LComplez Numbers (tana) amlitude & zx+iy is

Complex numbey AComplex number s an 0:tail

OTdered pair ds seal numbers.t bdenotedl (Moduls amplitule torm (o1) polog tom
by (a, ) )a,beR.
polar bornm b Coupies
z (a,b) ’ 2 =atib is s(Coo+ iSino)
2 (a,,bi) ’ 2, a, +ib1 (i) birt bio ify
Z4 (az, bu) 22 ajtib, ani 9tan
() Z+za (i0g6 z-(,) ER,, s0.
(i) Z-Zz2

(iv).Zh
DAdditive invera & z=atib is -2
latib) 'Sub

Multpli cative inverx d z satib is

99:Arg 2 is called principle anplitud
Repreentatan ot Conpex numher in He
brom & atib az veal part Ars (h) = Ayg2, - Ang Za
be imaginary part.
Congugate, Comaplex number d
Zcatib is Z:a-b
squa loot & Conplen number
2zatib ig

Jatib here

Modty or) Abuolute value doaConplex

numbes;- The modulus absolute value
ob a conple number Zextiy debined to
be te non -negatiue Yeal number Jay
Sti derated by (z/xi.
 De-moires theoren; +2)
N-page no: |4 -T--i, í1
20 -Exapla .3.10 -m csO+iSino)'= Casng +i Sin ng.
23- Exaple 4
- 4m (OC 9+t Sin)' Cs ng-i Sin ng.
eio

CACo6 Csce Cs (A+Bt)

Pae,ce, --Cse,cCao,+9,+--ty)
Toots & unity.

keol3 - --(o-)
t Cube rots unity u³ ale

I, J,
(twtw0 an

here
di

3
 Quadratic 6epressions+2) ba 2« g *f, antbr+cteandsamea hove
Siyn.
A poly nomial ob the torm axtbxte asuehat a, b, c eR,
ato and t)axtb
(a+o) is called auadratie enpYekin,
has obolute minimum at
¬A poly nomial ob he bom axtbtceoi6aro,then fla) ale iz 4ac
(a+o) i4 Called Auadrate equatien. 2=anA the minimu
e roots o6 the quadratie eguaten )itaso. then ft) has dbsolute Maximam a
4ac
axtbx+t 0 ae -btb4ac and fhe waximum value is
@oac is called te diyciminantyeuadatic inegutn- Aquadidic inegaten
ob the quadratic aguatin axtbx+C=o. oone variable i oto borm ax+bx+C>O
* atod, p be the roohs t tha aadratie o) antbx+e2o (o) axbxtcko (e
eguatin axtbx+C 0, a,b,c ae dalnunte anbx+¢ So, here a,b, cae zal nonelo
"There ae tio ietha bor souing
(i) s>o loot, ae seal &dsttnct. iregutions () Age braic Method.
(i) ALo osty ae imaginary. (i)Girephial ehod.
D6 andg aa he oots cs Hhe geadratie héory ob Ezuationgl(++a)
quation antbxtC =0 ,then.
tpg= 6 nb a non-negative ineger and a)
nUmbers
looty ae , ' ----,an ase leal or Conpex
() Quadratic e t i n shoe and ato then the enprethn
a e Qo+4xa,+ +4, is called
Subtiient Corditim tor
KA necesSary and polynomil inx o degee n.
the quad ratie egatioy a,atb, +,=o and ja dogree, n
aat+20 to have a Conmmon Toot s T6.fl) is a Palynomial
(Ca-ea)=(ab,-abbc,-44) then the equaton f)-o H.alled an
a,b, ceR and ato.Then algebraie equitin oo poly nomial egat
heorems-Olet
antb +C=o ale ron sead Conpka digee n.
Bhe Soot, &
a hael Reletih between the Rooty and'to ebicetg
Jnumbers it and ony it axtbx+e and
8ame Signs tor all xeR.
cbr an eegtioni
a, bc ER aud ato.k tha cgatian
EDet n tbat
antbx+ceo hs egul loots.then,
e,
kgn, bor all
and ahave the same
such that te euation ,1'
3)let a,b, c eR and a+o ) ,B,T,6 oe roohy dantbxtcxtdxte.
aih d<ß|
at+br+c =o hay sel Sots ot and ß S,sa++r+6=-a
Sigs SasestY+«s+YtpS+r a
 The eytion csho

shea ots aus vor'ei

Horness ethad he equdin
Synthete Davibin (o) the Too & (*)zo is t()=.

DEnd Hue quotient and monde, Rool ds Ha)co i 6()-o.

-a&The euatim cshote Boota ae Spuase d
+4 idivib by

(Dara, bx+cAta,poly nomialA

eati on fa) =
t a n o i4 8aid.to
For a Cubic egatin, shen He rot, aie be a Teciprocal equatin ds,
i6 ag s an
()in A.p et te roob ae a-dja, a td. R clay-- i6 ao -an.
|i) in G-p lot He raot, ae , , ar. Areciprocel eqati on ds clag
-î with
Standard
even degvee. 13 Called a
Recprocal enatin (sRE)
ale in A.P Sde SitE d
procedse &sduing SLE-To by x and
|dagree 4 . devido the equaton
The polynomjal eqatn d de_ree n. put X+5 t. and' proceed accobngy
()(a-x)(3)--(*-)eo. tur reciprocal ezutin aroot
clay d adl dagvee -i'
clag- & odl dogree a Yoot

otffx) be a polynomial. first e i clayg &een degee -, ase boo Tos.

tind the H. CaF6T. Remoal& tems'
lW) and then
NoJ e nte Hat, i6 od is a terin inbt) =o
and flx). k,hen' b Temve the second
Toot ab-tha HC-f ob mullipia Sunthete devislm by h a
oden(k+i) &foy-o
a a mulliple Sot p6
Note i) i6 at i a root d fleo then
a-b ) a rot &fedco.f(co,hen fla-a)o.
i)L6 aib iy aroof
a-ib is a root & f) o.

5
 i permutations and Combi nationa (Gty+aa)Formudei
The number &derangemets & ndstinct
Futdamenta! principle dÑ Courtirg:-T6 ahork
, Can be perbovmed in m dibserent Coays
and a se Cond cwore w con be pextormed in , ber & rermutattoy & ndsSimiler
nditteyent ways, then the tuo wosks Can aka'y}at a time shen repetitians
be perboned in 'mn' dibberent way. a allaJed is n
Fso a given tinite set tele ments the nmber o Circuas per metations
Selectng sane or atl c& them and arangingn disgimilar things is (h-)!
them in a line isCalled a linearreruttinan Case & harging type Ciradas permuletian
From agiven tet &things chasiySoneleke' grlards &Mouers dhaingo &nbeads ete,}
things
|or a d them asanging hem around a' Hhe number d permutatias
Crele scalled a cirolas permutatin, |is (n-)!
The number d permutatons b ndkssinLanthe given n thirg, p l thng.
, qa ie things ae dthird:a:
ehings tatenat a time is dont! Dg o d one Bimd alite things ae &the
|ord tindy
bind and the let ae disimilar, then tei
Pin,r).tor Isren.
n!
number & germukatiog is
7he rumber d peTmutations & n
distimi lay thirgs taen'r'hin at a time
bormla
ith atleast one repition is n ' r

all'rdigt umbers that BTebinitionumber

- o) a word sich
The Sum o A
Can be boned ws ing the ven. |Reods same eit bnlabt to ri_ht
nan-zeo dit (exludgo) is (0 sigtt to latt is called a palinchome
)n
exapes ATTA PoToR, Iz32) etc.
NotzTe unber t palindomes koithË
{i) ndyits (inuding'o i Tditinct otters t t Can be bormed
|wing ni dttnct htters is
n 6 iy even (i) n i6 s id odd.

Notek thgea he nuber d Conmbinations b nthirgs

lpematation &taten'y'at a tine is densted by ne, and
such that ne
n!
called a derangement d ndhings. (-)! !
 Binoial Theorem (4++42)
at n be. a positive integer and x, a be
and Teal numbers, then (ta)'= ox+,*
+,at
Fomuly:-0fk m, n ae dytinet peite inlegey (or)
'hen tha number d oyi &dividing mnthing (xta ,a
into tso grops Cortaining mthinga and ntig
is m+n)!. (The expangion os+aj' has n+1 terms.
m n! Te expanion &(a+b+ hay (0+)(0 tes
(ehirgs into tuo egal grops cortaining.' n' penera term TH e - r
thi ngs in .eqch is (an)!
a. nn! Bn(a+afexpansin
Middle term "la+ ib nis even.

ela meuts Middle tems Tng!Tn2 ik nis odd.

m (n)
lhe number & cwa) disfrbuig 'mn' 7he Coetlicieuts inthe bincnial expansien
y -tn.These
Bigimilar things eqally among 'm'persong is|ae o,4,a, -
(mn)! Coetbiciets ale callgd the binomial Coebicieut
in an Sidek adhen n is biad, thiy Coekbicieuta se csually!
dended by Co ,C1.Cj--,---n.

Oik occ,then nei+s (o) 723

The binomiat expans in dl+x i given

more_ hi out d ndsimibr thigs a s calld the Standard binomial expans jog
Exponent at aprime yin nËrErpanent &&
pittme P.,tn nt is,tae, largest, inager k Suah
. ; a mericallg reafek emi- in the bioid
by
The engnent d p.t.n! i tveg exparbin(+ tind maa+)bl

BLAnple
192pje T ind te nnber Jtos."h lol ()k mis, nt an integer,then Tm
ale
an neger,hen Tm e Tmi
numericaly 9renk .

7
:Larget binomiat Coetitieut Partial Fractions (4) Y
is n is an evern fnteger
() T% f and g(y ale two
pohynomialy aid
Cn=Cnal i nis an odd integer (%) is a non-30o polyno mial, then tg() i
Called a ratinal tractin.
Binomtal theovem bor Rational ndex Callad a
Aratinal tradin fg () ia
t f() is
|Preper tratin ib the degree
eey than the degree &g().otherwise
P(P-2) ----P-09...# called an imsproper trackio
freducile
Geneal term polynomial fla) ts said to ke product
A
| t can not be expressed as a
|&two poly nami aly.
2 O Division Algoithm
r(x)
g(x)
GGenerad tern tractim
partial tration,-k a prper
tuo os mone
is expressed as the zum &
in the denominatrsl
Propes tractins, here
iredecte poly nomiay, tha
+PlP+2)----+0-( a powe rs
each prper
t
bruction igte gU is Calel
Geneal term,
patial bractin s he given tratin.
ja tacttoy ue
We bind He partial
the tolloirg Rues
+ elery---Pos.. tacta g() Thu torm d partal bact o
9)
heneral term.
Note The binomial expanalm (1+x) (ax+b) ax+b
Valtd shen |x]<| A
An

%xand higher powers tx can be (ax+b) ax+b (antb)

neglected then (+x)= l+nx. ieduille Ax +&
Tk xand higher powers tz Can be axtbx+c axtbxtc

(anbracAxoi Ax Anttn
anbx+c ax tbx+c axtbxtc

8
 hen t is an inprper tractintwo Measures ob Dspersin (+)
Cagey aige, Range Targe is debine
The ()For an ungrouped data,
Cae i)-The dog vee d f dbevenxe the maximum value and
la tha data.
Minimum value & tho given
9) (ü) For an gropad data, rangebetueen he
ogproximated ay the dibberere
&f)agupper limit d fee largest clag and the
highest digvee ob thu smalleyt clas.
Jlouer Cimit
De i a prqer taactian olih Can be
resdued inopartal dectio
Step-deuiatii ethod :
(Shortuut ethod)
By using disision algorithm.
=)+( )
9() Mean from steg- dewtatm ethod
o a praper
buoctim stich
F.
9) Can be resdved intb .
hane Ae Assumed Mean
formulbs,
+x)=-x4**x+---.-+G-._
- h

+x+ ----i hewitth & casinteras

)=l+x +* +xt ---- N=2f:
lo+=1-2x +3*ux'4- - n j t i
X\o0

mean

mthgled by
es ulting obsewah cu

oTqrel obien ein)

 4=Midit
heressfiintery
Continuous
freueny
sf;-M!
sf;la;-l
Juariance

Median
data
Grouped
here
N=Sf th
Discrete
frequeny it
Ct greaey
shoequul(agst
sfil*-M N
X;
=The Vaviane
ole)Medan

ean
('nis
%
hservating
is
data
Ungrouped en
erm
the =) cevarian
o
Sum
Medkan

Nedian
standard
deviakin
aat
deVitin
Mean
Mean abat Varlance
()
daviatim
Median
Mean
Mean

10
 Probabilty (tty) s be ke Saple spaca d a randan
experinent and p be a pmobabhlity
6there mutually exclugive,
le n
bunctim on pls).
|equally ey, exhoutve events da )PlØ) .
Random experiment and m &them ae
bavourable to on event E,then the
probabilly & event E is plE)= n

kSure euent The event which is

3uye to happen is called a sure
event (o) a cestain event. Sbrent ApgEvent to occur is AUB
O1mposible event The event hich is Bevent Aond event Gb Ccur
is AnB.
impossible to happen is çalled an

|Tmposi ble event. 8nether Anor B occurs 14 AUB s Ans

Exhausttue eventA et &everts is BaidConhtil eventet A, e be huo eveubs
all abter
b be Cxhauttve ib the union ob o6 a Saple space S.Tk B ccurs ony
evet &
thee events results s ' he occurence bA hen the
|Egualy tely eveks-brents b a Ranbm|occurence &e. w-f.to A is alle Conditid
experimernt are sad to be efaaly event ot Rauen A and it is dended by
events it all ds then have egl Charce. A.
ob hogpening.
a |tuo eveuts ob a Sampl space Sand pW¢d
Mutually exchutve eueus- Evena &Nutald
Tandom e perment ase Jaid t be evet
qthen the probability ot Babter Ha
ercgive (dugoit) ik ,hagpenig cb any oe Ahas occurred i alled Hhe Concitiral
probability b 8Jiven Aand ds
evews. p(). we dobire
PIE)+?(E)=| PlE) =-re) nded by P(BOA)
matually excluive eet
16 A, 6 ae PCA) Pe)
|then p(AvB) = plA) +PCG).
tteoremT6 A, 6 ae any Multipication theorem on probabillly
Adlikin to eveut ob a random
ts evets ot a random enperiment thenlA and G ale p(e)>o,then
P(A UB) = P(A)+ P(e) -p(Ane). Rperiment ith plA) >0 ad
P(Ane) AA) P(%) = Pla) elk).
11
Two eveuts A,6 in aSample Space Random Voriables and
indsycodent it plaoe)=elel)probabslity dstributiYns
Tandom variable Conneted
Baye's Heorem Supeode E,,ta -.--,ESugpse x i a
ith a random experiment and pa proboilil
mutually exclutve and exhoyiue 6unctim asoiated with it.henf:RR
leveuts & a random expertment with oinod by gÍz) Plx) tr each xek
plE)*o,for iet, ,3, - -,n .Then tor angallbd he orpbabilby ditribution
event A & the sandom experiment
with pA)#0, PlE-)ele)
|bunctian (P.d.t) d xo
Sgpoe X:s>R is a randon variable,
|D6 the range & x s ethes inite ar
|Countably inbnite,Hhen X i8 Called a
|dsorete andom variable.
Meani- et x:s-R be a dscrete
Tordom artable ifh range x ---f
Hhen he mean d x it exists. demdod by

|Variance- The variane , it exists,

| gien byo-Sxr)-
standad deviaton =variane
eA dcvete Sandom Variable X is doid
t tollous a btnomial dstribution it
|P(x=)-e, p'hie o<p<
ne no trala
P= The probabi lity t succey
and P+4 =| i-e
kte rando variabe Xasith sarggol4
b ad to tellos binomialdri butin sitth
parameers n and p then
) Mean zne (ii) variance = np9
12
 nx is adiscrete sandom variable
that Can assume alues o, ,2,3, ---Such
that bo Jome bixed A>o,

then x i aid t bollow a poissin

diytributm wih parametey Aand Xis
Called a poission randan variable.
AD6 a rando variable xtollss poision
diztbution with paramker ,then the
Mean d x Variana d x' A

13