Java Tutorial

About the Tutorial

This Java tutorial has been written for beginners to advanced programmers who are
striving to learn Java programming. We have provided numerous practical examples to
explain the concepts in simple and easy steps. This tutorial has been prepared and
reviewed by experienced Java programmers at Tutorials Point, and the best effort has
been put into making it useful for the students and Java developers.
After completing this tutorial, you will find yourself at a moderate level of expertise in Java
programming, from where you can elevate yourself to the next levels.

What is Java?
Java is a popular high-level, object-oriented programming language that was originally
developed by Sun Microsystems and released in 1995. Currently, Java is owned by Oracle,
and more than 3 billion devices run Java. Java runs on a variety of platforms, such
as Windows, Mac OS, and the various versions of UNIX. Today Java is being used to
develop numerous types of software applications, including desktop apps, mobile apps,
web apps, games, and much more.

Java is a general-purpose programming language intended to let

programmers Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA). This means that compiled Java code
can run on all platforms that support Java without the need to recompile.

In this tutorial, you will learn everything about Java, starting from basics to advanced
concepts such as overview, history, installations, basic input/output, conditional & control
statements, arrays, classes, inheritance, method overloading & overriding, exception
handling, and many more.

Java First Example

The first example in Java is to print "Hello, World!" on the screen. Let's have a quick look
at the first example in Java programming:

public class MyFirstJavaProgram {

/* This is my first java program.

* This will print 'Hello, World!' as the output
*/

public static void main(String []args) {

System.out.println("Hello, World!"); // prints Hello, World!
}
}

Getting Started with Java

Explore the following chapters to get started learning Java programming:

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 Java - Home
 Java - Overview
 Java - History
 Java - Features
 Java Vs. C++
 JVM - Java Virtual Machine
 Java - JDK vs JRE vs JVM
 Java - Hello World Program
 Java - Environment Setup
 Java - Basic Syntax

Java Basics
Explore the basic topics such as data types, operators, user input, etc.:
 Java - Variable Types
 Java - Data Types
 Java - Type Casting
 Java - Unicode System
 Java - Basic Operators
 Java - Comments
 Java - User Input
 Java - Date & Time

Java Conditional Statements

Furthermore, in Java, explore the conditional statements to implement the logic and to
make decisions based on the conditions:
 Java - Decision Making
 Java - If-else
 Java - Switch

Java Loops and Control Statements

Explore the loops and control statements to learn how to control the execution of the
programming logics:
 Java - Loop Control
 Java - For Loops
 Java - For-Each Loops
 Java - While Loops
 Java - do-while Loops
 Java - Break

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 Java - Continue

Java String and Arrays

Explore the following strings and array-related chapters:
 Java Strings and String Class
 Java - Strings

Java OOPs
Explore the following chapters to learn the object-oriented programming approach in Java:
 Java - OOPs Concepts
 Java - Object & Classes
 Java - Class Attributes
 Java - Class Methods
 Java - Methods
 Java - Variables Scope
 Java - Constructors
 Java - Access Modifiers
 Java - Inheritance
 Java - Aggregation
 Java - Polymorphism
 Java - Overriding
 Java - Method Overloading
 Java - Dynamic Binding
 Java - Static Binding
 Java - Instance Initializer Block
 Java - Abstraction
 Java - Encapsulation

Java Collections and Interfaces

Explore Java interfaces and collections-related chapters:
 Java - Interfaces
 Java - List Interface
 Java - Queue Interface
 Java - Map Interface
 Java - SortedMap Interface
 Java - Set Interface
 Java - SortedSet Interface

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 Java - Iterators
 Java - Comparators
 Java - Comparable Interface in Java
 Java - Collections
 Java - Collection Interface

Java Exceptional Handling

Explore the file handling chapters to learn how to create, write, read, and manipulate the
files and directories:
 Java - Files
 Java - Create a File
 Java - Write to File
 Java - Read Files
 Java - Delete Files
 Java - Directories
 Java - I/O Streams

Java Multithreading
Explore the threading-related chapters to learn to manage multiple threads in Java:
 Java - Multithreading
 Java - Thread Life Cycle
 Java - Creating a Thread
 Java - Starting a Thread
 Java - Joining Threads
 Java - Naming Thread
 Java - Thread Scheduler
 Java - Thread Pools
 Java - Main Thread
 Java - Thread Priority
 Java - Daemon Threads
 Java - Thread Group
 Java - Shutdown Hook

Java Practices
 Java Quick Guide
 Java Interview Questions
 Java 8 Interview Questions
 Java Online Test

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 Java Mock Test

Java References
Here, you can find the package, class, and method references −
 Java Scanner Class
 Java Arrays Class
 Java Strings Class
 Java Date Class
 Java ArrayList Class
 Java Vector Class
 Java Stack Class
 Java PriorityQueue Class
 Java LinkedList Class
 Java ArrayDeque Class
 Java HashMap Class
 Java LinkedHashMap Class
 Java WeakHashMap Class
 Java EnumMap Class
 Java TreeMap Class
 Java IdentityHashMap Class
 Java HashSet Class
 Java EnumSet Class
 Java LinkedHashSet Class
 Java TreeSet Class
 Java BitSet Class
 Java Dictionary Class
 Java Hashtable Class
 Java Properties Class
 Java Collection Class
 Java Array Class

Online Java Compiler

Our Java programming tutorial provides various examples to explain the concepts. To
compile and execute the given Java programming examples in your browser itself, we
have provided Online Java Compiler. You can edit and run almost all the examples directly
from your browser without the need to set up your development environment.

Try to click the icon to run the following Java code to print conventional "Hello, World!"
using Java Programming.

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Below code box allows you to change the value of the code. So, please try to change the
value inside println() and run it again to verify the result.

public class MyFirstJavaProgram {

/* This is my first java program.

* This will print 'Hello, World!' as the output
*/

public static void main(String []args) {

System.out.println("Hello, World!"); // prints Hello, World!
}
}

Java Features
Java is a feature-rich language. Java is evolving continuously with every update, and
updates are coming every six months. Following are some of the main features of the Java
language:
 Object Oriented: Java is a pure object-oriented language, and everything in Java
is an object. Java supports OOPS principles
like Inheritance, Encapsulation, Polymorphism, Classes , and so on. Java itself can
be extended as well, being based on an object model.
 Platform Independent: Java code is platform independent. A Java code is not
compiled into machine-specific code. It is compiled into a platform-neutral byte
code. This byte code is executed by JVM which runs the code on the underlying
platform. This capability makes Java a Write Once Run Anywhere language.
 Easy to Learn: Java inherits features from C and C++, and developers can easily
learn Java if they know C or C++ languages. Even for someone new to computer
languages, Java is very easy to learn from scratch.
 Secure: Java is secure by architecture. A developer is not required to directly
interact with the underlying memory or operating system. Java provides automatic
garbage collection, so developers are not required to worry about memory leaks,
management, etc.
 Architectural-Neutral: Java byte code can be executed on any kind of processor.
JRE automatically handles the code execution on different types of processors.
 Portable: A Java code written on a Windows machine can be executed without any
code change on MacOS and vice versa. There is no need to make any operating
system-specific code changes.
 Robust: Java is a very robust language with very strong compile-time error checks,
strict type checking, and runtime exception handling.
 Multithreading: Java provides inbuilt support for multiprocessing and
multithreading. Java provides thread handling, monitors, deadlock handling, racing
conditions, etc.

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 High Performance: Java, although being interpreted, is still very performant.

The JIT (Just In Time) compiler helps in improving performance.
 Distributed: Java is designed for distributed systems and is the most popular
language for developing internet-based applications as the internet is a distributed
environment.

Java Applications
Since Java supports object-oriented features and is platform-independent, it is extensively
used in various fields. Listed below are a few areas where Java is used -
 Enterprise solutions
 Game development
 Secured web development
 Embedded systems
 Mobile application development
 Big Data Applications, and many more.

Java Platforms (Editions)

Platforms of Java are divided into four Java editions, which are −
 Java SE (Java Standard Edition): It is a standard edition that is used to develop
and deploy portable code for desktop and server environments.
 Java EE (Java Enterprise Edition): It is an enterprise edition that is used to
develop web applications.
 Java ME (Java Micro Edition): J2ME is used to develop mobile applications. It is
a micro edition of Java.
 JavaFx: It is used to develop lightweight user interfaces for rich internet
applications.

Java Jobs & Opportunities

Java is in demand, and all the major companies are recruiting Java programmers to
develop their desktop, web, and mobile applications.
Today, a Java programmer with 3-5 years of experience is asking for around $120,000 in
as an annual package, and this is the most demanding programming language in America.
Though it can vary depending on the location of the job. Following are the great companies
that are using Java and they need good Java programmers:
 Google
 Microsoft
 Facebook
 IBM
 Amazon
 Netflix
 Pinterest

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 Uber
 JetBrains
 Many more...
So, you could be the next potential employee for any of these major companies. We have
developed great learning material for Java that will help you prepare for the technical
interviews and certification exams based on Java. So, start learning Java using this simple
and effective tutorial from anywhere and anytime, absolutely at your pace.

Why Learn Java?

Java is a MUST to learn programming language for students and working professionals to
become a great software engineer, especially when they are working in the software
development domain. If you will conduct a survey about the best programming language
around, Java is sure to come up.
Java is a fairly easy programming language to learn, so if you are starting to learn any
programming language, then Java could be your great choice. There's also plenty of Java
tools that make it easy for developers and beginners to learn Java and develop
applications. There are many other good reasons that make Java the first choice of any
programmer:
 Java is open source, which means it's available free of cost.
 Java is simple and so easy to learn.
 Java is much in demand and ensures a high salary.
 Java has a large, vibrant community.
 Java has powerful development tools.
 Java is platform-independent.

Who should Learn Java

This Java tutorial will help both students as well as working professionals who want to
develop applications using Java technologies like banking systems, support systems,
information systems, websites, mobile apps, personal blogs, etc. We recommend reading
this tutorial in the sequence listed in the index.
Today, Java is one of the most demanding programming languages, and so it has become
an essential language to learn for anyone involved in the software application development
process, including software developers, software designers, project managers, etc.

Prerequisites to Learn Java

Though we have tried our best to present the Core Java concepts in a simple and easy
way, still, before you start learning Java, it is assumed that the readers have a reasonabl e
exposure to any programming environment and knowledge of basic concepts such as
variables, commands, syntax, etc.

Learn Java by Examples

This tutorial provides a set of Java examples. Practice these examples to learn the Java
concepts better: Java Examples

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Java Online Quizzes

This Java tutorial helps you prepare for technical interviews and certification exams. We
have provided various quizzes and assignments to check your learning level. Given quizzes
have multiple-choice types of questions and their answers with short explanations.
Following is a sample quiz; try to attempt any of the given answers:
Q 1 - The Java programming language was developed by which of the following
:
A - Google in 1990s
B - Micorsoft in 1980s
C - Sun Microsystems in 1995
D - None of the Above
Start your online quiz Start Java Quiz.

Download Java
Java's latest version can be downloaded from Oracle's official website: Java Downloads

Java Certification
Get certified in Java to boost your skills and career Get certified

Frequently Asked Questions about Java Tutorial

There are some important frequently asked questions (FAQs) about Java Programming
tutorial. This section lists them down along with their answers briefly - −

1. What are the 4 important concepts in Java?

Java supports abstraction, encapsulation, polymorphism, and inheritance. These are 4
major theoretical principles of object-oriented programming. But Java also works with
three further OOP concepts: association, aggregation, and composition.

2. What are the benefits of Java?

 Java is free and open source
 Java is community driven and has expert leadership
 Java is fast and high-performance
 Java is easy to learn
 Java is statically typed
 Java is object-oriented
 Java supports functional programming

3. How much time will it take to learn Java?

Learning style and dedication to the amount of time you can spend each day affect a lot.
However, on average, it takes around 6 to 12 months to learn Java programming.

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4. Why is Java a so popular programming language?

The Java language is easily extensible because it is based on an object model. Unlike many
other programming languages, Java is compiled, not into a platform-dependent machine
but into platform-independent byte code.

5. What are the advantages of Java over Python?

Python and Java are two most popular programming languages among software
programmers. Java is generally faster and more efficient than Python because it is a
compiled language, whereas Python is an interpreted language and has simpler, more
concise syntax than Java.

6. How do I start learning Java?

Here is the summarized list of tips that you can follow to start learning Java:
 First and most important is to make your mind to learn Java.
 Install Java Virtual Machine and Java Compilers on your computer system.
 Follow our tutorial step by step, starting from the very beginning.
 Read more articles, watch online courses, or buy a book on Java to enhance your
knowledge in Java.
 Try to develop small software using Java and other technologies like MySQL if you
want to make use of a database.

7. What are Java Technologies for Web Applications?

Java provides the following technologies to help web development:
 Java Servlet API.
 JavaServer Pages Standard Tag Library.
 JavaServer Faces Technology.
 Java Message Service API.
 JDBC API.
 Java Persistence API.
 Java Naming and Directory Interface.
 NetBeans IDE.

8. Which is the best place to learn Java?

You can use our simple and the best Java tutorial to learn Core Java and Advanced Java.
We have removed all the unnecessary complexity while teaching you Java concepts. You
can start learning it now Start Learning Java.

Copyright & Disclaimer

 Copyright 2025 by Tutorials Point (I) Pvt. Ltd.
All the content and graphics published in this e-book are the property of Tutorials Point (I)
Pvt. Ltd. The user of this e-book is prohibited to reuse, retain, copy, distribute or republish

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any contents or a part of contents of this e-book in any manner without written consent
of the publisher.
We strive to update the contents of our website and tutorials as timely and as precisely as
possible, however, the contents may contain inaccuracies or errors. Tutorials Point (I) Pvt.
Ltd. provides no guarantee regarding the accuracy, timeliness or completeness of our
website or its contents including this tutorial. If you discover any errors on our website or
in this tutorial, please notify us at [email protected]

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Table of Contents
About the Tutorial ............................................................................................................................................ i

Prerequisites to Learn Java .......................................................................................................................... viii

Copyright & Disclaimer.................................................................................................................................... x

Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... xii

JAVA TUTORIAL ........................................................................................................XX

1. Java - Overview............................................................................................................................................... 1

2. Java - History................................................................................................................................................... 4

3. Java - Features ................................................................................................................................................ 8

4. Java vs C++ .................................................................................................................................................... 12

5. JVM (Java Virtual Machine) Architecture .................................................................................................... 20

6. Difference Between JDK, JRE, and JVM ....................................................................................................... 24

7. Java - Hello World Program.......................................................................................................................... 27

8. Java - Environment Setup............................................................................................................................. 30

9. Java - Basic Syntax ........................................................................................................................................ 32

10. Java - Variable Types .................................................................................................................................... 42

11. Java - Data Types .......................................................................................................................................... 48

12. Java Type Casting (Conversion).................................................................................................................... 53

13. Java - Unicode System .................................................................................................................................. 57

14. Java - Basic Operators .................................................................................................................................. 62

15. Java Comments............................................................................................................................................. 71

16. Java - User Input ........................................................................................................................................... 76

17. Java - Date and Time .................................................................................................................................... 81

JAVA CONTROL STATEMENTS .....................................................................................96

18. Java - Loop Control ....................................................................................................................................... 97

19. Java - Decision Making ................................................................................................................................. 99

20. Java - if-else Statement .............................................................................................................................. 101

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21. Java - switch statement.............................................................................................................................. 106

22. Java - for Loop............................................................................................................................................. 113

23. Java - for each Loop .................................................................................................................................... 118

24. Java - while Loop ........................................................................................................................................ 121

25. Java - do...while Loop ................................................................................................................................. 125

26. Java - break Statement............................................................................................................................... 129

27. Java - continue Statement.......................................................................................................................... 132

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING ........................................................................... 136

28. Java - OOPs (Object-Oriented Programming) Concepts............................................................................ 137

29. Java - Classes and Objects .......................................................................................................................... 140

30. Java - Class Attributes................................................................................................................................. 150

31. Java - Class Methods .................................................................................................................................. 155

32. Java - Methods............................................................................................................................................ 162

33. Java - Variable Scopes ................................................................................................................................ 174

34. Java - Constructors ..................................................................................................................................... 178

35. Java - Access Modifiers............................................................................................................................... 186

36. Java - Inheritance........................................................................................................................................ 193

37. Java - Aggregation ...................................................................................................................................... 207

38. Java - Polymorphism .................................................................................................................................. 212

39. Java - Overriding ......................................................................................................................................... 223

40. Java - Method Overloading ........................................................................................................................ 228

41. Java - Dynamic Binding............................................................................................................................... 232

42. Java - Static Binding .................................................................................................................................... 235

43. Java - Initializer Block ................................................................................................................................. 238

44. Java - Abstraction ....................................................................................................................................... 242

45. Java - Encapsulation ................................................................................................................................... 254

46. Java - Interfaces .......................................................................................................................................... 263

47. Java - Packages ........................................................................................................................................... 271

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48. Java - Inner classes ..................................................................................................................................... 278

49. Java - Static Classes..................................................................................................................................... 286

50. Java - Anonymous Classes .......................................................................................................................... 289

51. Java - Singleton Class.................................................................................................................................. 293

52. Java - Wrapper Classes ............................................................................................................................... 298

53. Java - Enum class ........................................................................................................................................ 301

54. Java - Enum Constructor............................................................................................................................. 304

55. Java - Enum String ...................................................................................................................................... 309

JAVA BUILT-IN CLASSES............................................................................................ 314

56. Java - Number Class.................................................................................................................................... 315

57. Java - Boolean class .................................................................................................................................... 319

58. Java - Character Class ................................................................................................................................. 323

59. Java - Arrays ................................................................................................................................................ 335

60. Java - Math Class ........................................................................................................................................ 341

JAVA FILE HANDLING............................................................................................... 349

61. Java - File Class............................................................................................................................................ 350

62. Java - Creating Files .................................................................................................................................... 357

63. Java - Write To Files.................................................................................................................................... 363

64. Java - Reading File ...................................................................................................................................... 369

65. Java - Delete Files ....................................................................................................................................... 375

66. Java - Directory Operations........................................................................................................................ 379

67. Java - Files and I/O...................................................................................................................................... 383

JAVA ERROR & EXCEPTIONS...................................................................................... 393

68. Java - Exceptions......................................................................................................................................... 394

69. Java Try Catch Block ................................................................................................................................... 408

70. Java - Try with Resources ........................................................................................................................... 412

71. Java Multiple Catch Blocks ......................................................................................................................... 418

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72. Java - Nested Try Block ............................................................................................................................... 422

73. Java - Finally Block ...................................................................................................................................... 426

74. Java - Throws and Throw | Throw an Exception ....................................................................................... 430

75. Java - Exception Propagation ..................................................................................................................... 434

76. Java - Built-in Exceptions............................................................................................................................ 438

77. Java - Custom Exception............................................................................................................................. 443

JAVA MULTITHREADING........................................................................................... 451

78. Java - Multithreading ................................................................................................................................. 452

79. Java - Thread Life Cycle .............................................................................................................................. 464

80. Java - Creating a Thread ............................................................................................................................. 471

81. Java - Starting a Thread .............................................................................................................................. 477

82. Java - Joining Threads................................................................................................................................. 483

83. Java - Naming a Thread with Examples ..................................................................................................... 490

84. Java - Scheduling Threads with Examples ................................................................................................. 496

85. Java - Thread Pools ..................................................................................................................................... 501

86. Java - Main Thread ..................................................................................................................................... 510

87. Java - Thread Priority.................................................................................................................................. 515

88. Java - Daemon Thread ................................................................................................................................ 520

89. Java - ThreadGroup Class ........................................................................................................................... 524

90. Java - JVM Shutdown Hook ........................................................................................................................ 529

JAVA SYNCHRONIZATION ......................................................................................... 534

91. Java - Thread Synchronization ................................................................................................................... 535

92. Java - Block Synchronization ...................................................................................................................... 541

93. Java - Static Synchronization ...................................................................................................................... 549

94. Java - Inter-Thread Communication .......................................................................................................... 555

95. Java - Thread Deadlock............................................................................................................................... 559

96. Java - Interrupting Thread.......................................................................................................................... 563

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97. Java - Thread Control.................................................................................................................................. 568

98. Java - Reentrant Monitor ........................................................................................................................... 573

JAVA NETWORKING ................................................................................................ 581

99. Java - Networking ....................................................................................................................................... 582

100. Java - Socket Programming ........................................................................................................................ 591

101. Java - URL Processing.................................................................................................................................. 597

102. Java - URLConnection Class ........................................................................................................................ 602

103. Java - HttpURLConnection Class................................................................................................................. 610

104. Java - Socket Class with Examples ............................................................................................................. 618

105. Java - Generics ............................................................................................................................................ 627

JAVA COLLECTIONS ................................................................................................. 632

106. Java - Collections Framework..................................................................................................................... 633

107. Java - Collection Interface .......................................................................................................................... 640

JAVA INTERFACES ................................................................................................... 644

108. Java - List Interface ..................................................................................................................................... 645

109. Java - Queue Interface................................................................................................................................ 651

110. Java - Map Interface ................................................................................................................................... 655

111. Java - SortedMap Interface ........................................................................................................................ 660

112. Java - Set Interface ..................................................................................................................................... 668

113. Java - SortedSet Interface .......................................................................................................................... 672

JAVA DATA STRUCTURES.......................................................................................... 679

114. Java - Data Structures................................................................................................................................. 680

115. Java - Enumeration Interface ..................................................................................................................... 690

JAVA COLLECTIONS ALGORITHMS .............................................................................. 693

116. Java - How to Use Iterator?........................................................................................................................ 694

117. Java - How to Use Comparator?................................................................................................................. 700

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118. Java - How to Use Comparable? ................................................................................................................ 706

ADVANCED JAVA .................................................................................................... 713

119. Java - Command Line Arguments............................................................................................................... 714

120. Java - Lambda Expressions ......................................................................................................................... 717

121. Java - Sending Email ................................................................................................................................... 723

122. Java - Applet Basics..................................................................................................................................... 730

123. Java - Documentation using JavaDoc tool ................................................................................................. 741

124. Java - Autoboxing and Unboxing ............................................................................................................... 748

125. Java - Files mismatch() Method ................................................................................................................. 752

126. Java - REPL (JShell) ...................................................................................................................................... 756

127. Java - Multi-Release Jar Files...................................................................................................................... 761

128. Java - Private Interface Methods ............................................................................................................... 765

129. Java - Inner Class Diamond Operator ........................................................................................................ 769

130. Java - Multiresolution Image API ............................................................................................................... 773

131. Java - Collection Factory Methods ............................................................................................................. 779

132. Java - Module System ................................................................................................................................. 785

133. Java - Nashorn JavaScript Engine ............................................................................................................... 792

134. Java - Optional Class ................................................................................................................................... 796

135. Java - Method References .......................................................................................................................... 806

136. Java - Functional Interfaces........................................................................................................................ 811

137. Java - Default Methods in Interfaces ......................................................................................................... 818

138. Java - Base64 Encoding and Decoding ....................................................................................................... 825

139. Java - Switch Expressions ........................................................................................................................... 832

140. Java - Teeing Collectors .............................................................................................................................. 837

141. Java - Micro Benchmark ............................................................................................................................. 841

142. Java - Text Blocks ........................................................................................................................................ 850

143. Java - Dynamic CDS..................................................................................................................................... 854

144. Java - Z Garbage Collectors (ZDC) .............................................................................................................. 856

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145. Java - Null Pointer Exception...................................................................................................................... 857

146. Java - Packaging Tools ................................................................................................................................ 862

147. Java - Sealed Classes and Interfaces .......................................................................................................... 865

148. Java - Record ............................................................................................................................................... 871

149. Java - Hidden Classes.................................................................................................................................. 878

150. Java - Pattern Matching with instanceof Operator ................................................................................... 882

151. Java - Compact Number Formatting .......................................................................................................... 887

152. Java - Garbage Collection ........................................................................................................................... 891

153. Java - Just-In-Time (JIT) Compiler............................................................................................................... 896

JAVA MISCELLANEOUS............................................................................................. 900

154. Java - Recursion .......................................................................................................................................... 901

155. Java - Regular Expressions.......................................................................................................................... 906

156. Java - Serialization ...................................................................................................................................... 917

157. Java - String Class........................................................................................................................................ 922

158. Java - Process API Improvements .............................................................................................................. 931

159. Java - Stream API Improvements ............................................................................................................... 936

160. Java - Enhanced @Deprecated Annotation ............................................................................................... 939

161. Java - CompletableFuture API Improvements ........................................................................................... 941

162. Java - Streams ............................................................................................................................................. 943

163. Java 8 - New Date-Time API ....................................................................................................................... 954

164. Java 8 - New Features................................................................................................................................. 963

165. Java 9 - New Features................................................................................................................................. 973

166. Java 10 - New Features (APIs & Options) .................................................................................................. 991

167. Java 11 - New Features............................................................................................................................... 994

168. Java 12 - New Features............................................................................................................................... 995

169. Java 13 - New Features............................................................................................................................... 996

170. Java 14 - New Features............................................................................................................................... 998

171. Java 15 - New Features.............................................................................................................................1000

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172. Java 16 - New Features.............................................................................................................................1001

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Java Tutorial

xx
 1. Java - Overview Java Tutorial

Java programming language was originally developed by Sun Microsystems, which was
initiated by James Gosling and released in 1995 as a core component of Sun Microsystems'
Java platform (Java 1.0 [J2SE]).
The latest release of the Java Standard Edition is Java SE 23. With the advancement of
Java and its widespread popularity, multiple configurations were built to suit various types
of platforms. For example: J2EE for Enterprise Applications, J2ME for Mobile Applications.
The new J2 versions were renamed as Java SE, Java EE, and Java ME. Java is guaranteed
to be Write Once, Run Anywhere.
Java is −
 Object-Oriented: In Java, everything is an object. Java can be easily extended
since it is based on the object model.
 Platform Independent: Unlike many other programming languages, including C
and C++, when Java is compiled, it is not compiled into a platform-specific machine
but rather into platform-independent byte code. This byte code is distributed over
the web and interpreted by the virtual machine (JVM) on whichever platform it is
being run on.
 Simple: Java is designed to be easy to learn. If you understand the basic concept
of OOP Java, it would be easy to master.
 Secure: With Java's secure feature, it enables the development of virus-free,
tamper-free systems. Authentication techniques are based on public-key
encryption.
 Architecture-neutral: The Java compiler generates an architecture-neutral
object file format, which makes the compiled code executable on many processors
with the presence of the Java runtime system.
 Portable: Being architecture-neutral and having no implementation-dependent
aspects of the specification makes Java portable. Compiler in Java is written in
ANSI C with a clean portability boundary, which is a POSIX subset.
 Robust: Java makes an effort to eliminate error-prone situations by emphasizing
mainly compile-time error checking and runtime checking.

 Multithreaded: With Java's multithreaded feature, it is possible to write programs

that can perform many tasks simultaneously. This design feature allows the
developers to construct interactive applications that can run smoothly.
 Interpreted: Java byte code is translated on the fly to native machine instructions
and is not stored anywhere. The development process is more rapid and analytical
since the linking is an incremental and light-weight process.
 High Performance: With the use of just-in-Time compilers, Java enables high
performance.

 Distributed: Java is designed for the distributed environment of the internet.

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 Dynamic: Java is considered to be more dynamic than C or C++ since it is

designed to adapt to an evolving environment. Java programs can carry an
extensive amount of run-time information that can be used to verify and resolve
accesses to objects in run-time.

Hello World using Java Programming

Just to give you a little excitement about Java programming, I'm going to give you a small
conventional Java Hello World program, You can try it using Edit and Run.

public class MyFirstJavaProgram {

/* This is my first java program.

* This will print 'Hello World' as the output
*/

public static void main(String []args) {

System.out.println("Hello World"); // prints Hello World
}
}

History of Java
James Gosling initiated Java language project in June 1991 for use in one of his many set-
top box projects. The language, initially called 'Oak' after an oak tree that stood outside
Gosling's office, also went by the name 'Green' and ended up later being renamed as Java,
from a list of random words.
Sun released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1995. It promised Write Once,
Run Anywhere (WORA), providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms.
On 13 November, 2006, Sun released much of Java as free and open source software
under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).
On 8 May, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of Java's core code free and open -
source, aside from a small portion of code to which Sun did not hold the copyright.

Tools you will need

For performing the examples discussed in this tutorial, you will need a Pentium 200-MHz
computer with a minimum of 64 MB of RAM (128 MB of RAM recommended).
You will also need the following software applications −
 Linux 7.1 (or higher) or Windows xp/7/8 operating system or higher
 Java JDK 8 or higher
 Microsoft Notepad or any other text editor
This tutorial will provide the necessary skills to create GUI, networking, and web
applications using Java.

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 2. Java - History Java Tutorial

History of Java
Java programming language was originally developed by Sun Microsystems which was
initiated by James Gosling and released in 1995 as core component of Sun Microsystems'
Java platform (Java 1.0 [J2SE]). History of even naming of the Java is very interesting. It
went under many names.

Java Name History

GreenTalk
James Gosling was leading a team named as 'Green' team. Target of this team was to
create a new project. Initially C++ was the original choice to develop the project. James
Gosling wanted to enhance C++ to achieve the target but due to high memory usage, that
idea was rejected and team started with a new language initially named as GreenTalk. The
file extension used as .gt. Later this language was termed as Oak and finally to Java.

Oak
James Gosling renamed language to Oak. There was an Oak tree in front of his office.
James Gosling used this name as Oak represents solidarity and Oak tree is the national
tree of multiple countries like USA, France, Romania etc. But Oak technologies already had
Oak as a trademark and James team had to brainstrom another title for the language.

Java
Team put multiple names like DNA, Silk, Ruby and Java. Java was finalized by the team.
James Gosling tabled Java title based on type of espresso coffee bean. Java is an island in
Indonesia where new coffee was discovered termed as Java coffee. As per James Gosling,
Java was among the top choice along with Silk. Finally Java was selected as it was quite
unique and represented the essence of being dynamic, revolutionary and fun to say.

Sun released the first public implementation as Java 1.0 in 1995. It promised Write Once,
Run Anywhere (WORA), providing no-cost run-times on popular platforms.

On 13 November, 2006, Sun released much of Java as free and open source software
under the terms of the GNU General Public License (GPL).

On 8 May, 2007, Sun finished the process, making all of Java's core code free and open-
source, aside from a small portion of code to which Sun did not hold the copyright.

The latest release of the Java Standard Edition is Java SE 21. With the advancement of
Java and its widespread popularity, multiple configurations were built to suit various types
of platforms. For example: J2EE for Enterprise Applications, J2ME for Mobile Applications.

Java Versions History

Over the period of nearly 30 years, Java has seen many minor and major versions.
Following is a brief explanation of versions of Java till date.

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Sr. No. Version Date Description

1 JDK Beta 1995 Initial Draft version

23
2 JDK 1.0 Jan A stable variant JDK 1.0.2 was termed as JDK 1
1996

19
Major features like JavaBeans, RMI, JDBC, inner
3 JDK 1.1 Feb
classes were added in this release.
1997

8 Dec Swing, JIT Compiler, Java Modules, Collections were

4 JDK 1.2
1998 introduced to JAVA and this release was a great success.

8 May HotSpot JVM, JNDI, JPDA, JavaSound and support for

5 JDK 1.3
2000 Synthetic proxy classes were added.

Image I/O API to create/read JPEG/PNG image were added.

6 Feb
6 JDK 1.4 Integrated XML parser and XSLT processor (JAXP) and
2002
Preferences API were other important updates.

30
JDK 1.5 Various new features were added to the language like
7 Sep
or J2SE 5 foreach, var-args, generics etc.
2004

11
JAVA SE 1. notation was dropped to SE and upgrades done to JAXB
8 Dec
6 2.0, JSR 269 support and JDBC 4.0 support added.
2006

Support for dynamic languages added to JVM. Another

JAVA SE 7 Jul
9 enhancements included string in switch case, compressed 64
7 2011
bit pointers etc.

18 Support for functional programming added. Lambda

JAVA SE
10 Mar expressions, streams, default methods, new date-time
8
2014 APIs introduced.

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21
JAVA SE Module system introduced which can be applied to JVM
11 Sep
9 platform.
2017

20 Unicode language-tag extensions added. Root certificates,

JAVA SE
12 Mar threadlocal handshakes, support for heap allocation on
10
2018 alternate memory devices etc. were introduced.

Dynamic class-file constants, Epsilon a no-op garbage

JAVA SE 5 Sep
13 collector, local-variable support in lambda parameters, Low-
11 2018
overhead heap profiling support added.

19 Experimental Garbage Collector, Shenandoah: A Low-Pause-

JAVA SE
14 Mar Time Garbage Collector, Microbenchmark Suite, JVM
12
2019 Constants API added.

17
JAVA SE Feature added - Text Blocks (Multiline strings), Enhanced
15 Sep
13 Thread-local handshakes.
2019

17 Feature added - Records, a new class type for

JAVA SE
16 Mar modelling, Pattern Matching for instanceof,
14
2020 Intuitive NullPointerException handling.

15
JAVA SE Feature added - Sealed Classes, Hidden Classes, Foreign
17 Sep
15 Function and Memory API (Incubator).
2020

16
JAVA SE Feature added as preview - Records, Pattern Matching for
18 Mar
16 switch, Unix Domain Socket Channel (Incubator) etc.
2021

14 Feature added as finalized - Sealed Classes, Pattern Matching

JAVA SE
19 Sep for instanceof, Strong encapsulation of JDK internals by
17
2021 default. New macOS rendering pipeline etc.

22 Feature added - UTF-8 by Default, Code Snippets in Java API

JAVA SE
20 Mar Documentation, Vector API (Third incubator), Foreign
18
2022 Function, Memory API (Second Incubator) etc.

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20
JAVA SE Feature added - Record pattern, Vector API (Fourth
21 Sep
19 incubator), Structured Concurrency (Incubator) etc.
2022

Feature added - Scoped Values (Incubator), Record Patterns

21
JAVA SE (Second Preview), Pattern Matching for switch (Fourth
22 Mar
20 Preview),Foreign Function & Memory API (Second Preview)
2023
etc.

19 Feature added - String Templates (Preview), Sequenced

JAVA SE
22 Sep Collections, Generational ZGC, Record Patterns, Pattern
21
2023 Matching for switch etc.

Feature added - Region Pinning for G1 garbage collector,

19 foreign functions and memory APIs , multi-file source code
Java SE
23 Mar programs support, string templates, vector apis (seventh
22
2024 incubator), unnamed variables, patterns, stream gatherers
(first preview) etc.

17 Feature added - Primitive types in patterns, class file APIs,

Java SE
24 Sep vector APIs (Eighth incubator), stream gatherers (second
23
2024 preview), ZDC, generation mode by default etc.

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 3. Java - Features Java Tutorial

Java programming language was initially developed to work on embedded systems, settop
boxes, television. So by requirements, it was initially designed to work on varied platforms.
Over the period of multiple years, Java evolved to become one of the most popular
language used to develop internet based applications.
Java is a feature rich language and with every new version, it is continuously evolving. It
is widely used across billions of devices. Following are the main features of the Java
language -
1. Object Oriented
2. Platform Independent
3. Simple
4. Secure
5. Architecture-neutral
6. Portable
7. Robust
8. Multithreaded
9. Interpreted
10. High Performance
11. Distributed
12. Dynamic

Object Oriented
In Java, everything is an Object. Java can be easily extended since it is based on the
Object model. As a language that has the Object-Oriented feature, Java supports the
following fundamental concepts of OOPs −
 Polymorphism
 Inheritance
 Encapsulation
 Abstraction
 Classes
 Objects
 Instance
 Method
 Message Passing

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Platform Independent
Unlike many other programming languages including C and C++, when Java is compiled,
it is not compiled into platform specific machine. It is compiled into platform independent
byte code. This byte code is distributed over the web and interpreted by the Java Virtual
Machine (JVM) on whichever platform it is being run on.
Java is designed in Write Once, Run Anywhere (WORA) way. Code written in Java is
not directly dependent on the type of machine it is running. A code in Java is compiled in
ByteCode which is platform independent. Java Virtual Machine (JVM) can understand the
byte code. Java provides platform specific JVMs. It is the responsibility of platform specific
JVM to interpret the byte code correctly thus developers are free to write code without
worrying about platforms like Windows, Linux, Unix, Mac etc. This feature makes Java a
platform neutral language.
Byte code can be distributed over the web and interpreted by the Virtual Machine (JVM)
on whichever platform it is being run on. It makes java code highly portable and useful for
application running on multiple platforms.

Simple
Java is designed to be easy to learn. If you understand the basic concept of OOP Java, it
would be easy to master.
Java is very easy to learn. It inherits many features from C, C++ and removes complex
features like pointers, operator overloading, multiple inheritance, explicit memory
allocation etc. It provides automatic garbage collection. With a rich set of libraries with
thousands of useful functions, Java makes developers’ life easy.

Secure
With Java's secure feature it enables to develop virus-free, tamper-free systems.
Authentication techniques are based on public-key encryption.
Java is by design highly secure as it is not asking developers to interact with underlying
system memory or operation system. Bytecode is secure and several security flaws like
buffer overflow, memory leak are very rare. Java exception handling mechanism allows
developers to handle almost all type of error/exceptions which can happen during program
execution. Automatic garbage collection helps in maintaining the system memory space
utilization in check.

Architecture-neutral
Java compiler generates an architecture-neutral object file format, which makes the
compiled code executable on many processors, with the presence of Java runtime system.
Java compiler generates an architecture-neutral object file format, which makes the
compiled code executable on many processors, with the presence of Java runtime system.
With advancement in processor architectures or machine specific processors, Java code
remains independent of any specific requirement of a processor. As java is an open
standard, even a specific JVM can be prepared for a custom architecture. As in today's
time, we've JVM available for almost all popular platforms, architectures, Java code is
completely independent. For example, a Java program created in Windows machine can
run on Linux machine without any code modification.

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Portable
Being architecture-neutral and having no implementation dependent aspects of the
specification makes Java portable. Compiler in Java is written in ANSI C with a clean
portability boundary, which is a POSIX subset.
Due to this portability, Java was an instant hit since inception. It was particularly useful
for internet based applications where platforms varied from place to place and same code
base can be used across multiple platforms. So collaboration between developers was easy
across multiple locations.

Robust
Java makes an effort to eliminate error prone situations by emphasizing mainly on compile
time error checking and runtime checking. Automatic garbage collection, strong memory
management, no pointers, no direct access to system memory, exception handling, error
handling are some of the key features which makes Java a Robust, strong language to rely
on.

Multithreaded
With Java's multithreaded feature, it is possible to write programs that can perform many
tasks simultaneously. This design feature allows the developers to construct interactive
applications that can run smoothly.
A multi-threaded program contains two or more parts that can run concurrently and each
part can handle a different task at the same time making optimal use of the available
resources specially when your computer has multiple CPUs.
By definition, multitasking refers to multiple processes that share common processing
resources such as a CPU. Multithreading extends the idea of multitasking into applications
where you can subdivide specific operations within a single application into individual
threads. Each of the threads can run in parallel. The OS divides processing time not only
among different applications, but also among each thread within an application.
Multi-threading enables you to write in a way where multiple activities can proceed
concurrently in the same program.

Interpreted
Java byte code is translated on the fly to native machine instructions and is not stored
anywhere. The development process is more rapid and analytical since the linking is an
incremental and light-weight process.
JVM sits in between the javac compiler and the underlying hardware. The javac (or any
other compiler) compiler compiles Java code into the Bytecode, which is understood by a
platform specific JVM. The JVM then compiles the Bytecode in binary using JIT (Just-in-
time) compilation, as the code executes.

High Performance
With the use of Just-In-Time compilers, Java enables high performance. JVM uses JIT
compiler to improve the execution time of the program. Below are some general
optimizations that are done by the JIT compilers:
 Method inlining

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 Dead code elimination

 Heuristics for optimizing call sites
 Constant folding

Distributed
Java is designed for the distributed environment of the internet.

Dynamic
Java is considered to be more dynamic than C or C++ since it is designed to adapt to an
evolving environment. Java programs can carry extensive amount of run-time information
that can be used to verify and resolve accesses to objects on run-time.

11