UNIT - 4

Associated IoT Technologies

PUTTASWAMY B S
Assistant Professor
Dept. of CS&BS
 Module 4

Cloud Computing: Introduction, Virtualization, Cloud Models, Service-Level Agreement in Cloud

Computing, Cloud Implementation, Sensor-Cloud: Sensors-as-a-Service

 Introduction

• Sensor nodes are the key components of IoT.

• These nodes are resource-constrained in terms of storage, processing, and energy.

• IoT devices communicate with one another by sharing the sensed and processed data.

• Handling the enormous data generated by large no. of devices is a non-trivial task.

• Consequently, cloud computing becomes an essential building block of the IoT architecture.

• Gmail, Facebook, and Twitter are examples of cloud computing applications

• Companies such as Amazon Web Service and Microsoft Azure provide cloud services.
 Introduction

• Cloud computing comprises a pool of multiple resources such as servers, storage, and network from

single/multiple organizations.

• These resources are allocated to the end users as per requirement, on a payment basis.

• In cloud computing architecture, an end user can request for customized resources such as storage

space, RAM, OS, and other software to a Cloud service provider (CSP) as shown in fig.

• Example: a user can request for a Linux operating system for running an application from a CSP; another end user

can request for Windows 10 operating system from the same CSP for executing some application.

• The cloud services are accessible from anywhere and at any time by an authorized user through Internet

connectivity
 Introduction

Network computing versus cloud computing

 Virtualization
• The key concept of cloud computing is virtualization.

• The technique of sharing a single resource among multiple end user/ organizations is known as virtualization.

• In the virtualization process, a physical resource is logically distributed among multiple users.

(a) Traditional desktop, where an application (App) is running on top of an OS, and resources are utilized only for that
application.
(b) Virtualization software separates the resources logically so that there is no conflict among the users during resource
utilization.
 Virtualization
Virtualization creates a virtual hardware for Virtual Machine (VM)
Virtualization
 Virtualization
Advantages of virtualization

• With the increasing no. of IoT devices, the importance of virtualization also increases.

• In IoT, a user is least bothered about where the data from different devices are stored or processed

• Users are mainly concerned for their services.

• There are different software such as VMware, which enable the concept of virtualization.

• Risk of system crash at any instant of time, In such a scenario, cloud computing plays a vital role by

keeping backups through virtualization.

• There are two entities in a cloud computing architecture: End users and CSP (Cloud Service Provider).
 Virtualization
Advantages of virtualization

Advantages for End Users Advantages for CSP

• Increased efficiency & Multitasking • Resource Utilization

• Effective Revenue Generation
• Availability: Ability to snapshot, clone & run redundant VMs

• Portability (Google drive)

• Elasticity (pay the amount based on their usage)

• Security
 Virtualization
Types of virtualization

Based on the requirements of the users, virtualization is categorized as;

Types of virtualization Virtualization

1. Hardware Virtualization: Sharing of hardware resources among multiple users.

Example: A single processor appears as many different processors in a cloud computing architecture.

• Different operating systems can be installed in these processors and each of them can work as stand-alone machines
Types of virtualization Virtualization

2. Storage Virtualization: Storage space from different

entities are accumulated virtually, and seem like a single

storage location.

Example: A user’s documents or files exist in different locations in a

distributed fashion.

However, the users are under the impression that they have a

single dedicated storage space provided to them.

Storage virtualization is the process of representing physical storage in the logical form
Types of virtualization Virtualization

3. Application Virtualization: A single application is stored at the cloud end.

• As per requirement, a user can use the application in his/her local computer without installing the
application.
• In application virtualization, the users get the impression that applications are stored and executed
in their local computer.
Types of virtualization Virtualization

4. Desktop Virtualization:

• Allows a user to access and utilize the services of a desktop that resides at the cloud.

• The users can use the desktop from their local desktop.
 Cloud Models
• As per the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) and Cloud Computing Standards the

cloud model can be divided into two parts: (1) Service model and (2) Deployment model
 Cloud Models
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS)

• SaaS is also known as "On-Demand Software". Example: Microsoft Office 365.

• It is a software distribution model in which services are hosted by a cloud service provider (CSP).
• The services are available to end-users over the internet.
• End-users do not need to install any software on their devices to access these services.
• SaaS offers scalability, (users have the provision to use multiple software applications as per their
requirements).
 Cloud Models
Platform-as-a-Service (SaaS)
Example: GOOGLE APP ENGINE.
• PaaS provides a run time environment.
• It allows programmers to easily create, test, run, and deploy web applications.
• Users need not go through the burden of installing and managing the infrastructure such as operating
system, storage, and networks.
• Users can develop and manage the applications that are running on top of it.
 Cloud Models
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (SaaS)
Example: GOOGLE COMPUTE ENGINE.
• Iaas is also known as Hardware as a Service (HaaS).
• It allows customers to outsource their IT infrastructures such as servers, networking, processing,
storage, virtual machines, and other resources.
• Customers access these resources on the Internet using a pay-as-per use model.
• User can use any composition of the operating system and software.
• IaaS eliminates the need for every organization to maintain the IT infrastructure.
Cloud Models
Cloud Models
Cloud Models
 Deployment Model

1. Private Cloud: cloud is owned by an end user organization. The internal resources of the

organization maintain the private cloud.

2. Community Cloud: collaboration of a set of organizations for a specific community. For a

community cloud, each organization has some shared interests.

3. Public Cloud: owned by a third party organization, which provides services to the common

public. The service of this cloud is available for any user, on a payment basis.

4. Hybrid Cloud: This type of cloud comprises two or more clouds (private, public, or community).
 Service-Level Agreement in Cloud Computing

The most important users in cloud computing are the

1. End user/customer & CSP

• Cloud computing architecture aims to provide optimal and efficient services to the end users

and generate revenue from them as per their usage.

• Clear understanding between CSP and the customer about the services, an agreement is

required to be made, which is known as service-level agreement (SLA).

• An SLA provides a detailed description of the services that will be received by the customer.

• Based on the SLA, a customer can be aware of each and every term and condition of the

services before availing them.

 Importance of SLA

1. Customer Point of View: Each CSP has its SLA, which contains a detailed description of the

services. If a customer wants to use a cloud service, he/she can compare the SLAs of different

organizations. a customer can choose a preferred CSP based on the SLAs.

2. CSP Point of View: In many cases, certain performance issues may occur for a particular

service, because of which a CSP may not be able to provide the services efficiently. in such a

situation, a CSP can explicitly mention in the SLA that they are not responsible for inefficient

service.
 Metrics for SLA

1. Availability: This metric signifies the amount of time the service will be accessible for the customer.

2. Response Time: The maximum time that will be taken for responding to a customer request is measured

by response time.

3. Portability: This metric indicates the flexibility of transferring the data to another service.

4. Problem Reporting: How to report a problem, whom and how to be contacted, is explained in this metric.

5. Penalty: The penalty for not meeting the promises mentioned in the SLA.
 Cloud Implementation
Cloud simulation

• With the rapid deployment of IoT infrastructure for different applications.

• It is challenging to estimate the performance of an IoT system with the cloud before real implementation.

• Real deployment of the cloud is a complex and costly procedure.

• There is a requirement for simulating the system through a cloud simulator before real implementation.

• There are many cloud simulators that provide pre-deployment test services for performance evaluation of a

system.
 Cloud Implementation
Cloud simulation

A cloud simulator provides the following advantages to a customer

• Pre-deployment test before real implementation

• System testing at no cost

• Repeatable evaluation of the system

• Pre-detection of issues that may affect the system performance

• Flexibility to control the environment

 Cloud Implementation
Cloud simulation

Different types of cloud simulators are;

1. CloudSim
2. CloudAnalyst
3. GreenCloud
 Cloud Implementation
Cloud simulation

CloudSim

Description
• CloudSim is a popular cloud simulator that was developed at the University of Melbourne.
• Written in a Java-based environment.
• In CloudSim, a user is allowed to add or remove resources dynamically during the simulation and
evaluate the performance of the scenario.

Example
• If you were to deploy an application or a website on the cloud and wanted to test the services
and load that your product can handle and also tune its performance to overcome bottlenecks
before risking deployment, then such evaluations could be performed by using Cloudsim
 Cloud Implementation
Cloud simulation

CloudAnalyst

Description
• Based on CloudSim
• Provides a graphical user interface (GUI) for simulating a cloud environment.
 Cloud Implementation
Cloud simulation

Greencloud

Description

• GreenCloud is developed as an extension of a packet level network simulator (NS2).

• This simulator can monitor the energy consumption of different network components such as servers

and switches.
 Cloud Implementation

An open-source cloud: OpenStack

For the real implementation of cloud, various open-source cloud platforms available such as;

• OpenStack

• CloudStack

• Eucalyptus.
 Cloud Implementation

An open-source cloud: OpenStack

• The OpenStack is free software, which provides a cloud IaaS to users.

• A user can easily use this cloud with the help of a GUI-based web interface or through the

command line.

• OpenStack supports scalable cloud system, in which different pre-configured software suites

are available.

• The service components of OpenStack along with their functions are depicted in Table below
Components in OpenStack
 A commercial cloud

Various commercial cloud infrastructures available in the market. Few of the popular commercial
cloud infrastructures are;

• Amazon Web Services (AWS)

• Microsoft Azure

• Google App Engine.

 A commercial cloud: Amazon web services (AWS)

• Amazon Web Services, Inc. (AWS) is a subsidiary of Amazon

that provides on-demand cloud computing platforms and APIs

to individuals, companies, and governments, on pay-as-you-

go basis.

• Cloud computing web services provide various services

related to networking, compute, storage, middleware, IOT and

other processing capacity, as well as software tools via AWS

server farms.
 Sensor-Cloud: Sensors-as-a-Service

• Virtualization of resources is the backbone of cloud computing.

• In a sensor-cloud, virtualization of sensors plays a role in providing services to multiple users.

• in a sensor-cloud architecture, multiple users receive services from different a sensor nodes,

simultaneously.

• In reality, a sensor may be used for serving multiple user applications, simultaneously.

• The main aim of sensor-cloud infrastructure is to provide an opportunity for the common mass to use

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) on a payment basis.

• Sensor-cloud architecture also follows the pay-per-use model.

 Sensor-Cloud: Sensors-as-a-Service
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)

• Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is an infrastructure- wireless network that is deployed in a large number of wireless

sensors in an ad-hoc manner, used to monitor the system, physical or environmental conditions.

• Sensor nodes are used in WSN with the onboard processor that manages and monitors the environment in a particular

area.

• They are connected to the Base Station which acts as a processing unit in the WSN System.

• Base Station in a WSN System is connected through the Internet to share data.
Sensor-Cloud: Sensors-as-a-Service
Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)
 Sensor-Cloud: Sensors-as-a-Service
Architecture of a sensor-cloud platform

• In sensor-cloud architecture, the sensor owners play an important role along with the service provider and
end users.
 Sensor-Cloud: Sensors-as-a-Service

Actors in sensor-cloud architecture

1. End User
2. Sensor Owner
3. Sensor-Cloud Service Provider (SCSP)
 Sensor-Cloud: Sensors-as-a-Service

Actors in sensor-cloud architecture

1. End User

• An end user registers him/herself with the infrastructure through a Web portal.

• He/she chooses the template of the services that are available in the sensor-cloud

architecture to which he/she is registered.

• Finally, through the Web portal, the end user receives the services.

• Based on the type and usage duration of service, the end user pays the charges to the

SCSP.
 Sensor-Cloud: Sensors-as-a-Service

Actors in sensor-cloud architecture

2. Sensor Owners

• Sensors provide services to the end users.

• Sensors in a sensor cloud architecture are owned and deployed by the sensor owners

• Based on the requirements of the users, these sensor nodes are virtualized and assigned to

serving multiple applications at the same time.

• On the other hand, a sensor owner receives rent depending upon the duration and usage of

his/her sensor node(s).

 Sensor-Cloud: Sensors-as-a-Service

Actors in sensor-cloud architecture

3. Sensor-Cloud Service Provider (SCSP)

• An SCSP is responsible for managing the entire sensor-cloud infrastructure (including management of

sensor owners and end users handling, resource handling, database management, cloud handling

etc.), centrally.

• The SCSP receives rent from end users with the help of a pre-defined pricing model.

• Different algorithms are used for managing the entire infrastructure.

• The SCSP receives the rent from the end users and shares a partial amount with the sensor owners.

• In the process, the SCSP earns a certain amount of revenue from the payment of the end users