Operating Systems

CSC401

SK Hafizul Islam

Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani

January 06, 2025

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We will cover...

1 Suggested Books
2 Time table
3 Evaluation Plan
4 Policies
5 Online Resources
6 Course Outline
7 Scopes and Objectives
8 Course Outcome
9 Introduction
What is an OS?
Computer System Structure
What Operating Systems Do
Computer System Organization
10 Suggested Readings
(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 2 / 25
Suggested Book

1 A. Silberschatz, P. B. Galvin, and G. Gagne, “Operating System Concepts” 9th Ed.,

Wiley Publishers, 2016.

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 3 / 25

Suggested Book

1 A. Silberschatz, P. B. Galvin, and G. Gagne, “Operating System Concepts” 9th Ed.,

Wiley Publishers, 2016.
2 W. Stallings, “Operating Systems Internals and Design Principles”, 9th Ed, Pearson,
2018.

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 3 / 25

Suggested Book

1 A. Silberschatz, P. B. Galvin, and G. Gagne, “Operating System Concepts” 9th Ed.,

Wiley Publishers, 2016.
2 W. Stallings, “Operating Systems Internals and Design Principles”, 9th Ed, Pearson,
2018.
3 A. S. Tenenbaum and H. Bos, “Modern Operating Systems”, 4th Ed, Pearson, 2008.

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 3 / 25

Suggested Book

1 A. Silberschatz, P. B. Galvin, and G. Gagne, “Operating System Concepts” 9th Ed.,

Wiley Publishers, 2016.
2 W. Stallings, “Operating Systems Internals and Design Principles”, 9th Ed, Pearson,
2018.
3 A. S. Tenenbaum and H. Bos, “Modern Operating Systems”, 4th Ed, Pearson, 2008.
4 M. J. Bach, “The Design of the Unix Operating System”, PHI, 1993.

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 3 / 25

Time table

Time table
➠ Tuesday : 11:05 AM - 12:50 PM
➠ Wednesday : 09:15 AM - 11:00 AM
Consultation hour
➠ Wednesday, 3:00 PM - 4:00 PM
Contact me at [email protected]

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 4 / 25

Evaluation Plan

Component Weightage Date and Time

Quiz Test/Assignment/Project 20%(10% × 2) Will announce later
Mid Semester Examination 30% Will announce by Exam Cell
End Semester Examination 50% Will announce by Exam Cell

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 5 / 25

Academic Honesty and Integrity Policy

Academic honesty and integrity are to be maintained by all the students throughout the
semester, and no academic dishonesty is acceptable. In particular, no form of plagiarism
shall be tolerated. The student shall be awarded ZERO mark, and the case may be reported
to the appropriate committee of the Institute for necessary action.

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 6 / 25

Policies

Notices
All notices related to the course will be put to the Google Classroom/Group email.
➠ Link: https://meet.google.com/wrk-huqe-czp
➠ Password: buait34
De-Registration Policy
➠ A student will be de-registered from this course if the attendance in mid-semester is below
50% and overall is below 75%.
Makeup Policy
➠ For Mid-Sem./End-Sem., as per Institute rules.
➠ No Makeup for Assignment/Surprise Quiz/Project

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 7 / 25

Online Resources

Operating Systems (Prof. P. K. Biswas, IIT Kharagpur)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MaA0vFKt-ew&list=PLLDC70psjvq5hIT0kfr1sirNuees0Ni
Operating Systems Fundamentals (Prof. S. Chattopadhyay, IIT Kharagpur)
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106105214
Operating Systems (Prof. S. Bansal, IIT Delhi)
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106102132
Introduction To Operating Systems (Prof. Chester Rebeiro, IIT Madras)
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/106106144

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 8 / 25

Course Outline

No. Module Learning Objectives References

I Introduction To understand the structure of operating systems Ref. [1]
To understand the design and implementation of the operating systems Chap. 1 - 2
To understand the services and functionalities provided by the operation systems
II Process To understand the methods for process scheduling and synchronization Ref. [1]
Management To understand the procedures for interprocess communication and deadlock han- Chap. 3 - 7
dling
To understand the concepts of multithreading and its effect on the design of
operating systems
III Memory To understand the management of main memory during the execution of a process Ref. [1]
Management To understand the efficient utilization of main memory and CPU through virtual Chap. 8 - 9
memory management techniques

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 9 / 25

Course Outline

No. Module Learning Objectives References

IV Storage To learn the mass storage, file system, and I/O functionalities of a computer Ref. [1]
system
Management To learn the mechanism for online storage of and access to data and programs Chap. 10 - 13
from a file
To learn the algorithms and structures of storage management
To learn the performance issues associated with I/O devices
V Protection To learn the methods for the protection and security of computer systems Ref. [1]
and To learn how a process gets access control from the operating system to access Chap. 14 - 15
the system’s resources
Security To learn how the operating system protects the integrity of program code, data,
and other resources from unauthorized access, destruction, alteration, and incon-
sistency

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 10 / 25

Scopes and Objectives

The scopes and objectives of this course are to

➠ understand the fundamentals of the operating system design.
➠ understand the design issues of the operating systems.
➠ understand the directions in the development of the operating systems.
➠ understand the services and functionalities of the operating systems.
➠ understand the structure and organization of the file system.

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 11 / 25

Outcomes

By the end of the course, the students must be able to

➠ explain the basic components of an operating system.
➠ explain the design principles and implementations issues of the operating systems.
➠ explain the role of the operating system as a high-level interface to the hardware.
➠ explain the use of an operating system as a resource manager for multiprogramming environ-
ments.
➠ explain the low-level implementation of main memory management.
➠ explain the performance trade-offs inherent in operating system implementation.

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 Introduction

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 13 / 25

What is Operating System?

A software that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer
hardware

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 14 / 25

What is Operating System?

A software that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer
hardware
Operating system goals:

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 14 / 25

What is Operating System?

A software that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer
hardware
Operating system goals:
➠ manages the computer hardware

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 14 / 25

What is Operating System?

A software that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer
hardware
Operating system goals:
➠ manages the computer hardware
➠ executes user programs and makes solving user problems easier

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 14 / 25

What is Operating System?

A software that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer
hardware
Operating system goals:
➠ manages the computer hardware
➠ executes user programs and makes solving user problems easier
➠ makes the computer system convenient to use

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 14 / 25

What is Operating System?

A software that acts as an intermediary between a user of a computer and the computer
hardware
Operating system goals:
➠ manages the computer hardware
➠ executes user programs and makes solving user problems easier
➠ makes the computer system convenient to use
➠ uses the computer hardware in an efficient manner

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 14 / 25

Computer System Structure

Computer system can be divided into four components:

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 15 / 25

Computer System Structure

Computer system can be divided into four components:

Hardware - provides basic computing resources
✓ CPU, Memory, I/O devices

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 15 / 25

Computer System Structure

Computer system can be divided into four components:

Hardware - provides basic computing resources
✓ CPU, Memory, I/O devices
Operating system

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 15 / 25

Computer System Structure

Computer system can be divided into four components:

Hardware - provides basic computing resources
✓ CPU, Memory, I/O devices
Operating system
➤ Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 15 / 25

Computer System Structure

Computer system can be divided into four components:

Hardware - provides basic computing resources
✓ CPU, Memory, I/O devices
Operating system
➤ Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users
Application programs

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 15 / 25

Computer System Structure

Computer system can be divided into four components:

Hardware - provides basic computing resources
✓ CPU, Memory, I/O devices
Operating system
➤ Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users
Application programs
➤ define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users
✓ Word processors, Compilers, Web browsers, Database systems, Video games, Media
Players, Email Clients, Spreadsheet Software

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 15 / 25

Computer System Structure

Computer system can be divided into four components:

Hardware - provides basic computing resources
✓ CPU, Memory, I/O devices
Operating system
➤ Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users
Application programs
➤ define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users
✓ Word processors, Compilers, Web browsers, Database systems, Video games, Media
Players, Email Clients, Spreadsheet Software
Users

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 15 / 25

Computer System Structure

Computer system can be divided into four components:

Hardware - provides basic computing resources
✓ CPU, Memory, I/O devices
Operating system
➤ Controls and coordinates use of hardware among various applications and users
Application programs
➤ define the ways in which the system resources are used to solve the computing problems of the
users
✓ Word processors, Compilers, Web browsers, Database systems, Video games, Media
Players, Email Clients, Spreadsheet Software
Users
➤ People, Machines, Other computers

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 15 / 25

Computer System Structure
4 Chapter 1 Introduction

user user user user

1 2 3
… n

compiler assembler text editor … database

system
system and application programs

operating system

computer hardware

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What Operating Systems Do

Depends on the point of view (User or System)

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 17 / 25

What Operating Systems Do: User View

users, sit in front of a PC, want convenience, ease of use

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 18 / 25

What Operating Systems Do: User View

users, sit in front of a PC, want convenience, ease of use

don’t care about resource utilization

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 18 / 25

What Operating Systems Do: User View

users, sit in front of a PC, want convenience, ease of use

don’t care about resource utilization
but shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must keep all users happy

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 18 / 25

What Operating Systems Do: User View

users, sit in front of a PC, want convenience, ease of use

don’t care about resource utilization
but shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must keep all users happy
Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated resources, but frequently
use shared resources from servers

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 18 / 25

What Operating Systems Do: User View

users, sit in front of a PC, want convenience, ease of use

don’t care about resource utilization
but shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must keep all users happy
Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated resources, but frequently
use shared resources from servers
Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for usability and battery life

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 18 / 25

What Operating Systems Do: User View

users, sit in front of a PC, want convenience, ease of use

don’t care about resource utilization
but shared computer such as mainframe or minicomputer must keep all users happy
Users of dedicate systems such as workstations have dedicated resources, but frequently
use shared resources from servers
Handheld computers are resource poor, optimized for usability and battery life
Some computers have little or no user interface, such as embedded computers in devices
and automobiles

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 18 / 25

What Operating Systems Do: System View

OS is a resource manager

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 19 / 25

What Operating Systems Do: System View

OS is a resource manager
Manages all resources (CPU time, memory space, file-storage space, I/O devices, and so on)

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 19 / 25

What Operating Systems Do: System View

OS is a resource manager
Manages all resources (CPU time, memory space, file-storage space, I/O devices, and so on)
Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 19 / 25

What Operating Systems Do: System View

OS is a resource manager
Manages all resources (CPU time, memory space, file-storage space, I/O devices, and so on)
Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use
OS is a control program

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 19 / 25

What Operating Systems Do: System View

OS is a resource manager
Manages all resources (CPU time, memory space, file-storage space, I/O devices, and so on)
Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use
OS is a control program
Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 19 / 25

What Operating Systems Do: System View

OS is a resource manager
Manages all resources (CPU time, memory space, file-storage space, I/O devices, and so on)
Decides between conflicting requests for efficient and fair resource use
OS is a control program
Controls execution of programs to prevent errors and improper use of the computer
Controls the various I/O devices

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 19 / 25

Defining Operating Systems

No universally accepted definition

1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_%28operating_system%29
(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 20 / 25
Defining Operating Systems

No universally accepted definition

control program

1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_%28operating_system%29
(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 20 / 25
Defining Operating Systems

No universally accepted definition

control program
resource manager

1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_%28operating_system%29
(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 20 / 25
Defining Operating Systems

No universally accepted definition

control program
resource manager
provide user-friendly environment

1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_%28operating_system%29
(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 20 / 25
Defining Operating Systems

No universally accepted definition

control program
resource manager
provide user-friendly environment
“The one program running at all times on the computer” is the kernel1 .

1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_%28operating_system%29
(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 20 / 25
Defining Operating Systems

No universally accepted definition

control program
resource manager
provide user-friendly environment
“The one program running at all times on the computer” is the kernel1 .
➠ Everything else is either a system program (ships with the operating system) or an
application program.

1
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kernel_%28operating_system%29
(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 20 / 25
Computer Startup

bootstrap program is loaded at power-up or reboot

typically stored in ROM or EEPROM, generally known as firmware
initializes all aspects of system
loads operating system kernel and starts execution
system programs that are loaded into memory at boot time to become system processes, or
system daemons that run the entire time the kernel is running. Once this phase is complete,
the system is fully booted, and the system waits for some event to occur.
On UNIX, the first system process is “init”

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 21 / 25

 For a computer to start running—for instance, when it is powered up or
rebooted —it needs to have an initial program to run. This initial program,
Computeror System Organization
bootstrap program, tends to be simple. Typically, it is stored within
the computer hardware in read-only memory (ROM) or electrically erasable
programmable read-only memory (EEPROM), known by the general term
Computer systemItoperation
firmware. initializes all aspects of the system, from CPU registers to device
onecontrollers to memory
or more CPUs, devicecontents. Theconnect
controllers bootstrap program
through must know
common how to load
bus providing access to shared
the
memory operating system and how to start executing that system. To accomplish
concurrent execution of CPUs and devices competing for memory cycles
mouse keyboard printer monitor
disks on-line

disk graphics
CPU USB controller
controller adapter

memory

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 22 / 25

Computer System Operation

I/O devices and the CPU can execute concurrently

Each device controller is in charge of a particular device type
Each device controller has a local buffer
CPU moves data from/to main memory to/from local buffers
I/O is from the device to local buffer of device controller informs CPU that it has finished
its operation by causing an interrupt

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 23 / 25

Suggested Readings

Chapter 1, A. Silberschatz, P.B. Galvin, and G. Gagne, “Operating System Concepts”

9th Ed., Wiley Publishers, 2016.

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 24 / 25

 Thank You

(Department of CSE, IIIT Kalyani) Operating Systems January 06, 2025 25 / 25