Table of Contents
1. Java Fundamentals
2. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
3. Advanced Java Concepts
4. Java Memory Management & Performance
5. Concurrency & Multithreading
6. Java Ecosystem & Tools
7. Modern Java (Java 8–21 Features)
8. Design Patterns & Best Practices
9. Java in Enterprise & Cloud
10. Interview Preparation & Certification
11. Resources & Communities
1. Java Fundamentals
Core Concepts
• Java Syntax:
java
public class Main {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello, World!");
}
}
• Primitive Types: int, double, boolean, char, byte, short, long, float.
• Reference Types: String, arrays, classes, interfaces.
• Variables: final, static, volatile, and scope rules.
• Operators:
o Arithmetic: +, -, *, /, %.
o Comparison: ==, !=, >, <, >=, <=.
o Logical: &&, ||, !.
o Bitwise: &, |, ^, ~, <<, >>, >>>.
Control Flow
• Conditionals: if-else, switch (enhanced with Java 14+ patterns).
• Loops: for, while, do-while, for-each.
• Break vs. Continue: Use cases for loop control.
Methods
• Method overloading vs. overriding.
• varargs, recursion, and method references.
2. Object-Oriented Programming (OOP)
The Four Pillars
1. Encapsulation:
o Use private fields with getters/setters.
o Example:
public class BankAccount {
private double balance;
public double getBalance() { return balance; }
public void deposit(double amount) { balance += amount; }
}
2. Inheritance:
o extends and super keywords.
o Avoid deep inheritance hierarchies (favor composition).
3. Polymorphism:
o Runtime polymorphism (method overriding).
o Example:
Animal myDog = new Dog();
myDog.sound(); // Calls Dog's implementation
4. Abstraction:
o Abstract classes vs. interfaces (pre-Java 8 and post-Java 8).
o Default methods in interfaces (default keyword).
Advanced OOP
• Composition vs. Inheritance: When to use which.
• Immutable Classes: Use final fields and avoid setters.
• Singleton Pattern: Thread-safe implementations.
3. Advanced Java Concepts
Exception Handling
• Checked vs. Unchecked Exceptions:
o Checked: Must be handled (e.g., IOException).
o Unchecked: Runtime exceptions (e.g., NullPointerException).
• Try-with-Resources (Java 7+):
try (BufferedReader br = new BufferedReader(new FileReader("file.txt"))) {
// Auto-closes resources
}
Generics
• Type parameters (<T>), wildcards (? extends/super T).
• Bounded types and generic methods.
Collections Framework
• Core Interfaces: List, Set, Map, Queue.
• Common Implementations:
o ArrayList vs. LinkedList.
o HashMap vs. TreeMap (hashing vs. red-black trees).
• Java Streams (Java 8+):
List<String> filtered = list.stream()
.filter(s -> s.startsWith("A"))
.sorted()
.collect(Collectors.toList());
Reflection & Annotations
• Introspect classes at runtime (e.g., Class.forName()).
• Custom annotations and runtime processing.
4. Java Memory Management & Performance
JVM Architecture
• Heap vs. Stack memory.
• Garbage Collection (GC) algorithms:
o Serial, Parallel, G1, ZGC (Java 15+).
• Memory Leaks: Common causes (e.g., static references, unclosed resources).
Performance Optimization
• Use StringBuilder for string concatenation in loops.
• Avoid excessive object creation.
• Profiling tools: VisualVM, JProfiler, Java Flight Recorder.
5. Concurrency & Multithreading
Thread Basics
• Create threads via Thread class or Runnable/Callable interfaces.
• Thread Lifecycle: New, Runnable, Blocked, Waiting, Terminated.
Synchronization
• synchronized keyword, ReentrantLock, and volatile.
• Thread-safe collections: ConcurrentHashMap, CopyOnWriteArrayList.
Executors & Thread Pools
• Use ExecutorService for managed threading:
ExecutorService executor = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(4);
executor.submit(() -> System.out.println("Task running"));
Java 21 Virtual Threads (Project Loom)
• Lightweight threads for high-throughput applications:
Thread.startVirtualThread(() -> {
System.out.println("Virtual thread running");
});
6. Java Ecosystem & Tools
IDEs
• IntelliJ IDEA: Best for productivity.
• Eclipse: Extensible with plugins.
• VS Code: Lightweight with Java extensions.
Build Tools
• Maven: Declarative dependency management.
• Gradle: Flexible and faster with Groovy/Kotlin DSL.
Testing Frameworks
• JUnit 5: Parameterized tests, extensions.
• Mockito: Mocking dependencies.
Logging
• SLF4J with Logback or Log4j2.
7. Modern Java (Java 8–21 Features)
Key Features
• Lambda Expressions:
(a, b) -> a + b
• Streams API: Filter, map, reduce operations.
• Pattern Matching (Java 16+):
if (obj instanceof String s) {
System.out.println(s.length());
}
• Records (Java 16+): Immutable data carriers.
• Sealed Classes (Java 17+): Restrict inheritance.
• Switch Expressions (Java 14+):
String result = switch (day) {
case "MON" -> "Monday";
default -> "Unknown";
};
8. Design Patterns & Best Practices
Common Patterns
• Singleton: Double-checked locking.
• Factory Method, Builder, Strategy.
• Observer: Use java.util.Observable or custom implementations.
Best Practices
• Follow SOLID principles.
• Write clean code: Meaningful names, small methods.
• Use Optional to avoid NullPointerException.
• Prefer immutability where possible.
9. Java in Enterprise & Cloud
Frameworks
• Spring Boot: Microservices, dependency injection.
• Jakarta EE: Enterprise features (JPA, JAX-RS).
Cloud Integration
• Deploy Java apps on AWS, Azure, or Google Cloud.
• Use Quarkus or Micronaut for serverless/cloud-native apps.
Databases
• JDBC: Raw SQL.
• Hibernate: ORM for mapping Java objects to tables.
• Spring Data JPA: Simplify database interactions.
10. Interview Preparation & Certification
Common Interview Topics
• OOP concepts, collections, multithreading, and JVM internals.
• Algorithmic problem-solving (LeetCode, HackerRank).
Certifications
• Oracle Certified Professional (OCP): Java SE 11/17.
• AWS Certified Developer: For cloud-focused roles.
11. Resources & Communities
Books
• "Effective Java" by Joshua Bloch.
• "Java Concurrency in Practice" by Brian Goetz.
Online Courses
• Coursera: "Java Programming and Software Engineering Fundamentals" (Duke
University).
• Udemy: "Java Programming Masterclass" (Tim Buchalka).
Communities
• Stack Overflow, Reddit’s r/java, Dev.to.
• GitHub Repos: Open-source Java projects (e.g., Spring Framework).
Final Tips
• Code Daily: Build projects (e.g., REST APIs, CRUD apps).
• Contribute to Open Source: Learn from real-world
codebases.
• Stay Updated: Follow Java Enhancement Proposals (JEPs)
for upcoming features.
By mastering these concepts and tools, you’ll be equipped to
tackle enterprise-level Java development and stay ahead in the
ever-evolving tech landscape.
