11 Short FounU8 (PliJSi :os)

SHORT FORMULA (GYAN SUTRA)

MATHEMATICS
------------------------'-------------------
STRAIGHT LINE I Ii, ,
" . ' " ." " ." " .

1. Distance Formula :
• _ 1nY,± nYI
2. Section Formula : ,"1 - m+ n .

3. Centroid, Incentre & Excentre:

X1+1It2 -+ Xt Yt t Y; + Yi ) [ 8X1+bXl+CXl aY1+bY?+Ch)
CentroktG ( 3 • 3 , Incenlra l 8+b+c ' A+b+c

- AX .... bx; . CJ() - a'l,. by;+ CY3

Excentre I, ( - 8 + b +c ' - a+ b +c

4. Area of a Triangle:

1
X,
y, 1
6ABC = - x, y, 1
2
x, y, 1
5. Slope Formula:

(I) lme Joining two poinls (X I V,> & (x, Y,J. m =: Yl - 11

x,-x;
)(1 'I, 1
8. Condition of coilinearity of three points: X2 '/2 1 =0
Xa Y3 1

7. Angle between two straight lines: tane = m, - ~ .

1+ml m2
8. Two Lines: ax .. by + c = 0 and a'x + b'y .. c' = 0 two lines
ab c
1. parallel if -,
• b
=,. ~ ,.
c

2. Distance between two parallel lines = •

3 Perpendicular : If aa' + bb' = O.

21 Short FounU8 (Physi :os)

9. A point and line:

:J. x +b y + t
1. Distance between point and line· ' , •
a:l + b:

X-X '_ Y- Y ' =_ 2ax ,+ by I +e

2. Reflection of a point about a line:
a b a 2+b 2

x-x , y-y, ax ,.by ,. c

3. FOOt of the perpendicular from a point on ttl e line Is I a b .., - a 2-tb2

10. Bisectors of the angles between two lines:

21 "I ( I
11 . Condition of Concurrency :of Ihree siraighl lines I ,X. b,Y • C, = O. I = 1 ,2,3 Is a1 b, c~ =0
;l. bJ CJ

12. A Pa ir of straight lines through origin: ox' . 2hxy . by" 0

2Jh'- Ob
If eis .he acute angle between the pa ir of straight lines, then ta n e = a .. b •

CIRCLE
1. Intercepts made by Circle x' . y' . 2gx. 2fy • c = 0 on the Axes:
(a) 2 g' -e on x -axis (b) 2 Jf'-Con y - alxs
2. Parametric Equations of a Circle : x = h + r cos o . y = k + <sIn 0
3. Tangent:

'"' Slope form ; y' mx *. J,. m'

(b) Po int form : xx, . YY, :; a1 or T ; 0
(e) Paramet ric form : x cos a + y sin a '" 8.
4. Pair of Tangents from a Point: 55, = P .
6. Length of a Tangent : Length of tangent is ,JS;
6. Director Circle: x + yZ= 2a 2for X2. Y = a
7. Chord of Contact: T = 0
2LR
1. Length of chord of contact = 'JR.2 2
+L

RL3
2. Area of the triartgle formed by the pair of the tangents & its chord of contact · Rl +L:
31 Short FounU8 (PliJSi :os)

2RL
3. Tangent of the ang le between the pair of tang ents from (xl' y,) = L2_ R2

4 . Eq ual/on o f th e circle circumscribing the triangle PT, T1 is : (x - x,) (x + g) + (y - y,) ('I + f) = O.

8. Condition of orthogonality of Two Circles: 2 g,g, + 2 r,r, · e, + e,.
9. Radical Axis: s, - s, • 0 I. • . 2 (g, - g,) x + 2 (f, - r,l y + (e, - e,) • O.
10. Family of Circles: 5, + K 5,' O. 5 + KL' O.

PARABOLA
1. Equation of standard parabola:
'I" - 41x. Vertex Is (0. 0). focus 13 (a. 0). Directrix Is x + a • 0 and Axis 1$ y • 0
= 4& , ends of the latus rectum are l ea, 28) & L' (a . -
Length of the latus rect um 2a) .
2. Parametric Representation: X ' at' & y. 2at
3. Tangents to the Parabola y' = 4ax:

1. Slope formy· mx + - • (m _ 0) 2. ParameHlc form ty • x + atZ

m
3. Point form T. 0
4. Normais to the parabola y' = 4ax :
y - 'I, ~ -~ (x - x,) at (x, V,) : 'f e m x - 20m - om) 01 (om'. - 20m) : y + tx ~ 201 .. at' 01 (01' , 2at) .

ELLIPSE

1.
x' ,
Standard Equation: '2 + 2 -1 , where I > b & b' · a' (1 - e') .
a b

b' •
Ec~nlrkitv : e· 1- - , . (0 < e < 1) , Dlr.ctric;es : x • t - .

Focii : S (:t.
• •
a e, 0). l er.gth or, major axes. 28 and minor axes. 2b
Vertice.; A' . (- a. 0) & A. (• . 0) .

Latus Rectum : = al =2a~ _82)

•
2. Auxiliary Circle: x, + y' = a'
3. Parametric Representation: x cos e & y =. =b sin 0
4. Position of a Point w.r.t. an Ell ipse:
2 ,
The point P(xl, Y,) lies outside. inside oron the ell ipse according as; x~ + y~ - 1 > < or = O.
• b
6. Line and an Ellipse: The line y = mx + C meets the ellipse a2 +
, bz
v' = 1 In two points real . COincident
or imaginary aCCOI'ding as d' is < = or > al~ ... bJ.

6. Tangents : Slope form: y = mx t ~a'2m2+ b2 , Point form :

X1XC~(l~·~~9 ysin9
Parametric fonn: - + e1
• b
~ Short FounU8 (PliJSi :os)

a2x b 2y
7. Normals: - = 82 - bl.
Xl 'I,
8. Director Circle: x! + y7 . a' + b"

HYPERBOLA
,2 y2
1. Standard Equation : standard equation of Ihe hyperbola I. ::2 - '2 - ' . where b' a' (e' - 1). &
• b

Focii : S . (1: ae. 0) Directrices : x • 1: ~

Ve n lces : A . ( t: a , 0)
•
3>'
La tu s Re ctum ( l ,; f · • 2a (el -1).
o
x2 v: x: 'I'
2. Conjugate Hyperbola : - , - ~, • 1 & - ~ + - , • I t'lre conjugale hyperbollils of each.
a b a' b
3. Auxiliary Circle : x" y' . a'.
4. Parametric Representation : x ' • sec e& y ' b l.n 0
5. Position of A Point 'P' w.r.t. A Hyperbola:
l Z Y 2:
s,. '" - " - 1 >, . or < 0 according 8S the point (x t Y,) lies inside, on Of outside: the curve .
•- b-
6. Tangents :
(i) Slope Form : y . m x Ja "m' - b!

(iii Point Form : at the point (x , )'.) is XX I - yy, '"" I

a? b1 .
(1111 Parame tric Form : x stC'9 _ Y tane = I
• b
7. Normals :

(a)

(b) at the point P (8 sec e. b tan 9) Is ox + by :; 82 + b' :; a~e".

sed) .anI)

(e) Equation of normals in terms of its slope 'm' are y = mx ± •

-b

8. Asymptotes: .". + r = 0 and .". - r = 0 . Pair of asymptotes:

a b a b
~ Short FounU8 (PliJSi :os)

9. Rectangular Or Equilateral Hyperbola: xy = d , ccccniricky is

Vertices ' (:t c :tc) ; FOCii ' ~ 2c,± 2C}. Directrices : x + y = ±

Lalus Roctum (/) : t = 2 Ii c· T.A. • C.A.

Parametric equation x = ct. Y = cit. t 6. R - {O}

Equation of the tangent at P(x,·y) is ~+ L. = 2& atP(I) Is ~+ ty = 2c.

lI:, YL I
Equation of the normal at P (I) is xl' - Y1= c(t' - 1) ,
Chord wHh 8 g iven middle point 85 (h, k) is Itx + hy = 2hk.

LIMIT OF FUNCTION
1, Limit of a function fIx) la aald to exlat aa X ~ a when,
~~ f (8 - h) • ~~ f (8 + h) • some finite value M.
(Left hand limit) (Rig ht hand lim.)

2, Indetermlnant Forma:

Q. , ~ , Ox -. - - -, _ t, 0., and 1" ,

0 -

3, Standard Limi ts:

LirniI sinx LImit lanx e" - 1 _ L1mil .:;'"",(,-1+:..;x,,-) = 1
x • .-0 X x - .-<0 x

• (1 + x)~ . Umk
. a '-1 x" _ a"
Umit ~ T__ (1+.!)"
X • e. m• =-c,-'
U• -<0
x
,. log.a. a > 0, Llm "
lo
.::....-=-
x-a
• na"· '.
4. Limits Using Expansion
x )(2 x'
(i) (11) elf = 1 + _ + _ +_ + ......
1121 31

Oii)

COSX _1 _ _x! + _
x" _ _x' ... .... . x3 2x 5
M (Vi) tan x = x + - + + ......
2t 41 6! 3 15
Xl X' X'
(vi) ta n'lx= x- - + - - - + .... (vii)
357
n(n - 1) n(n - 1)(n - 2)
(x) for Ixl < 1. n E" R (1 + x)" = I + nx + 1. 2 x' + 1. 2 . 3
Xl + ..... ....... _
51 Short Fou nU8 (PliJSi :os)

5. limits ofform 1-, 0', 00'

Also for (1r type of pl'oblems we can use f ollowing (ules.

•11m
~
11m 1'(x)I"1O ' where fIx) ~ 1 .. g(x) ~
(1 • x) "" :: e . r__ <6 as
' x. ~ a :;; .....
11m ;;;: e'Imlf(·
... l-"IItIt •
6. Sandwich Theorem or Squeeze Play Theorem:
II I(x):!> g(x) :!> hex) 'rI x & l!''::' I(x) = t = ~~ hex) 'he n ~~!' g(x) = I.
METHOD OF DIFFERENTIATION
1. Differentiation of some elementary functions

d d d 1 d 1
1. <Ix (JC'I):: nx"-' 2. (b (a') = a~ t n a 3. - (/ nlxl)= - 4. dX (Iog,x) = x In a
dx x

d d d
5. dX (sin x)· cos x •. dX (cos x) -- sin x 7. di (sec x) • sec x lan)(

'0dX (cosec x) =- cosec x cot x

d
t.
d
dX (tan x) :: sec2 x 10.
d
dX (cot x).: - cosec2 x

2. Basic Theorems
d d d d
1. dX (I % g) • rex) % g'()l) 2. dX (k I(x» • k dX I(x) 3. dX (f(x) . g(x» • fIx) g' (x) • g(x) ('(x)

.!!. (reX» ). g(x) 1'(X~-I(')g'(X)

5.
d
dX (I(g('») = 1'(0('» g'(,)
4. dlI g(x) g'(x)

Derivative Of Inverse Trigonometric Functions.

dsin- 1 x 1 dCOS- ' x 1
:: =- . 'or-l<x<1 .
dx '/1- x" dx J,-x'
dtan- 1 x dcot- I X
dx
= 1
,
l + x"
. dx =- 1+)12 1
(x E R)

dsec-tx 1 dcosec-'x 1
• =- • tor x e (- ... , - 1) u (1, ..,)
dx IXI Jx' - 1 ' dx IxIJx'-1
3. Differentiation using substitution
following substitutions are normally used to sumplify these expression.
< <
(i) by subslituting :x = a tan 9. wh ere --<9< -
2 2

(ii) by subslituLing X" a sin 9. where - - S 9 s - •2 •2

71 Short Fou nU8 (PliJSi :os)

Ou) Jx' -a' by subsHtuting x· a sec O. where 0 E (0 . It), O. 2

•
x·. by substrtuUng x = a cos 8, where e (0 , " i.
a-x
4, Parametric Differentiation
tty/ell ~
It Y • 1(9) & X' g(9) wIlere 91s a parameter, then dx - dxlell .

5. Derivati ve of one fu nction w ith res pect 10 another

d)' dy / d x rex)
Let y. ro(); z· o()(} then d; a; dz ( dx til I '(x)'

I(x) g(x) h(x)

6, " F(x) • ~x) m(x) n{x) . where r. g . h. I. m, n, U, v. w are differentiable functions of x then
x) v(x) w(x
I'(x) g'(x) h'( I(x)
g(x) h(x) I (x) g(x) hlx)
F# (x). ~x) m(x) n(x) + r(x) m'(x) n'(x + ~x) m(x) ,~x)
u(x) v(x) w(x (x) v(x) w(x u'(x) v' (x) w'(x

APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES
I. Equati on of tangent and normal

Tangent at (x,. 'It) is given by (yo - )',):= " (x,) ex - x,>: when. f'(x,) is re al.

And normal at (x, . Y,) Is ('I - )' ,) • - . 1 ex - X,), when r(x,) Is nonzero rea l.
I (x,)
2, Tangent from an ext em al poi nt
Gtven a point Pca. b) which does not lie on the curve y : ,(x) , then the eq uation of possible tangents to the
curve y = f(x), paSSing through (a. b) can be found by sol ving for the point o f confact Q .
I(h) - b
I'(h) •
h- e

f(h) - b
And equatton 0' tang ent i3 y - b· h (x - a)
-a
3, Length of tangent, normal, subtangent, subnormal

PT= 1)1; 1 1+
, '1 = lerlgth of Tangent
m

(i) PN ' lkIJ' +m' = lenothofNorm.1

11 Short FounU8 (PliJSi :os)

(iii) TM = ~ = lenoth of $ubtangenl

MN • Ikml • Length 0' subnormal.

4. Angle between the curves
Angae between two intel'Secting curves Isdefine-d as t he acute angle between thelr langenls (or normals) at the
point of intern ction 01 two curves (as shown In figure).
m-
Ian e.s 1+ m,
='=m,
5. Shortest d latance between two curves
Shortest distance between two non-inlerseding differet'ltiable curves Is always along theireommon normal.
(\Nhe:fE .-er defined)
6. Rolle's Theorem :
II a Iuncllon I defined on la. bJ Is
(i) continuous on la. bJ (i) derivable on (a. b) and
(Iii) 1(8) • l(b).
then (hefe exists al least one real number c between 8 and b (8 < C < b) such that t(e) "" 0
7. Lagrange'. Mean Value Theorem (LMVTI :
II. lunctlon f d.nned on la. bJ Is
(I) continUOus on ,a. oJ and (i) derivable on (a. b)
I(b) - 1(0)
then there e:dst3 at least one reBl numbers betweefl 8 and b (8 < C < b) such thai b • f(c)
-a
8. Usefu l Formulae or Mensuration to Remember :
1. Volume of a cuboid :II l btl .
2. Surface areA of cuboid:=: 2(tb + bh + hf).

3. Volumo of cube :: . '

Surface area of cube. ea'
••
1
5. Volume of a cone:: 3' rt ~ h .
6. Curyed surface area of cone a Jul (t a sla llt height)

7. Curved surface are8 0' a cylinder · 2luh.

I. Total surface area 01 a cylinder :: 2nrh + 211":.

4
9. Volume of a sphere = 3'1Irl.

10. Surface area of a sphere = .lt~.

11 . Area of a circu lar seC1Of' s ~ r: a, when IJ is In radians.

12. Volum. 01 a prism = (a rea 01 the ba ..) • (height) .
13. Lateral StJrface afea of a prism:; (pelimeterof tne base) I.: (he ight).

14. Total surface area of a prism = (lateral surface area) + 2 (area of the ba se)
(Note that lateral surfaces of a prism are all rectangl e) .
 1
15. Volume of a pyramid = 3' (area 01 the base) lit (height) .

1
IS. Curved surface area or a pyramid 2' (perimeter or the base) )II (slant height) ,
(Note that stant surfaces of a pyramid are triangles).
INDEFINITE INTEGRATION
1. If (& g are functions of x such thai g'(x):: f(x) then ,

I (x) dx • g(x)'" Cd ..!. (g (x)+c) •

dx
f(x) , where c is called the constant of integration.

2. Standard Formula:

(I) f (ax + b)' dx·

(ax+b)' "
(
a n+1 ) "'c, n~-l (II) f d, I
. - t n (ax+b) +c
nx + b a

I "PH" ... c; 8 > 0

(Iv) f a"" o.q dx . -
P I nn

(v) J,In (ax'" b) dx = -1. COS (f'x'" b)'" C (vi) J b)

cos (ax ... 1. (8X'" +
a
dx • sin b) c
"
(vii) JtanCax ... b) dx • ~ tn sec (ax '" b)'" C (viii) Jcol(ax'" b) dx • ..!. Cn sin(ax ... b)+ c
• •
(II) f sec' (ax + dx :1. 18n(ax
b) + b) + C (I) J coseC-(ax'" b) dx:: -..!. cOI(al( '" b)+ c
• •
(xIII) Jsec.x dx = t n (seex '" l anx) ... c OR tn Ian (.!:4 + ~)2 +c

(liv) J cosec x dx • i n (cosecx - cotx) .. c OR t n t an ~

2
... c OR - Cn (coseC)( ... cotx) ... c

dx x .. c
(xv) f Ja - x:
l
= sin--1_
•
(xvi)

(xvii) f 2
Ixl JX -a
dX
2 =- sec-1_
I x
+c (xvIII) f dx = In [ x + ~x' +a ' 1+ c
a • J X2+8 2

dx dx 1 8+X
(xix) f = (n [x + ,x! -8 : ] + c (xx) f a1 _x 2 - 28 En a-x
+ c

(xxi) f dx
x! -a ~
-2a
- tn
) I x-a
xla
+c (xxII) f .. -.' 51n- 1 -x
2 a
.... c
101 Sholl FOfmlAa (Physos)

a'
(xxiii) J +- t n
2
+e

a'
(Ulv) -- tn +e
2
3. (ntegration by Subsitutions
If we subsilute f(x) '"' t. then f '(x) dx .. dt

4. Integration by Part :

/ (I(x)O(X)) dx : to<) J (g(lI»dX - J(;l;(t(X) J(g(x)dx ]dX

5. Integration of type f dx
8X2"'-bx~'
f J(ltX2
dx
.o.bx+e' JJax 2
..bx+c dl(

Make the subSlltU1lon x + .!.

2.
So t

6. Integration of type

Make the substitution x + 2~ '"' t • then spUt the inlegralas some of two h1l9grals On8 containing the linear
term and the other containing constant term .

7. Integration oftrigonometric functions

d.
(I) J 8 + bsln x 2
OR OR put tan x • t .

dx x
(iii J a :"OX+
OR J dx
a + bcosx
OR
J 8 + bsinx + ecos x
puttan - - t
2

a cosx-tb.sinx+c d
(iii J J ( J:.OSX +msinx+n
dx. Express Nr :;;;: "{Dr) + B
dx
(Dr) + c & proceed.

8. Integration of type
X2 :!:: 1
J ".II + KJ[ 2+ 1 dx where K 15 any c:onstant.

1
Divide Nr & Dr by ,,2 & put x "+ - = t•
•
9. Integration of type
111 Sholl FOfmlAa (PhySOS)

f dx
:--:7-7=== OR f d. . put pa .. q - I'
(ax +b)Jpx+q (a.' +bx.clJP'+q· .
10. Integration of type
1
• put ax + b • t;

DEFINITE INTEGRATION
Properties of definite inte{lral

1.
•I fIx) dx' I•'(t)dt 2.
b

J, I(x) d<' - I.f( X)dx

0

3.
b

J, I(x) dx'
, •

J, I(x)d<. I, fIx) dx
• •
o

If(x)d< • I(I(x) + I(- x» dx • 2JI(x)d< . f(-xl ' ffx)

o 0

4.
-. . • o . f(-x) . -fIx)
• •
5. I fIx ) dx I f(O+b - x) d<
&
• •
s. JI(x) dx' I 1(1 - x) d<
o • o 0

•
7.
,"
I'(X) dx • f(I(X) + I(2a - X)} dx'
I
2 I(x)d< .
0
1(20 - x) = fIX)

o 0 0 • 1(20-x) . -I(x)

s. U(x) is a periodic function with period T. then

__ T T
oT T

Jo I(x) d< = n I I(x)dx. n e z.

•
If(x) dx =n I'(')dx.n e z.a e R
o •

•T T • ...,T •
I'(x) dx • (n -
mT
I
m) I(x)d<. m. n. z.
0
I'(X) d• •
.T
JI(x) <lx. n. z.•• R
•
boo T •
I'(x) d< = f,(x)d• • n e z• • . b e R
~ +tI T •

9. a s xsb, then
b
•
J, I(x) d. S I~x) dx
If \I(x) s I(x) S. (xl
, •
b
10. Ifm s l(x) S Mlor 8Sxsb. lhenm (b-a) s I'(X)d. s M (b-a)
•
•rI(x) d. •
11. •
12. Iff(x) , 0 on la . b] then fI(x) dx ,0
• •
l.eibnitz Theorem : II F(x)' j:(t) lit . the n d~X) = h'(X) I(h(x» - g'(.) I(g(x»
0«'
-;-2J Shofl FOfmlAa (Physos)

BASICS
Intervals :
Intervals are basically subsets of R and are commonly used In solving Inequalities or in finding domains.
If there are two numbers a. b E R such that 8 < b, we can define four type s of Intervals 8S foll ows :
Symbols Used
(i) Open Interval ' (8. b) = {x . a < x < b} I.e. end poinls are not included . () or I[
(11) Clasad Interval : [a. bl = (x : a ~ x ~ b) I.e. end points are also Included. [I
ThiS Is possible only when bOth II and b are finite.
(iii) Open·cIosed Intorval : (a. bl = (x : 0 < x S b) ( lor II
M Closed · open interval : laob) = x : 8 ~ )( < b) [) or [[
The Infinite intervals are defined as folJow$ :
0) (a. -) - (x : x > 0) Cri) la. - ) - (x : x ~ a)
Qi) (- _. b)=(x : x<b) M (_. bl • (x : x ~ b)
(II) (- -. -) = (x : x R)

Properties of Modulus :
For any a, b E R
• I II
lal ~ O. l al ~ a , I · I~ -a . labl- Iallbl. ii - Ib l'
la + b! ~ lal + lb!. 18 - bl ~ lIal - Ibll

Trigonometric Functions of Sum or Difference of Two Angles:

(a) sin (A t 8) = $inA cosB i: cosA sinB :. 2 sinA cosS .... sin(A+ 8) + sin(A 8) and
and 2 eosA slnB • s1n(A>B) - sln(A-B)
(b) coo (A. B) = cosA cosB T olnA sinB
=
:. 2 eosA eosB eos(MB) > costA- B) and 2sinA sinB =costA- B) - eos(A>B)
(C) slnl'A - sin'B:= casita - costA = sin (A+ B) . sin (A- B)
(d) cos'A - sin"S· cos"S - sin"A· cos (A-tS) . cos (A - 8 )
coIAootB ~ t
(e) cot (A. B) = eotB ~ COIA

tan A ... tanS+ taoC-tan A tan B tEln C

(f) tan (A + B + C) = 1- tanA lanB- tanB tanC- tane Ian A .
Factorisation of the Sum or Difference of Two Sines or Cosines :

' C + sin
' 0 - 2 510
' c.o " C+Il , C-D
(a) sin 2 cos C-D
2 (b) SlOe - sinO - 2 cos 2 SIO 2

C+O C- O C+Il • C-D

(c) (IOsC ... cosO· 2 cos 2 cos 2 (d) cosC- cosO· - 2 sin 2 Stn 2
Multiple and Sub.multlple Angles:

cos2A- cos'A - sin"A - 2(1Os'A - 1 -1 -

, a
2slO'A· 2 cos'-
9
-1'" cose 2 s in2- - 1 - cose
(a)
' 2 ' 2 .
131 Sholl FOfmlAa (Physos)

2tanA l-tan'A
(C) sln 2A =1 I ' A , COS2A = (d) sin 3A = 3 sinA - 4 s in~A
+ an l+tan 2A
3tanA - tan A
(0) cos 3A =- • cos'A - 3 cosA. Ion 3A = '
2
1- 3tan A
Important Trigonometric Ratios:
(8) sin n It = 0 ; cos n K = (-1) ; len n rt = 0, where n E I
• ./3-1 5.
(b) sin 15' or sin 12 • 2 2 • cos 75 ' or cos 12 •
•

• ./3+1 5.
00$15 - or cos 12 ,. 2J2 • sin 75- or sin 12 •
•

./3-1 3.1
Ian 15- =- 13+1 =- 2 3 =cot 75- : tan 75· =73-1= 2 =cot 15'
(C) Sin ..!. Of sin 18-
10
= ./5-1
" & cos 36" or cos "
s :.
Range of Trigonometric expression:
- Jal + b' S 8 sin 0 '" b cos 0 ~ Jr."".-b;"
Sine and Cosine Series :

sin u+sin(a +p)+sin(a+2p)+ ...... +sin~ + n- 1~).~sin

sinl'lP (
(,1.1'
n2-l~ )
C05£l '" cos(c " P)'" cos (a .. 2~) + ...... ... eos(l + n - 1fl)
sin
=- cos ( 0, + n 2- 1P 1
Trigonometric Equations
Principal Solutions: SOlutions wIllch 110 In Ihelnlervsl lO. 2.) are called Prlnclpal,olutlons.
General Solution :

(I) sln e ::slna ~ 9:nl( + (- 1 )lI a Wherea e[-~.~]. n e I.

(Ii) cos 9 = coso: ~ 8 =2 n J[ :t a wh ere Cl" [0 , It), n e 1.

(ill) tane;: tan a ~ 9 =n l'[ + a where a E ( -%,~ ) . n e I.
(IV) sin ~ 9 :;; Sin" 0-, cos;t a :;; cos' a, tan" a :; Ian" a ~ 8 :;; n Jt :t a

QUADRATIC EQUATIONS
1. Quadratic Equation: ax'+bx + c=O. 8~O

x=
- b± Jbl - 4a c , The expresswn t¥ - .. a c ~ 0 Is called discriminant of Quadratic equation .
2a
14l Shofl FOfmlAa (PhySOS)

b c
11 0.. Pare Ihe rools. Ihe. (0) 0 + P: - ii (b)" p: ii
Aquadratle equation whose rools are a & p. Is (x - a) (x - P) : 0 I.' . x' - (a • P) x + a P : 0
2. Nature ef Reets:
Consider the q uadratic equation , a)(l + b x + C = 0 having ex PQslts roots ; D . t)2 - 4 a c

0:0 0. 0
Roots are equakl = p= - bl2a Roots 8 1'e unequal

a, b. C c R&D" 0 a. b, C c R&D 0( 0
Roots are real Roots oro imaginal)' n" P + Iq . ~ a p - Iq

a . b, t e 0& lI . b, c e O&
o Is. perfect sq uare o Is not a plilrlect square
~ Roots are rational = Roots are Irrational
I.e. a • p + q, p • p - Jq
a -1 . b. C f & 0 is 8 perrectsquare
~ Roots 8re integral.
3. Commen Reots :
ConsJdertwOquadralicequalions8,x + h, x+ c, -0 &8'2 X1 + b, x + cz - O.
'

(i) If two quadral k: equations have both roots common, th en " I = b = e .

32 h2 (2

(ii) If only one rool a. is common, th en Cl = c,a2 - c2 aI = bl '2 - hi C,

a, b, - Ii): 1>1 (.'1al - OJ: a,
4. Range ef Quadratic Expresslen f (xl'" a x' + b x + c.

Rans;Je In restricted dom.in: Given x e (x,. )(,)

(a) 1f - ~ 'lx,. x,)lhen. f(x)e [min ll(x, ). I(x2) }. maxll(x , ) . I( x2) }1

h

(b) If -~e Ix,.x,Jthen. I(x) . [m,n{ l(x,) . I(X, ) .- -.fa} . maX {'(XI) . I(X, ) . - -.fa }]
~ Sholl FOfmlAa (Physos)

5. Location of Roots:
Let f (x) = a~ + bx + C, where a > 0 & a b· G e R.

(i) Condilions for bOth the roots o. t (x) = 0 to be greater than a specified number'x; are
b' - 4ac > O. f(x,) > 0 & (- 1>120) > "'.
(Ii) Conditions tor both Ihe rootS of f (x) :; 0 to be smaller th an a speClfled number 'xo' are
b' - 'ae, 0: f (x,) > 0 & (-bI2o) < '"
(Iii) Condit ions tor both roolS of f (x) = 0 to lie on either side of the number 'xo' (In other wOI'dSlhe
number' . lies between the roots of f (x) z. 0) , is r (xJ < o.
(Iv) Cond itions that bo th rools of f (x) • 0 to be confi ned between th e numbers x , and
x" (XI < xJa rebl'-4I c~ 0: t (x,) > 0 : f(X, ) > 0 &x, < (-b/2f1) <~.
M Conditions for eXACIly one (oot of t (x) =0 10 lie In Ihe Inlerval (XI' x 2) I.e.
x, <x< Is f (XI }· f (x,) <0.

SEQUENCE & SERIES

An arithmetic progression (A.P., : ' . ' + d •• + 2d ........ . + (n - l)d Is on A.P.

Let a be the first term and a be the common difference of an A.P., Ihe n nil term • ttl • " + (n - I) d
The . um of first n terms of are A.P.
n n
S, " 2" 120 + (n -1 ) dl" 2" la + I I
,. term of an A-P. when sum of first r terms Is given Is t, - S, - S' . 1'
Propertl.. of A.P.
(i) lfa. b.c areinA.P. • 2b-a + c&if a. b, c, clarelnA.P. = a"'cI-b+c.
(ii) Three numbers in A.P can be taken os 0 - d, a, a + d; four numbers In A,P. enn be tnken as
a - 3d, a - d , a + d . a + 3d ; five numbers In A.P. are a - 2d , a - d , a, a + d. a + 2d & six terms in A..P. are a
-5<1, a-3d. a-d , a+d, a + 3d . a+ 5d etc.
~ii) Sum of the terms of an A.P. equidistant from the beginnino & end· sum of first & last t erm.

Arithmetic Mean (Mean or Average' (A.M.I:

If three terms are In A.P. then the middle l erm Is called the A .M. belween th e oth er two . so if a. b. c are In
A.P., b is A.M . of a & c.

n - Arithmetlc Means Between TWo Numbers:

If I!I. b are any two given numbers & a , AI ' A 2..... , A"" b are in A.P. then A" A 2.... An are the
, _ +b- ~ _ + 2 (b - a) _ + II (b - a)
nA.M. sbetweena&b. A,-a , A2 -a ....... , A,,-a 1
n+! n+1 n+
,
L
,-, A, = nA where A is the single A .M. between a & b.

Geometric Progression : a, ar, ar2, arJ, a~ ....... ls a G.P. with a as the first term & r as common ratio.

a&n -1) , r;t 1

(I) Sum of the flr.;t n terms I.e. Sn = r- 1
na • r:::;: 1

~') Sum of an infinite G.P. when Ir I < 1 is given by • O~ < I).

s_" 1-(
-;-&J Sholl FOfmlAa (Physos)

Geoiliatric Means (Mean Proportional) (G.M.) :

If a , b. c" 0 are in G.P.• b is Ihe G.M. between a & c. then b2 = ae
n-Geom81rfc Means Between pos itive number a, b: If a. bare twoglvell numbers & a. G, . G2 •.••.•• Gil'
b are in G.P.. Then G f • G 2• G l .. ... . Gil are n GM.s belween a & b.
G , = a (bJa) tlft o " G z = a(bJa)v., I...... .. G" = a(bla)fVftOI

Hannonlc Mean (H.M.):

2ac
If e, b, e are In H.P" b fs Ihe H.M. between" & c, 'h en b = .
0. 0

H.M. H of 8 8 z • ........ 8",ls given by H = n &; + 8 + .......... an

1 1 [ '1 1 1 ]
" 1
Relation between means :
G~ = AHo A.M. ~ G.M. 2: H.M. and A.M. :;; G.M. z H.M. If a, =a, =a, :z ........... = afl

Important Results
- _ . -I. .I. .
(I) I. (a, t b,)' I. a,' I.
,., , ., b,. Col)
,-, k a, ' k
,. , a,. (Iii) I k ·
, , . nk: where k Is a constan\.

(iv) i-
k r·'+2+3+ ........... +n· n {n+l
2: ) (v) .(.
L... ,..1 2 +2 2 +3 2 + ...... .... . +n 1 • n (II+ 1)(2n+ l )
<I
. -1 ,- 1

• • •
't' r' = 1'" 2' + 3' + ........... + n'= n- (11+ 1)'
,. ,
L. 4
,
2 L a, aJ • (' , + I , + ........ + a,. )2 - (a,: + a ,l + . .. .. . + 8,,2)
10·1_ '

BINOMIAL THEOREM
1. Statement of Binomial theorem: If a. b e R and" N, thon
•
(8 + b)· = "C. a-tf + "C , a"" b' + "Cla~2 t)2 + ... + ..C, a.... b' + ... + "Cft 80 bft : ~
,..
'" 'c r a '~b'
2. Properties of Binomial Theorem :
(i) General term : T,. 1 = "CI a· ... b'
(Ii) Mid dle torm ,s) ;

(a) If n Is even, Ihere is on ly one middle term. wh ich Is ( n ; 2 )th term .

(b) If nIs Odc:l, there are two middle t erms. wh ich are (n; 1
)th and (n; 1 + 1)th terms.

n!
3. Multinomial Theorem: (x, + ~ + Xl + ........... x,,)~ ~
r,.....
L
2+·.. '"".""
(, 1r21... rtl X'!l ' x'1'"
:7:7--::0 z X'"..

Here total number of terms In the expansion. tM·'C\.I

17l Sholl FOfmlAa (Physos)

4. Application of Binomial Theorem :

It (.fA ·8)," -= I + f whir' I a nd n a re posItivI Intl glrs , n being odd and 0 < f < 1 then
(1 • I) f - k" w here A - B' - k > 0 and B < 1. .fA -
It n Is . n tven Integer, 1hen (I + f) (1 - f) • k"
5. Properties of Binomial Coefficients :
(i) "C. + "C, + "C, + ...•....+ "C.. = 2"
eM) "c. - lie, '" "c 1 - ·c l + .......... _.. + (- 1)" "C", II' 0
~~ ~ . ~ . ~ •• .... • ~, .~ . ~ • • .... =P'
"Ct'- _ n- r + 1
M
--::J
;;
Cr_t
-
;,;",.,;",;,,;,
r
6. Binomial Theorem For Negative Integer Or Fractional Indices

(1 .""'I+nJ<+n(n-I) X, +",n(",n_--:l)"(n,,,-_2~)
'" 2! - 31 x
' +
....
.n(n - l)(n - 2) ....... (n - r + l) t +
rI )(
I 11
..... x < .

n(n - 1)(n- 2) .........(n - r . 1)

T"I = rl X'

PERMUTATION & COMBINNATION

1. Arrangement : number of permutations of n different things taken r al PI time.
nl
"P t = n (n - I ) (n - 2) ... (n - r+l) = (n-r)1
2. Circular Pennutation :
Ttle number of circular peflilutallons of n different things taken all al PI Ume is: (0 - 1)1
nI lip'
3. Selection : Number ot combinations of n different thlngs l oken rat n time =IOCr = rI (n-r)1 = (I[
4. The number 01 permutations of 'n' thlngs, loken 311 ot 0 time. when 'p' of them Bre similar & of one type, q
of them ere similar & of another type , 'r' of them ftre similar & 0 1 8 third t ype & the remaining
nl
n - (p + q + r) are all different is I I I '
p.q.r .
5. Selection of one or more objects
(a) Number of ways In which atleast one object be selected out of 'n' dlsllnct obJocts Is
..,..
.-.... , + "'" -· .... l + ,. , ......... ... + II.C" = 2' - I
--.... +,.,..
~

(b) Number of ways in which atleas! one object may be selected oul of 'p' alike objects of one Iype
'q' alIke Objects Of second type and 'r alike ofth irtJ type Is
(p+l)(q +1)(r+ 1)-1
(c) Number of ways in which atleast one object mily be selected from 'n' objects where 'p' alike of
one type 'q ' alike of second type and 'r' alike of third type and rest
n - (p + q + r) are different. Is
(p + 1» (q + 1) (r + 1) 2" - CfI' . .. . ., - 1
6. Multinomial Theorem :
Coefficient of .: In expansion of (1 - xl " = ,., 'C, (n e I'll

7. l et N· p. q" rc ..... where p. q. r.,... . are distinct primes & a, b, c .. ... are natural numbers then :
(a) The lotal numbers ot divisors of N induding 1 & N is = (a + 1) (b + 1) (c + 1) ...... . ,
111 Shoft FOfmlAa (Physos)

(b) The su m of these divisors Is ·

(pD. pl. pl • .... + p.) (cf + ql. q: + .... + q") (,.0 + , 1+ ~ + .... • 1"') ,.,.",.
(c) Number ot ways In which N ca n be resolved as 8 product of two loctors Is

_ y(a ... lXb + l Xc + l~ ", It N Is not 8 perfect square

- !kH1)(b.1)(c+ '~ ...• '1 jlNlsaperfcOlsquar.
(d) Number o( ways In which a composite number N can be rC30lved into two factors which are
relatively prime (or coprime) 10 each other is equal 10 2"·' where n is the number of different
prime factors In N.
8. Oearrangement :
Number of ways I" which 'n' letters can be put in 'n' corresponding envelopes such that no letter goes to
"11 ,1
COlT8d envelope Isnl ( 1- ·2"-3i+(j........ ·.. · +(-1) iii
1I

PROBABILITY
1. Classical (A priori, Definition of Probability:
It an expenment resun.$ in a lotal 0' (m + n) oulcomes wh ict! are equally likely an(l mutually exclusive
With one another and if 'm' outcomes are favorable 10 an event 'A' while 'n' are unfsvol'8ble, then ,he

probablll.y 01 occurrence or .he even. 'A' • P(A)' m: n. ~~~ .

We say Ihal Odds In favour of 'A' are m : n, wh ile odds against 'A' are n : m,
n
PtA) • • I - P(A)
m+n
2. Addition theorem of probability: P(Ac.e) • PIA) + P(B) - P(ArB)
De Morgan', Law, : (.) (A v B)& . A' " Bt (b) (A f'\ B)& • A&v Be
Distributive Laws :(8) A v (8 " C) z: (A v B) f'\ (A v C) (b) A n (B v C)=(A n B)v(A " C)

(i) P(A or B or C) • P(A) • P(B) + P(C) - P(A " B) - P(B n C) - P(C " A) + P(A " B n C)
Co) P (a' le.st ' WO 01 A. B, C occur) • P(B " C) + P(C n A) + P(A n B) - 2P(A " B () C)
Oii) P(e.aOlly two of A. B, C occur) : P(B n C) + p (e " A) + P(A n B) - 3P(A n B " C)
(iv) P(e.BOlly one 01 A, B, C occur) =
P(A) + P(B) + P(C) - 2P(B " C) - 2P(C " A) - 2P(A " B) + 3P(A n B " C)
P(A n B)
3. Conditional Probability : PIAtB): P(B) .

4. Binomial Probability Theorem

If an experiment is such that the probability of success or 'allu re does not change wl1h tl'1als, then the
probability of gelling exactly r success in n trial s 0' an experimenlls "C, P' q"-', where 'p' Is Ihe probability
of a success and q is the probability of a failure , Nole thaI p + q :;;: 1.

5, Expec1atlon :
I( a va lue M. Is associal ed with a probabllily of PI ' then ttle expectati on Is given by I p.M..
,
6. Total Probability Theorem:
,.,
P(A) : I,P(B,) .P(A I B,)
~ Shoft FOfmlAa (Physos)
7. Bayes' Theorem:
It an event A can occur wilh one of the n mutually excluSlve and exhaustive eve nts S" 8:, .•... , SII and

P(B,) . p eA I B,)
the probabilities P(AlB,). P(AlB,l .... P(A/B,) ar. known , then PCB,! A) • ,
I,P(B ,) . P(A/ B,)
B I • 8 2 , 8 ) .......... 9. I.,
A = (A n B,) v (A n B) v (A n B,) v ........ v (A n B,)
,
P(A) . P(A " BJ + P(A n BJ • ....... + P(A " B.,). L P(A n 6,)
,. ,
8, Binomial Probability Distribution :

(i) Mean of any probability dl$lribuUon of It random vanable is given by : ~. t PI x, • J; PI Xl

E Pl
(Ii) Variance of a random variable is given by. (1'1 t (~ - IJ)' . PI t PI X;l _ ~ 1

COMPLEX NUMBER

1, The compl ex number system

z & a .. lb. then 8 - ib 15 called congugate of z and Is denoted by I.

2. Equality In Complex Number: l, = Z, .. Re(l ,) ' Ro(z,) Rnd 1m (l ,)· 1m (z,) .

3. Repre sentation Of A Complex Number:

4. Prope n ies ot arg ument s
(i) arg(l,zJ • org(l,) + arg(z,) + 2m. for som.lnl_gor m.
\"1 arg(zlz.,.l = aro (Z ,) - a'O(z2)" 2m. for some Integer m.
(Ii) arg (zl) = 2arg(z) ... 2m'JI: fOf somelnlegerm .
(iv) arg(z) :: 0 ~ z Is a posItive real number
M aro(z) :: ± tcI2 ~ z is purely im3ginary and z '" 0
S. Propen les of conjugate
(,) Oli)

Qvj M
(vi) Iz I " ~12 = (Z, + l.z) (z, + zz) = IZ 1Iz .. 1~1 2 + Z1 Zl + Z1 Zz
(vii) CZ,) = Z OX) Ifw=l(l),t he n w =I(z )
(X) a'll(Z) + arg(Z )

6. Rotation theorem

If P(z.,) , Q(~) and R(z.v are three complelC numbers and L PQR = 9, I he n -
~ Shofl FOfmlAa (Physos)

7. Demoivre's Theorem;
Case I : II n IS any integer then
(i) (cos 0" i sin 0)" e cos nO'" I sin nO
fn) e
(cos 8, ... i sin 8,) (cos 8% ... i sin 92) (cosEt, + I sin l ) (cos 91 .. i sin 9,) ..... Ceos en.. I sin 9.)
= cos (9, ... 9, ... 9)'" ......... en>'" I sin (e 1 ... 9::'" 9J '" . ...... ... 9,J

Case II : Ir P. q e Z and q • 0 then (cos 9 ... I sin 9)1lhI ~ cos (2Jcrt; pO ) . . I sin (2krt; ptj )
where k = O. 1. 2. 3. ....... q - t

8. Cube Root Of Unity:

(i) The cube roots of unity are 1. - I ...
,• i.,fj . -1 -, ,.,fj
•
(Ii' Ir wls ona of the Imaginary cube roots 01 untty than 1 ... {ij ... w a 0, In general 1 + (if ... (Q2ra 0; where
re i but is not the multiple of 3.

9. Logarithm Of A Complex Quantity :

(i) LGg. (a'" I ti) = ~ Log. (a' ... ~ ... I(2uJt' + lan'I ~) where Il EO I.

10. Geometri cal Properties:

Distance form ula : Iz, - z.1.

Stctlon formula : z a
mz, +RZ, (internal division), Z. mZl -nz l (external division)
m+n m- n
(1) amp(z) 9 158 ray ema nating from the origin Inclined at an al lgle & to Ihe x- axis.

(2) Iz - a I = Iz - b I I. the pe'PendiCtJlar bl.eclor 01 th e line Joining a 10 b.

(3) The equation of a lin e joining %., & ~ is gillen by. % =- I, + I (%1 - 22) where t is a rea l parameter.

(4) The equation of circle having centre Zo & radius p 15 :

Iz - .. I = p orz i - .. i - z" z + z" .. - p' =0 which Is althe lann
zi + QZ+ ext: ... k· O. k i5 real. Centre is - ct.& radiu5· Jan - k.
Circle will be real if a a: - k ~ 0..
(5) If Iz, - z,1 + Iz - z.1 = K > Iz, - z,,1then locus of z is an ellipse whose ' ocil are z, & Z 2

(6)
Z - Z,
If z _ z'2
I • k 7- 1, 0, then locus of 1 is circle.

(7) 11 Il z - z, 1- lz - lo ll =K < Iz, - lo l Ihenlacusolzlsahyperbola.whoselocilare

Z-t & 1 2 ,

VECTORS
1. Position Vector Of A Point
-
let 0 be a fixed origin. then the position vector 01 a point P is the vedor OP
.
If a and bare posltion
-
vectors of two poinlsA and B. then . AS -; b-a -; pv of B - pv of A.
~ Shofl FOfmlAa (Physos)

DISTANCE FORMULA : Distance between the two points A(a) and B(b) is AB = la-ii I
SECTION FORMULA: r _n' +mb . · -
Mid point cfAB = a;b .
m+n

2. Scalar Product Of Two Vectors: a . b = I i I I ii I cos a. whe .. Iil.1 b I are magnitude of • ana ;;
respecllvely and e 1$ ang le between -a and b-.
.. .. j ,b
1. U-I.j -k.k-1 : I.J • J.k • k.1• 0 projection of a on b - ..
Ib I

3. The angle. between 3 &. b 1$ given by

c. (1 . 0 b . O)

3. Vector Product Of Two Vectors:

1. 'f a&b Ofe two vectOf'S& 9 is the angle between them then i x b = lil[b[sin en, where n Is the unit vector
perpendicular to both i&b such thaI i • b &. n forms a right handed screw system .
2. G80metrk:auyli x ~ :: area of the parallel~ram whose two adjaCent slo es arQ represented by ii & -b.

3.

,
•• •• •

C.
_

Ifa == 8, i
A •

+azl + a, k
•
-
&b:: b,i + bJi + b, k then a xt; -- ., ., )
a,
k

b, b, b,
.... .. ..
5. i x b ,.. 0 ~ ii and b are parallel (colline ar) (a $ 0 . b ~ 0) I,e. a. K b . whe re K Is a scalar.
- -
6. UnHveetor perpendlcularto the plane of ii & ii i$ Ii _ ± I~ x~ I
a xb
-
If i , b & care the pv's of 3 polntsA. 8 , C then the vector area of triang le ABC ~

~ [axb + bxc + exa] . ThepointsA. 8& Carecollinear ir 8)( b+ fixe + C X8 - 0

Area of any quadrilatera l whose diagonal vectors ored l & (11 Is give n by ; d , x d 1
I - - I
-
Lagrange's Identity :
 ~ Sholl FOfmlAa (Physos)

4. Scalar Triple Product:

- The scatar trtple product of three vedo",' • b & e Is defi ned as: ii xii . c = liill ~ ICJ .,in e co<oj> .
Volume of .etrahydron v~tic]
In a scitlar tripte prOd ud the position 01dol & cross can be Inte rc hang ed I e

ii (bxc)-(iix b)c OR [abc ) -[bciJ= [ cib )

3. (bxe)--ii .(exbl i., I.bel- -loeb]
a, al a,
... -
If -a.a,l+a,i+a1k: b" b,l+b.J+b,k&C- -
.c ! i+c,f+cl kthen l abC]~ hI bl b.t .

C, c! C,
InQeneral, lfi ~ al l
- 1-
- -
al m + ~)il : -b = bl ' + bzm+ b,ii & C == c, ' + Clnl +(': ~ ii

I 91 ' )
then l a ~ c] = b, b! bJ [iiilnJ : where t. lil&ii arenon c~lanarvecl ors.
C. c, C,

<r If a. -b . C arecoptanar ~ 13 b- c l- O.
Volume of tetrahedron OABC with 0 e. origin &Ali l. Bib l and CIG l be the venice. " e'!libGI

The posllon vecto< of the centroid of a te trahedron If the pv's of lis venice. are ii . ii . e &. ~ are given by
I - -
4" (ii+b+c+d(.

5. Vector Triple Product: :i xlii xcI" (:i . elb - (:i . b)e. (a x b) x e • 10 . elii - (ii . cIa
ra x iiI x e ~ , x (i; x ol . In general
6. Reciprocal System Of Vectors:

If a~ b. c & ii' . b' ,c' are two sets or non coptanar vectors such thai 3. a' = b.b' =c.c' = t then the two
- -
systems are called Reciprocal System of vectors. where a' = b ~ c •
.b' !!!
cxii -.
,c =
ax b
.
-
Iii b 01 Iii 6;;1 lOb 01
3-DIMENSION
1. Vector representation 01 a point : Position vector of point P (x. y. z) Is xi + y j + z k .

2. Distancefonnula : J<x,-x,l'+(y,-y,l' +lz., - z,l' . AB= IOs - CAl

3. Distance of P from coordinate axes: PA =Jv' H' . PB =Jz' +x' . PC = Jx' +y'
~ Shoft FOfmlAa (Physos)

mXl '" nx mY2 +n'1, z•

4. Section Formula: x' 1 • Y• m+ n •
m+n
X +X z Y +'12 Z, +Z2
Mid po int : x - I 2 • Y - '2 ' z - 2

5. Direction Cosines And Direction Ratios

(I) OlrOCllon cosine.: Let a. P. "f be Ihe angle. which . directed ilne
makes with the pOSitive directions of the axes of X, y and z respeCtively,
then cos ex , cos~. cos 'Yare callod the direction cosinos of tho lin e. Tho
dlrecUon cosines are usu811y denoted by (t, m , n) . Thus I . cos cc.. m .
cos ~. n = cos 'Y.
(ii) If I. m. n be the direction cosines of a line. then ct • m~ + n2 I
(III) Direction ratios: Let a. b, c be proportional to th e direction cosines t. m, n then a, b. c are called
t he dlrecUon ratios
(tv) It t, m. n be the direction cosines and a, b. c be the direction rotlos of a vector, then
• b c
t = % J8'1. ; b2 +Gz,·m = % Jaz +b2 +cz" n = % JaZ+b2 +cz"

(vi) Ir the coord inates P and Q are (x" '1 t ' zJ and (x" '1 : ,~) th en the direction ratios of lin e PO are, a

• x" - X,. b. Y;: - '1, & c. Z, - ZI and the direction cosines 0' line PO are m
Yl - YI ~; - z. ,
• IPQ I andn- IPQ I
6. Angle Between Two Line Segments:

7. Projection of a line segment on a line

It P(x,. y,. z,) and O( • '1 ). z,l the n the projection of PQ on a line having direction cosines f. m, n is

I l (x 1 - x l )+m( Yl- YI +n(z.l- ZI ) 1

8. Equation Of A Plane : General .orm : ax + by + cz .. d = 0 , where a , b. c are not all zero,

a, b, c, d '" R .
(I) Normal form: (x t my .. nz • p
(III Plane through the point (x ,. '1" I, ) : a (X - X,) .. b( Y - V,) + C (I - I ,) =0
(III) Intercept Form: !+r +~=l
abc
~ Shofl FOfmlAa (PhySOS)

(jy) Vector form: (r - fl) . ii. = 0 or r .ii =a. n

(v, Any plane parallel 10 the given plane ax ... by .. cz ... d;; 0 is ax ... by + cz ... ).. ;; 0

Id - d I
Olstance between ax ... by + CZ .. d = 0 and ax + by + ez ... d, = 0 is = 1 2
1 Ja2 + b2 +c 2

(vi) Equation of a plane passing through a given point & parallel to the given vectol's:

r • it .... Ab- + J..I c (parametric form) where A. & ~ 8re scalars,

or i' (b x c) =5 (bx c) (nonparametrtc form)

9. A Plane & A Point

(i) DiSiance of the point Cx'. y'. z') from the plane ax + by'" cz+ d · 0 is given by J. - +b- +c'
ax'+hY'+C7.'+d
J ., ' •

(iii Ci) to plan e r .n • d is given by p . la,n -d I ,

length of1he perpendicular from 8 point
I ii I
FOOl (x', v'. z') of perpendicular drawn from ttl e POilU (x ,. 'I, . z,l to tna plana

8x t by t cz ' d-OI,g!venby
x'- x, _ '1'- y I -
r - z1
• b c
(tv) To find Image 0' a poin t w.r.t . a plane:
Let P (x,. Y•. Z,) Is a given point anel ax + by + cz + eI a 0 is given pl ane lei (x' , y', z1 1s 1he

Image poin •. Ihen

x'x
- "'
•
_ -11.
'w
b
-
c
z·.1

10. Angle Between Two Planes :

a h c
Phmes are perpendicular If aa
l
.,. bIl' .,. eel .. 0 and planes are parallel If --; :; -b' :; -;
a c
--
Th e angle e between the p4anes r ,", = d, sru1 r .il2 = d] ls given by, cos 9 = 1_n; ' ~.: I
nl • " l
P1anes are perpendicular if " I . til = 0 & planes are para llel if "I = A"2 . A is a scalar

11. Angle Bisectors

(i) The equations of the planes bisecting the angle between two given planes
a,x .,. bty .,. e,z ... d , • 0 and a~ ... bly ... c~z ... d~ • 0 are

aIK +b,y+c1z +d l :;:t :1 2 x+b 1 y+c 1 z+d 1

Ja; + b:+c: ai+bi +c~

~ Sholl FOfmlAa (Physos)

(II) Bisector of acute/obtuse angle : First make both the constsnt terms positive . Then
ala, + b Ib ) " CtCl )o 0 ==- angln lies on obtuse angle
a lB, + bib) " c,c: < 0 :;, orig in lies in acute angle

12. Family of Planes

(i) Any plan e through the Intersection of 8,)( " b,Y " G,l + d , = 0 &o,.x .. b, Y + c~ + d l = 0 15
8 ,X .. bl)' ... G,Z .. d, ... A. (8:" ... bJy .. c:z ... d,) = 0

(III The equallon of plane passing through th e Intersection of th e pl anes r.". = d, & --
r . "l: :; d-: Is i . (", .. ). ii 1) :; d, + let, where ).Is arbitrary sca lar

13. - and AC
Area of tf'iangle : From two victo r AS - . Than area is given by -I -
I AS - I
)( AC
2
14. Vo lu me Of A Tet rahed ro n : Volume of a tetrahedron with vertices A (x " 'f" Z,), B (x ~ . 'f,. z:).C (xl' V)'
y, z, I X,
x, y, I
zJ and D <x"
I
Y',. Z..)lsQ lven bYV- '6
".• y, z, I
"
x, y, 1
"
A LINE
1. Equation Of A Line
(II A st,alght IInolo Inleroeellon 01 two planes.
it is reprsented by two planes a.x + b ,Y + t,z + d , - 0 and 8;C + b, Y + +c:z + d: -O.
x - .x
(III Symmetric form . 1
_ Y - )l 1
- =
Z - ZI
=,,
• b c

(III) Vector equation. r := i + Ab

(vi) Reduction 01 cartesion fOf'm 01equation of aline to vector lorm & vice versa

x - x, . y - !) . 7 - 7,
• b •

2. Angle Between A Plane And A Line:

X-"1 = Y-Y, =
L _oi,
(I) IrS is the angle between line l and the plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 , then sin
III n

a t+ bm+cn
e-
J(a'+b' +e' ) JI '+rri' Tn' .
-
hii
(iii Vector form: If 9 is the angle between a line r = (i + Ab) and r . n = d then sin e= -_='-"'- •
I bll ii l

(iii) Condition forperpendiaJlamy

I m
- -- - - n
,
-
bxii =O
abc
(Iv) Condition for parallel at + bm + en:: 0 ii . ii=o
~ Shofl FOfmlAa (Physos)

3. Condi tion For A line To lie In A Plane

x- x, y- y, Z - ZI
(I) Caneslan (orm: line t. = m = would lie In a plane
n
ax .,. by + cz .. d = 0, if ax, .. by I ... cZ 1 .. d = 0 & a! .. bm ... en = O.
(iI) Vector form: Linei - S +Ab wouldlle ln theplaner . ii -dlfb . ii -O&a . ii-d
4. Skew Lines:
(i) The straig ht lines which are not parallel and non-coplanar i.e . noo-lntersecllng are called
,,'-0. W-p '(- 1
skew lines. If 6 • t m n ~ 0, then lines are skew.
(,' 11\' n'

(tv) Shorlest distance between lines i =3 1

- & -, -
+ Ab aiJ~ .... J.l -
b 15
(az - 8,) x b
- •
Ib I
5. Sphere
General equation of 8 sphere is )(1 + '1' + z + 2ux + 2vy ... 2wz + d :I: O. (-u . - v, -w) Is the centre
and Ju 1 .. v! + w ! - d is the radius of the sphere.

SOLUTION OF TRIANGLE

1. Sine Rule: • b c
&inA = sine = &inC '

b! +c'- a1 ~ + a l _ b: al + b l_ ~
2. Cosi ne Formula: (I) cosA' 2 (IQ cos B ' 2 (III) cos O' =-"'2'::""---''-
bl: ~: I it b
3. Projection Formula: (0 . : b cosO + c cosB (II) b' c cosA + • cosO QII) c' • cosB + b cosA

4. Napier's Analogy· tangent rule:

B- C b- c A C- A a A- a , - b C
(Q Ian 2 • b .. . col '2 (II) I.n 2 col -
2
(ItI) I.n 2 = a+ll COI -'
2
5. Trigonometric Functions of Half Angles:
A ts -~) IS - C) B (5- C) (,$ -01 ) C (s -a) (. -b)
(I) sin - :: .• sln-
2
=
ca : sIn 2' = 1 Bh
2 he

A s (. - a) D ,(.- b) (' ,$ (s - (:)

(iI) cos - = be
: OOS - = c. : 005 - =
ab
2 2 2

~ _(s - b}(s - c) _ L\ _ a + b+ c
(III) Ian 2 - \' S(S~) - s(s - ~) where 5 - 2 Is semi perimetre of triangl e.

2 U
(tv) sin A =- .j,.'-a)(s -b)(s - c) = -
be -- be
~ Sholl FOfmlAa (Physos)

I I 1
6. Area of Triangle (6) : A = 2' ab sin C = 2' be slnA = 2' ca sin B = .jsls- rl) (S- h) (S-C)
7. m-n Rule: A
If eo : DC = m : n, then
(m .. n)coI O. m coc.a - n rot~
= II ('(M 8 - m coct
8. Radius of Clrcumclrtce : B c
IT1 n
abc _ahe
R • 2~inA = '2~inB =72-'·,'-
,C'" - ~
4<1

9. Radiu s of The Inclrcle :

A A H C
(I) r· - (11) r· (. - I ) tM 2 • c.-b) tan 1 • (S - C) tan 1
•
(lIi) r= l.ln'lld\ & !'toon AB C
(Iv) r= 4R 5I n "2 sln "2 51n 2'
~w 4
-
10. Radius 01 The Ex- Circles :
A B
(I, r, = 4 (11) r , =s hln -2 r=stan -2 = 5 t8n f.
.-H , f
> 2

(Ill) r =
,u<nl!- cO$ ~
. . & so on
A
( Iv) r :; 4 R 51 n- cos -
8 c
COS -
, oos~ , 2' 2' 2
•
11 . Length 01 Angle Bisectors, Medians & Altitudes :

(i) l8Agth of an anOie bisector .rom Ih e angle A = P =

2hc
b
=1 :
• +C

(i i) length of median from the angle A :; m.. = ~ J2 b! + 2 ..:1 - a!

2<1
(iii) l eAgth of __ " itude from the angle A :: A ;;;
&
• •
12. The Distances of The Special Points from Vertices and Sides 01 Triangle:
A
(i) Circum centre (0 ) : OA· R & 0 . · R cos A (ii ) Incentre (I) : IA· r cosec 2 & I. · r

A
(Iii) Excenlre (I ,) : I, A· f, cosec ?" (Iv) Or1 hocentre: HA· 2R cos A & H.. . 2R cos 8 cos C
-
(v) Centroid (G) : GA = -I J2h-'+2c
l -3
l & G = -26
3 ' 3a
13. Orthocentre and Pedal Triangle:
The triangle KLM which is formed by joining the feet of the altitudes Is calied the Pedal Triangle,
(I) Its angles are ~ - 2A, It - 26 and Jt - 2e.
~ Sholl FOfmlAa (Physos)

(II) Its skies are a cosA · R sin 2A .

b GOsS • R sin 28 and
eeese = R sin 2C
~ ii) Cir""mradii 0' Ihe lriangles PBC. PCA . PAB and ABC a re equal.
14. Excentral Triangle;
Ttle tl1angle formed by joining the t hree excentres I I' 12 and I, of 0 ABC Is call ed
the excentral Of excentttc triangle.
(I) A ABC Is Ih~ p<>dal lriangle 0'
Ih e A I, I, I,.
• A • B n
(10) 1t5 angles are '2 - 2'2 - '2 & '2 - '2 '

1\ B C
Its sides are" R COS 2" ." R cos 2' & .. R COs 2 '

A fj C
I I, 4R sln'2; I J. 4R sln'2 : 1 1, 4 Rsin '2 '

(v) lneentre I of ABC IS the onhoce ntre of the exce ntrl:1l I I I: I. ,

15. Distance Between Special Points ;

(i) Distance betweet'l citcumcentre and orthocentre OH' • R' (1 - 8 cosA cos B cos C)
AB C
(N) Olstance between drcumoentre and Incernrs or- R' (1 - 8 sin '2 sin '2 sin '2) - R' -2Rr
I
(iii) Distance ~twcen arcumcentre and centroid OG;.t :ll: RJ - - (a J + t)t + ct)
9
INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1. Principal Values & Domains of Inverse Trigonometric/Circular Functions:

Function Domain Range

(I) y=sin ' x where -1 sx s l •2
--S)'S- •2
(i) y = COS'I x whe,. -1~x S' 1 Q ~ )' ~1t

~ii) Y = lan-I x whe", • e R •2

--< y <- •2
y.: cosec-' x YItle(e x < - 1 or x > 1 •2
-- s )' s - , y~Q•2
n
y=sec ' x whe... x S -lorx 2 1 o s; y S; 1l'; )'~ 2

(.0 y. COr-IX where •• R O <y<n:

P-2 (I) sin- ' (sin x) = x. n • (n) cos' \ (cos x) = x ; O S X S Jt

-- S l < -
2 - 2
~ Sholl FOfmlAa (Physos)

VII) ta n-I (tan x) ~ x; ,•-

- - <J.< - •, cot-' (cot xl ~ x; O < X< /t
-
r.
(v) sec-' (sec xl ;- X. O S X S 1t.x ;Jt2 (vi) cosec·' (cosec x) .. x; )(;Jt o. - -·2 5; lt S -•2
P ·3 (I) sln-' (- xl z - sln-' x, - l S. x S. l (II) ' an-I (- x)'" - tan-' x, xe R
Vol COS" (- x) '"' x - CO$" x . - 1 5 )( 5 1 rM cor' (- x) = It - cot-I X. xe R
P·5 (I) sln" x + cos-'X· !!.
2 • - 1 S XS I (II) lan-' x + cor" x ". - •2 ' x. R

011) cosec-Ix + seC" x· ~2 ' Ixl ~ 1

2, Identities of Addition and Substraction:

I· 1 (I) sln- ' x + sino' y =- sin" [A J I - ... Y JI - x2] • X 2 O. y :2 0 & (Xl + '12) ~ 1
". It - sin { x Jr- y~ + y Ji'='?] ,x ~ O. 'I ~ 0 &. x~ + 'I' :> 1

C·l
x+y
tan-' x " 1an-''1 = tarr' • x:> 0, y:> 0 & x,/ < ,
1 - xy

x+y 1't
= rt'" lorr' I - x f , x > 0, y > 0 & xy > 1 = -2 ' x > 0 , y > 0 & ",
YV = 1

1· 2 (i) sino' x - sino' y = Sin--[ x J, - '1' - YJ, - x% J. x i! 0, Y~ 0

CO$~IX - xy ... J,- x J,- 'I' ]. x :<!.': O. y 2: 0, x s 'f
2
(it) cos y'" COS" [

x- v
lan-' x - tan,ly :;; lan-' 1+x)" x > 0 , y > 0
VII)

2 s;n" x II Ix ls ~
1· 3 (i) Sin··(2xP ) • Jt - 251n- 1 x
72
1
If x> 1

-(<+ 251n- ' xl n x<- 72

2COS~ 1 X if O.:S x S 1
(i) cos-' (2 Xl - 1) -

If I xl <l
• 1l + 21an-1 x if x< - l
_~_21al1-1x) if x >1
~ Sholl FOfmlAa (Physos)

If I xl s1
sin-' h ~ = l't - 2tan- t x if x >1
I .. I"
- (1t+2tan- t x) if )«- 1

2Ian- ' x ifx~ O

M =
-2tan- 'x i1x <O

x + y + z-xyz 1
r
If tan I x .. Ian I y .. Ian I z. ,., tan ' 1- xy _ yz _ zx if. x > O. 'I > 0, Z > 0 & (xy .. '/z .. vc) < 1

NOTE:
(i) If tan ' x + tan I y .. tan I z 'II' It then x .. y .. z = xyz

(i) If lan-' x + lan-' y" tan·' z s •2 then xy + 'Iz" zx

_ Ii: 1

Qii) Ian ' 1 .. Ian ' 2 + Ian ' 311: X (iv) lan' 1 .. tan , _1 .. ta n 1 -1 = -•
2 3 2