow (Varied)

“The flow is defined as uniform flow when in the flow field
“When the velocity and other hydrodynamic
the velocity and other hydrodynamic parameters do not
parameters changes from one point to
change from point to point at any instant of time.”
another the flow is defined as non-uniform.”

Hydraulics Engineering
Fluid Flow Classification

Hydraulics Engineering
Fluid Flow Classification

Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow

▪Involves almost parallel layer of •It is describe to chaotic and uncertain flow
streamlines. regime.
▪Nearly parabolic velocity profile. •Unstable velocity profile, it follows
▪Commonly observe to high Logarithmic function.
viscous fluid with low velocity. •More on high velocity and low viscous fluid.
▪Re < 2000 •Re > 4000

©2017 Google Image

Hydraulics Engineering
 Velocity Profile

Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow

©2017 Google Image

Hydraulics Engineering
 The figure above shows an example of laminar flow and
turbulent flow.
©2017 Google Image

Hydraulics Engineering
 Reynolds Number, Re

Where: R – Reynolds Number; d – diameter of pipe or hydraulic

depth of open channel; p – fluid’s density; u – absolute
viscosity; v – kinematic viscosity

Hydraulics Engineering
 Flow Rate
➢ Flow rate is the quantity
of fluid flowing in a system
per unit time.
 Flow Rate
Q. = volume flow rate, 3
m /s
m = mass flow rate, kg/s
.
w = weight flow rate, N/s
Volume Flow Rate, Q
➢ also referred to as discharge

discharge: Where:
Q – discharge, m3/s
Q = av a – area of conduit, m2
v – velocity of flow, m3/s
Volume Flow Rate, Q
➢ May also be expressed by the volumetric
method
Where:
discharge: Q – discharge, m3/s
Q = vol/t vol – volume of flow, m3
t – elapsed time to
accumulate the
volume, sec
Volume Flow Rate, Q
➢ other units are in:
- lit/sec
- gal/sec
- gpm (gallons per minute)
 .
Mass Flow Rate, m

mass flow rate: Where:

. .
m – mass flow rate, kg/s
m = ρQ ρ – density of fluid, kg/m3
Q – discharge in m3/s
 .
Weight Flow Rate, w

Where:
. .
w – weight flow rate, N/s
γ – unit weight of fluid, N/m3
Q – discharge in m3/s
Conversions
Volume: Unit Weight:
1 m3 = 1000 Liters Water: 1000 kg/m3
1 gallon = 3.785 Liters 62.4 lb/ft3
9810 N/m3
9.81 kN/m3
Fluid Flow
➢ To better understand
fluid flow, simplifying
assumptions are made.
 st
1 Assumption
➢ We assume that the fluid is
IDEAL.
➢ An ideal fluid has no viscosity.
➢ The flow of an ideal fluid is
called inviscid (not viscous).
 nd
2 Assumption
➢ We assume an incompressible
flow.
➢ Density of the fluid does not
change significantly throughout
the system.
 nd
2 Assumption
➢ Note that this assumption
is excellent for liquids but
may not be the same for
gases.
 Law of
Conservation
of Mass
 Continuity Equation
➢ states that , for steady flow, the
rate at which mass enters a
control volume equals the rate
at which mass leaves this same
control volume.
Continuity Equation
Control Volume

a2
Q2
a1 ❷ v2
Q1
v1 ❶

Figure 1
 Continuity Equation
➢ Or, by the law of conservation
of mass, what goes in at point 1
goes out at point 2.
Continuity Equation

By continuity:
Q1 = Q2
a1v1 = a2v2
 Law of
Conservation
of Energy
 Conservation of Energy
➢ states that the total energy
possessed by a given mass of fluid
as it flows through a system
remains constant unless energy is
added or removed from the fluid.
 Conservation of Energy
➢ The total energy possessed by a
given mass of fluid can be
considered to consist of potential,
kinetic and flow (pressure) energy.
Bernoulli’s Equation
v2 velocity
2g head (m)
Note:
z elevation (m) Pressure must be
gage pressure.
P pressure
γ head (m)
Bernoulli’s Equation
➢ No Head Loss (Ideal Condition)
E1 = E2
v12 P1 v22 P2
+ z1 + = + z2 +
2g γ 2g γ
➢ With Head Loss
E1 - HL = E2
v12 P1 v22 P2
+ z1 + − HL = + z2 +
2g γ 2g γ