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Java Roadmap

The document serves as a comprehensive guide to Java programming, covering fundamentals, object-oriented programming, advanced concepts, memory management, concurrency, and modern features from Java 8 to 21. It also includes sections on design patterns, enterprise applications, interview preparation, and resources for further learning. By mastering these topics, readers can enhance their Java development skills and stay current in the technology landscape.

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Nikhilesh Patnaik
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
5 views

Java Roadmap

The document serves as a comprehensive guide to Java programming, covering fundamentals, object-oriented programming, advanced concepts, memory management, concurrency, and modern features from Java 8 to 21. It also includes sections on design patterns, enterprise applications, interview preparation, and resources for further learning. By mastering these topics, readers can enhance their Java development skills and stay current in the technology landscape.

Uploaded by

Nikhilesh Patnaik
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Table of Contents

1. Java Fundamentals
2. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
3. Advanced Java Concepts
4. Java Memory Management & Performance
5. Concurrency & Multithreading
6. Java Ecosystem & Tools
7. Modern Java (Java 8–21 Features)
8. Design Patterns & Best Practices
9. Java in Enterprise & Cloud
10. Interview Preparation & Certification
11. Resources & Communities
1. Java Fundamentals
Core Concepts
• Java Syntax:

java

public class Main {


public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}

• Primitive Types: int, double, boolean, char, byte, short, long, float.
• Reference Types: String, arrays, classes, interfaces.
• Variables: final, static, volatile, and scope rules.
• Operators:
o Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %.
o Comparison: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=.
o Logical: &&, ||, !.
o Bitwise: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>, >>>.
Control Flow
• Conditionals: if-else, switch (enhanced with Java 14+ patterns).
• Loops: for, while, do-while, for-each.
• Break vs. Continue: Use cases for loop control.
Methods
• Method overloading vs. overriding.
• varargs, recursion, and method references.
2. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
The Four Pillars
1. Encapsulation:
o Use private fields with getters/setters.
o Example:

public class BankAccount {


private double balance;
public double getBalance() { return balance; }
public void deposit(double amount) { balance += amount; }
}

2. Inheritance:
o extends and super keywords.
o Avoid deep inheritance hierarchies (favor composition).
3. Polymorphism:
o Runtime polymorphism (method overriding).
o Example:

Animal myDog = new Dog();


myDog.sound(); // Calls Dog's implementation

4. Abstraction:
o Abstract classes vs. interfaces (pre-Java 8 and post-Java 8).
o Default methods in interfaces (default keyword).
Advanced OOP
• Composition vs. Inheritance: When to use which.
• Immutable Classes: Use final fields and avoid setters.
• Singleton Pattern: Thread-safe implementations.
3. Advanced Java Concepts
Exception Handling
• Checked vs. Unchecked Exceptions:
o Checked: Must be handled (e.g., IOException).
o Unchecked: Runtime exceptions (e.g., NullPointerException).
• Try-with-Resources (Java 7+):

try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("file.txt"))) {


// Auto-closes resources
}

Generics
• Type parameters (<T>), wildcards (? extends/super T).
• Bounded types and generic methods.
Collections Framework
• Core Interfaces: List, Set, Map, Queue.
• Common Implementations:
o ArrayList vs. LinkedList.
o HashMap vs. TreeMap (hashing vs. red-black trees).
• Java Streams (Java 8+):

List<String> filtered = list.stream()


.filter(s -> s.startsWith("A"))
.sorted()
.collect(Collectors.toList());

Reflection & Annotations


• Introspect classes at runtime (e.g., Class.forName()).
• Custom annotations and runtime processing.
4. Java Memory Management & Performance
JVM Architecture
• Heap vs. Stack memory.
• Garbage Collection (GC) algorithms:
o Serial, Parallel, G1, ZGC (Java 15+).
• Memory Leaks: Common causes (e.g., static references, unclosed resources).
Performance Optimization
• Use StringBuilder for string concatenation in loops.
• Avoid excessive object creation.
• Profiling tools: VisualVM, JProfiler, Java Flight Recorder.

5. Concurrency & Multithreading


Thread Basics
• Create threads via Thread class or Runnable/Callable interfaces.
• Thread Lifecycle: New, Runnable, Blocked, Waiting, Terminated.
Synchronization
• synchronized keyword, ReentrantLock, and volatile.
• Thread-safe collections: ConcurrentHashMap, CopyOnWriteArrayList.
Executors & Thread Pools
• Use ExecutorService for managed threading:

ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);


executor.submit(() -> System.out.println("Task running"));

Java 21 Virtual Threads (Project Loom)


• Lightweight threads for high-throughput applications:

Thread.startVirtualThread(() -> {
System.out.println("Virtual thread running");
});
6. Java Ecosystem & Tools
IDEs
• IntelliJ IDEA: Best for productivity.
• Eclipse: Extensible with plugins.
• VS Code: Lightweight with Java extensions.
Build Tools
• Maven: Declarative dependency management.
• Gradle: Flexible and faster with Groovy/Kotlin DSL.
Testing Frameworks
• JUnit 5: Parameterized tests, extensions.
• Mockito: Mocking dependencies.
Logging
• SLF4J with Logback or Log4j2.

7. Modern Java (Java 8–21 Features)


Key Features
• Lambda Expressions:
(a, b) -> a + b
• Streams API: Filter, map, reduce operations.
• Pattern Matching (Java 16+):

if (obj instanceof String s) {


System.out.println(s.length());
}

• Records (Java 16+): Immutable data carriers.


• Sealed Classes (Java 17+): Restrict inheritance.
• Switch Expressions (Java 14+):
String result = switch (day) {
case "MON" -> "Monday";
default -> "Unknown";
};

8. Design Patterns & Best Practices


Common Patterns
• Singleton: Double-checked locking.
• Factory Method, Builder, Strategy.
• Observer: Use java.util.Observable or custom implementations.
Best Practices
• Follow SOLID principles.
• Write clean code: Meaningful names, small methods.
• Use Optional to avoid NullPointerException.
• Prefer immutability where possible.

9. Java in Enterprise & Cloud


Frameworks
• Spring Boot: Microservices, dependency injection.
• Jakarta EE: Enterprise features (JPA, JAX-RS).
Cloud Integration
• Deploy Java apps on AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud.
• Use Quarkus or Micronaut for serverless/cloud-native apps.
Databases
• JDBC: Raw SQL.
• Hibernate: ORM for mapping Java objects to tables.
• Spring Data JPA: Simplify database interactions.
10. Interview Preparation & Certification
Common Interview Topics

• OOP concepts, collections, multithreading, and JVM internals.

• Algorithmic problem-solving (LeetCode, HackerRank).

Certifications

• Oracle Certified Professional (OCP): Java SE 11/17.

• AWS Certified Developer: For cloud-focused roles.

11. Resources & Communities


Books
• "Effective Java" by Joshua Bloch.
• "Java Concurrency in Practice" by Brian Goetz.
Online Courses
• Coursera: "Java Programming and Software Engineering Fundamentals" (Duke
University).
• Udemy: "Java Programming Masterclass" (Tim Buchalka).
Communities
• Stack Overflow, Reddit’s r/java, Dev.to.
• GitHub Repos: Open-source Java projects (e.g., Spring Framework).
Final Tips
• Code Daily: Build projects (e.g., REST APIs, CRUD apps).
• Contribute to Open Source: Learn from real-world
codebases.
• Stay Updated: Follow Java Enhancement Proposals (JEPs)
for upcoming features.
By mastering these concepts and tools, you’ll be equipped to
tackle enterprise-level Java development and stay ahead in the
ever-evolving tech landscape.

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