To determine ange of minimum dewstion for gen prem y plating 3 graph between angle Dtinidenee and angle of eatin, APPARATUS: Drawinghoord, awh sheet of paper, prem, drawingpins, pencil metre scale, ofce ins raph paper and a prtracte, "THEORY: The refactve ndoxcf the material the prime ‘caxcunarions: Piotagraph between angle of ncdence Zi andangleofdevavon ZO by taking Zi along Xaxs {andZD along Y- as. From ths raph, rte valu angle of imum dewztenD, Lethe value of angleof minimum cewarion, On 38 [ Ad Download to read ad-free Ad xeer ee Ad Download to read ad-free 2. Measurement of args ay bewrong. Download Reward Your Curiost Ad xeed = ) 29 SCRIBD ( Search Q ) iia Download as docx, pdf, or txt Aoparatus: One pr nein a batteryof Va heoitat ade mlarimeter (0A ade. Vlineter (03), aera ammeter (0-500) 3 vloreter (0-12, comecing wire th) Reverse issn junctions everse as, fs 9 -deis onneted to lower potent oe) and ses ‘see il te neon So wath cf depletion ve ard potenti baer meres. so witty of epeton layer an eh of pote barr nreases: stops the low of arent trough sn ton. ut eer as Pnlanction helps inary charge carer tocrostheluncion, Tvs therelsa sacar of order ins) v. Wat) ia raph pitied with cuentas ordinate and potest pple across ode a abicsa shows the characte ofthe Ad Downl e CTC] Ad x Ml 0eed ee = §}scrRiBD ( | Ad Download to read ad-free Ad x943 OBQs BR Gal wil o9%% oY & SCRIBD ( Search Q Date: Experiment Number: Aim: To find resistance of a given wire / standard resistor using metre bridge Apparatus Required: Battery eliminator, One way key, Metre bridge, Resistance box, Given resistance wire, Galvanometer, Jockey, Connecting wires. Theory. Metre bridge is a simple apparatus based on the principle of Wheatstone's bridge. Under balanced condition of Wheatstone’s bridge, galvanometer shows zero deflection, and the four resistances P, Q, R and S in form of a quadrilateral, we have, Since length of resistance wire is directly proportional to its resistance, unknown resistance X can be found using relation 00-1 ee xR Where / is balancing length of metre bridge wire and R is resistance from resistance box. Diagram: 4ti|F : aa) Ad Download to read ad-free oT Cole Te) Ad x943 OBQs 38 HRB x Vv 235 Metre Bri... < Q : scribd.com § scRIBD (search Q) Observations: Range of galvanometer = 30 - 0 - 30 Range of resistance box = 0a to 5002 Observation Table: SIN. | Resistance Balancing Length ®) a w Too 1. 1 44 56 1.27 2. 2 61 39 1.27 3. 3 70 30. 1.28 Calculations Mean resistance of given wire yo Lard a7e2e 3.82 x5 274.0 ‘Result: Resistance of given wire = 1.2740 Sources of errors: 1. The wire of meter bridge may not be of uniform area of cross section throughout its entire length 2. The wire may get heated up due to the passage of current and its resistance might change. 3. Error may be in measuring diameter of the wire and its length. Precautions: 1. Jockey should be moved gently by lifting and putting on the wire. 2. Pass the electric current only for the time when itis required 3. The plugs of the resistance box should be tight. LEN Coy-Te] Ad x947 OBQs ee Sl Ad Download as pdf or txt To Assemble a Household Circuit Comprising Three Bulbs, Three (on/off) Switches, a Fuse & a Power Source Aim “To assemble @ household circuit comprsing three bulbs, three (onl) switches, a fuse area power source. ‘Apparatus and material ‘Apparatus::No apparatus required in assembling cut Material: Throe bulbs (6 V, 1W) each, fuse of 0.8 A, main switch a power supply (batory eliinaton tree (ono) switches fexble connecting wire with red and black Plastic covering, a fuse wire. Supplementary: Main clecrc board wih atwo-pn socket and main awit Theory Electr suppliod tous for domestic purposes is 220 V A.C. and 60 Hz. The household Corel all appliances ate connected in parale with mains. The stones ae ‘connected in seres wit each appliances in ive wire. 5 A syitches ae required for normal appliances lke, bulbs, fuorescent tubes fans es. 15 A sockats and sutches are Feauired for heavy oad appliances ke. refigerator, ar condkioner,goyser ot plates ‘tc All appliances must nave three wires called live, neural and he earth Total power consumption Pata tie Peper where Ps, ., Po are te powers drawn by appliances “To protect the appliances ftom damage when unduly Nigh curents are dawn fuse of litle righer rating, 10 to 20% hier fhan the current normally drain by al ‘appliances. For futher safely, a sulable value MAINS FUSE tke rating 32 Ais ‘Sonnacted in saves wth supply source, Diagram Ds 6S n i ey “ o Download to read ad-free oT Cole Te) Ad x947 OBQs 2B MBB Gal al 68% 4 Ad Vv 235 To Asse... < Q scribd.com Download to read ad-free Procedure 1. Connect the bulbs 6 8: and 8: in series with switches S\, Sand S: respectively and connect ach sei of &-S in paral with each ther 2. Connect main suppiyto a stop-ionn transformer (battary eliminator) to got Fequted voltage rom 0 to 10'V (0,2, 4,6, Band 10). 5. Connect the mains fise N.S. n eves wit the power supply (battery eliminate. 4 Connect an AC. ammetorin sere wth the B-S eet 5. Connect one end of power supalyto ono endof BS cet 8. Check he crcult one again ensure that household crcultis complete 7. Gradually inrease the current to 0.75 A, the fuse must bum aff at about 0.6 A LEN Coy-Te] Ad x Il 0 A948 OD + ey — = & 9 SCRIBD (search Q) ACTIVITY-3 AIM: To identify a diode, an LED, an transistor, an IC, a resistor and a capacitor from a mixed collection of such items. MATERIALS REQUIRED:- A collection of a diode, an LED, a transistor, an IC, a resistor and a multimeter. THEORY/OBSERVATION:- For identification of different items from a collection, we have to consider both, their appearance and working. 1.A diode: A diode is a semiconducting device which has two terminals. It conducts only when it is in forward biased and it does not conduct when reverse biased. 2.A light emitting diode (LED): It is a two terminals device, which gives out light when electric current passes through it. A diode and a LED both allow the flow of current in one direction only. 3.A resistor: It is also a two terminals device. It conducts direct current and alternating current both. A resistor can conduct equally even when Ad Download to read ad-free Ad x Ml O948 OBQ +s BB Gal i 67%4 Ad Download to read ad-free the terminals of battery connected across it are reversed. 4.A capacitor: It is also two terminals device but it does not allow direct current to flow through it but stores some charge when de voltage is applied. It conducts alternating current. 5.A transistor: It is a three terminals device (emitter, base and collector). It has three legs so that it may be identified by appearance only. 6.An IC (integrated circuit): In integrated circuits many circuits are integrated in one chip. ICs are obtained by a complex procedure involving diffusion, oxidation, —_ photolithography, metallisation, etc It is a multiterminal component. Most of IC packages have flat baclk, a large number of legs, made of flat metal strips. DIAGRAMS:- it: ae rg see etteenminy riety et 18 Ad Download to read ad-free Ad x Ml O948 OD + Ad CONCLUSION/RESUL'’ All the items in the mixed collection have been identified and the result may be summed up as in the table given below. TABLE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF COMPONENTS WITH THYE HELP OF TERMINALS 8. ]No. of| Devices No. | terminals/legs 1._|More than three IC 2. [Three Transistor 3. [Two Diode, LED, resistor and capacitor TABLE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF COMPONENTS WITH THE HELP OF CURRENT FLOW 8. |No. of terminals/legs| Devices No. 1. [Unidirectional with no[Diode light emission 2. [Unidirectional with|LED light emission 3. [Current in both|Resistor direction (steady) 4 [No flow of direct| Capacitor current in any wa) PRECAUTION! 1.Connections should be clean and tight. Ad Download to read ad-free Ad x Il Oo949 Ad o@a- 3B eR Sl eA & SCRIBD (Search Q G Download to read ad-free 2. Strong current should not be passed through the components. 3.Polarity should be reversed for identifying the items, e.g., diode, LED, etc. 4.Students must handle the multimeter carefully since it is very sensitive. SOURCES OF ERROR:- 1.Multimeter shows zero resistance on touching its metal leads. If it does not show zero resistance, bring the pointer to zero using zero adjustment knob on the multimeter. If zero adjustment is not done, the resistance measurement will not be true. 2 While checking resistance, if metal end of multimeter leads are touched by hands, body resistance in parallel with the component resistance affect the value of the resistance. oT Cole Te) Ad x Ml O oICLASS — XII PHYSICS EXPERIMENT -1 To determine resistivity of two/three wires by plotting a graph between potential difference versus current. Apparatus Require: Aresistance wire, battery eliminator, voltmeter, ammeter, rheostat and connecting wires. Theory- According to Ohm’s law, the electric current flowing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across its ends, provided the physical state (pressure, temperature and dimensions) of the conductor remains unchanged. If lis the current flowing through the conductor and Vis the potential difference across its end, then- Val Or; V=RI Where, R is the constant of proportionality and is termed as the electrical resistance of the conductor. Circuit Diagram- — Rheostat AHH BatteryObservations- Least count of ammeter = a A Least count of voltmeter = = V Observation table:- For wire one; l=21 cm- S.No. | Voltmeter Ammeter reading- Resistance of given reading - nx L.C. nx L.c. wire (R=V/I)Q {in volt) (in ampere) T T 1) «yl, 1 2x 1x, (2x) +(1X2)= 22 2 6x+ 3x4 (6X+)=+(3X4) =20 20 20 207 20 3 axt 4x (8X4)+(4X4) =20 20 20 20) 30 4 12x+ 6x+ (28X4)+(7X4) = 20 20 20 20 20) For wire two; l=42 cm- S.No. | Voltmeter Ammeter reading- Resistance of given reading - nx L.C. nx L.c. wire (R= V/I)Q (in volt) (in ampere) 1 1 1). 1\_ 1 4x, 1x, (4X;,) *(1X,,)= 40 1 1 1).3yt) 2 12X;, 3X55 (12X;;)+(3X;5) = 4 3 20x+ 5X4 (20X+)+(5X+)= 4.0 20 20 20) 20! 1 1 1).(7x4) = 4 28x; 7X (28X>))+(7X>5) =4QCalculations- Graph for potential versus current (should be on graph paper according to readings)- Graph for wire-1:- R=0.90.15 = 20hm Current ——> ov 02 03 oa 05 06 o7 potential difference ——> Resistance of wire one from the graph, R = PS/QS (i.e. reciprocal of slope of the graph) =2Q Graph for wire-2(Should be drawn in same way as above):- Resistance of wire two from the graph, R = BC/AB (i.e. reciprocal of slope of the graph) + 40 A __ 2X3.14X(0.04)? Resistivity of wire one:- p: = Rie a = 1.19X10%O-cm rn#1.19X104Q-cm Resistivity of wire two:- p2 = RA i 2 Result- Value of resistivity of two given wires of different lengths is ~1.19X10%Q-cm Precautions- + All the electrical connections must be neat and tight. + Voltmeter and Ammeter must be of proper range. + The key should be inserted only while taking readings.