ME CLASSES ( BY Rahul Tripathi)

TISSUE
What are tissues

A group of cells similar in structure that work together to perform a particular function forms a
tissue.
All types of tissues have two basic components:
1. Cells: having common origin and function.
2. Inter-cellular substances: Are nonliving, fibrous, jelly-like substances.

Classification of tissues

Tissues are broadly classified as

1. Plant tissues.
2. Animal tissues

Plant Tissues

Plant tissues can be broadly divided into two main types. These are

1. Meristematic tissue
2. Permanent tissue.

Meristematic Tissues:

 A meristematic tissue constitutes a group of actively dividing cells present in the growing
region of plant, e.g., the tips of roots and stems.
 These tissues are responsible for increasing the length and girth of the plant.
 The cells of tissue are compactly arranged and do not have intercellular space.

On the basis of their position in the plant body, meristematic tissues are classified into three types:
-
1. Apical
2. Lateral
3. Intercalary

Apical tissue:
 These are present at the tips of roots, shoots, branches and leaves, which is called primary
growth.

Lateral tissue:
 These are present along the lateral side of the stems and roots.
  It causes the organ (stem or root) to increase in diameter and girth. This is called secondary
growth.

Intercalary tissue :
 They are located at the base of leaves or internodes, e.g., stems of grasses.

Functions of Meristematic tissue

 Meristematic tissue acts as a parent tissue from which other tissues develop.
 The place of injury in plants is healed up by the formation of new cells by meristems.

Permanent tissues:

 A permanent tissue is a group of cells, which is derived from the meristematic tissues, but
these cells have lost the power of division temporarily or permanently.

Permanent tissues are of two types: -

1.simple permanent tissue

2.complex permanent tissue

Simple permanent tissues:

These tissues are composed of cells which are structurally and functionally similar. These tissues
are of three types:
1. parenchyma
2. collenchymas and
3. sclerenchyma
Parenchyma:
 It consists of thin walled living cells.
 The intercellular spaces are abundant.
 The parenchyma is present in all the organs of the plants, i.e., roots, stems, leaves, flowers,
fruit and seeds.
Function of Parenchyma
  The main function of parenchymatous tissue is storage of food.
 Chlorenchyma is that parenchyma which consist of cholroplast and responsible for
photosynthesis.
 Aerenchyma is that parenchyma which consist of large air cavities which help aquatic plant
to float.

Collenchyma:
 The cells of this tissue are living.
 In collenchymas, intercellular spaces are generally small.

Functions of Collenchyma
 It provides the mechanical support, protection, flexibility and elasticity to the plants organs.

Sclerenchyma:
 Sclerenchyma cells are dead cells.
 The cells of sclerenchyma are closely packed without intercellular spaces.
 Husk of coconut , covering of seeds is made of sclerenchymatous tissue.

Functions of Sclerenchyma
 The sclerenchyma gives strength, rigidity and mechanical support to the plant.

Complex Permanent Tissues:

 The complex tissue consists of more than one type of cell .

 Complex tissues are of two types: Xylem and phloem .
 Xylem and phloem are both conducting tissues and also known as vascular tissues.

Xylem:
 Xylem is composed of cells of four different types:
 1. Tracheids 2. Vessels 3. Xylem parenchyma 4. Xylem sclerenchyma (or fibers).
 Except xylem parenchyma, all other elements are dead.

Functions of Xylem:
 The function of tracheids and vessels is vertical conduction of water and mineral
 Fibre provide strength.
 The parenchyma stores food and helps in the sideway conduction of water.

Phloem:
 Phloem is a living conducting tissue. It does not perform mechanical function.
 Phloem is composed of following four elements or cells:
1. Sieve tubes: It conducts food.
2. Companion cells: It helps sieve tube
3. Phloem parenchyma: Stores food
4. Phloem fibers: provide support
Function of Phloem:
 Phloem conducts prepared food materials from the leaves to the storage organs and later
from storage organs to the growing regions of the plant body.

protective tissues:

 Protective tissues are a part of plant tissue system. Protective tissues include
1. epidermis and
2. cork
.

Epidermis:

 It is the outermost protective layer of plant organs.

 The epidermis is usually made of a single layer of living cells .
 In leaves, epidermis bears small pores called stomata.
 In some plants living in very dry habitats, the epidermis may be thicker since protection
against water loss is critical.

Functions of Epidermis:
 The function of epidermis is the protection of plant from injury and infection.
 Epidermis also helps to reduce water loss by evaporation.
 Stomata present in the epidermis allow gaseous exchange to occur during photosynthesis
and respiration.
 It also facilitates transpiration.

Functions of Cork:
 The function of cork in plant body is to provide protection.As it is dead so it protects plants
from external injury and infection.

Animal Tissues
On the basis of the structure of cells and their function, animal tissues are classified into four
major types:
1. Epithelial Tissue
2. Muscular Tissue
3. Nervous Tissue
4. Connective Tissue

Epithelial Tissue:

 The covering or protective tissues in the animal body are animal tissues.
 The cells of this tissue are tightly packed and it forms continuous sheet. The skin and lining
of buccal cavity, blood vessels, alveoli of lungs and kidney tubules are made of epithelial
Functions of Epithelial Tissue:

 Epithelial cells protect the underlying cells from mechanical and chemical injuries and
bacterial or viral infection.
 It covers most organs and cavities within the body. It also forms a barrier to keep different
body system separate.
 Epithelial tissues help in absorption of water and nutrients
 Epithelial tissues help in elimination of waste products.
 Some epithelial tissues secrete secretion, such as sweat, saliva etc.

Types of epithelial tissue

Depending upon the shape and function of the cells, the epithelial tissues are classified as follows:
1. Squamous epithelium
2. Cuboidal epithelium
3. Columnar epithelium
4. Glandular epithelium
5. Ciliated epithelium

Muscular tissue:

 Muscular tissue constitutes all the muscles of the body of an animal.

 This tissue is responsible for movement in our body. Muscles contain special proteins called
contractile proteins, which contract and relax to cause movement.
 On the basis of their location, structure and function, there are following three types of
muscle fibers:
1.Striated muscles ( skeletal or voluntary muscles)
These muscles have light and dark bands so it is called striated muscles.
They are connected to bones so called skeletal muscles.

2.Smooth muscles (unstriated,involuntary muscles)

These muscles doesn’t have light and dark bands and the are responsible for involuntary
action.
Ex: In food pipe, sphincter muscles.

3.Cardiac muscles : Heart is made up of cardiac muscles.

Nervous tissue:

 A tissue which is specialized to transmit messages in our body is nervous tissue. Brain,
spinal cord and nerves are all composed of nervous tissue.
 Nervous tissue contains highly specialized unit cells called nerve cells or neurons.
 These cells are specialized for the conduction of impulse over great distance at great speed.

Functions of :

 The nervous tissue is responsible for the reception and transmission of information
between different parts of the body.
 The dendrites receive impulses and the axon takes impulses away from the cell body.

Connective Tissue:

 The connective tissue is specialized to connect various body organs.

 Connective tissue also provides the structural framework and mechanical support to
different tissues.

Types of connective tissue:

In animals, there are following five types of connective tissues:

1. Bone 2.Cartilage 3.Blood 4.Ligament

5.Tendon 6. Areolar tissue 7.Adipose tissue

Difference between Bone and Cartilage

Bone Cartilage
1. It is hard,inelastic and tough. 1. It is soft , elastic and flexible.
2. It is composed of calcium and phosphorous 2. It is composed of protein and sugar
3. Have rich blood supply. 3. Haven’t rich blood supply.
Difference between Ligament and Tendon
Ligament Tendon
1. It connects bone to bone. 1. It connects muscle to bone.
2. They are elastic 2. They are inelastic.
3. Help to stabilize joints 4. Carry force from muscles to bone.

Functions of Areoloar Tissue:It provides nutrition to the cells and act as cushion to protect from
external jerks.

Functions of Adipose Tissue:It provides insulation,absorb shocks for internal organ and store fat.