Contents

MATHEMATICS
Serial No. UNIT - EM1 Page No.

16. Matrices 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 SPECIAL TYPE OF MATRICES

3.0 TRACE OF MATRIX

4.0 SQUARE MATRICES
5.0 EQUALITY OF MATRICES

6.0 ALGEBRA OF MATRICES

7.0 MULTIPLICATION OF A MATRIX BY A SCALAR

8.0 MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES (Row by Column)

9.0 PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

10.0 POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF A SQUARE MATRIX

11.0 SPECIAL SQUARE MATRICES

12.0 MATRIX POLYNOMIAL

13.0 CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION

14.0 CAYLEY - HAMILTON THEOREM
15.0 THE TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX (Changing rows & columns)
16.0 ORTHOGONAL MATRIX
17.0 SYMMETRIC & SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRIX

18.0 ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX

19.0 INVERSE OF A MATRIX (Reciprocal Matrix)
20.0 SYSTEM OF EQUATION & CRITERIA FOR CONSISTENCY
21.0 APPLICATION OF MATRIX
EXERCISE-1
EXERCISE-2
NCERT CORNER
ANSWER KEY

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Serial No. UNIT - EM1 Page No.

17. Set, Relation and Function 33

1.0 SETS & CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF TWO SETS
2.0 RELATION
3.0 FUNCTION
4.0 DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN & RANGE OF A FUNCTION
5.0 IMPORTANT TYPES OF FUNCTION
6.0 ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS
7.0 EQUAL OR IDENTICAL FUNCTION
8.0 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS
9.0 BOUNDED FUNCTION
10.0 IMPLICIT & EXPLICIT FUNCTION
11.0 ODD AND EVEN FUNCTION
12.0 CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS
13.0 BASIC TRANSFORMATIONS ON GRAPHS
14.0 COMPOSITE OF UNIFORMLY & NON-UNIFORMLY
DEFINED FUNCTION
15.0 INVERSE OF A FUNCTION
16.0 PERIODIC FUNCTION
17.0 GENERAL
EXERCISE-1
EXERCISE-2
NCERT CORNER
ANSWER KEY

18. Inverse Trigonometric Function 101

1.0 INTRODUCTION
2.0 DOMAIN & RANGE OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
3.0 GRAPH OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
4.0 PROPERTIES OF INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS
5.0 SIMPLIFIED INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
6.0 EQUATIONS INVOLVING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
7.0 INEQUALITIES INVOLVING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTION
8.0 SUMMATION OF SERIES
EXERCISE-1
EXERCISE-2
NCERT CORNER
ANSWER KEY

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 Matr ices

MATRICES

1.0 INTRODUCTION
A rectangular array of mn numbers (which may be real or complex) in the form of 'm' horizontal lines (called
rows) and 'n' vertical lines (called columns), is called a matrix of order m by n, written as m × n matrix.

Such an array is enclosed by [ ] or ( ) or ||||. An m × n matrix is usually written as

é a11 a12 a13 ... a ln ù

êa a 22 a 23 ... a 2n úú
A = ê 21
ê M M M M M ú
ê ú
êë a m1 a m2 a m3 ... a mn úû

In compact form, the above matrix is represented by A=[a ij]m×n. The number a11, a12,.....etc are known as the
elements of the matrix A, a ij belongs to the ith row and jth column and is called the (i, j) th element of the matrix
A = [aij].

é1 2 3 ù
E.g., A = ê ú is a matrix having 2 rows and 3 columns. Its order is 2 × 3 and it has 6 elements :
ë0 -1 9 û

a11 = 1, a12 = 2, a13 = 3, a21 = 0, a22 = –1, a23 = 9.

2.0 SPECIAL TYPE OF MATRICES

(a) Row Matrix (Row vector) – A = [a11, a12, ..........a1n] i.e. row matrix has exactly one row.

é a11 ù
êa ú
Column Matrix (Column vector) – A = ê
12 ú
(b) i.e. column matrix has exactly one column.
ê : ú
ê ú
êëa m1 úû

(c) Zero or Null Matrix – (A = Om× n) An m × n matrix whose all entries are zero.

é0 0ù é0 0 0ù
A = ê0 ê0 0úú is 3 × 3 null matrix
ê 0úú is a 3 × 2 null matrix & B = ê 0
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

êë0 0úû êë0 0 0úû

é1 2 3 4ù
(d) Horizontal Matrix – A matrix of order m × n is a horizontal matrix if n > m e.g. ê ú
ë2 5 1 1û

é2 5ù
ê1 1 úú
(e) Vertical Matrix – A matrix of order m × n is a vertical matrix if m > n e.g. ê
ê3 6ú
ê ú
êë2 4úû

(f) Square Matrix – If number of rows = number of columns Þ matrix is a square matrix. If number of
rows = number of columns = n then, matrix is of the order 'n'.
Note – The pair of elements aij & aji are called Conjugate Elements.

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3.0 TRACE OF MATRIX

The sum of the elements of a square matrix A lying along the principal diagonal is called the trace of A i.e.
n
(tr(A)). Thus, if A = [aij]n × n, then tr(A) = å aii = a11 + a22 + ........a nn
i =1

Properties of trace of a matrix

Let A = [aij]n × n and B = [bij]n× n and l be a scalar then
(i) tr(lA) = ltr(A) (ii) tr(A + B) = tr(A) + tr(B) (iii) tr(AB) = tr(BA)

4.0 SQUARE MATRICES

SQUARE MATRICES

Triangular Matrix Diagonal Matrix denoted as

A=diag(a11, a22 ....ann)
Where aij = 0 for i¹ j

æ 1 3 - 2ö æ 1 0 0ö
A= ç0 2 4 ÷ ; B = ç 2 - 3 0÷
ç ÷ ç ÷ Scalar Matrix Unit or Identity Matrix
è0 0 5 ø è 4 3 3ø

Upper Triangular Lower Triangular

é a 0 0ù é 1 if i = j
aij =0 " i > j aij =0 " i < j ê 0 a 0ú a= ê
ê ú ë 0 if i ¹ j
êë 0 0 a úû
If a11=a22=a33 =a If a11=a22=a33 =1

NOTE
(i) Minimum number of zeros in triangular matrix of order n = n(n–1)/2.
(ii) Minimum number of zero in a diagonal matrix of order n = n (n–1).

5.0 EQUALITY OF MATRICES

Let A = [aij] & B= [bij] are equal if, (a) both have the same order. (b) a ij = bij for each pair of i & j .

Illustration 1. Find the value of x, y, z and w which satisfy the matrix equation
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

é x + 3 2y + x ù é - x - 1 0 ù
ê ú =ê ú
ë z - 1 4w - 8 û ë 3 2w û

Solution As the given matrices are equal so their corresponding elements are equal.
x+3=–x–1 Þ 2x = – 4
\ x=–2 ..........(i)
2y + x = 0 Þ 2y – 2 = 0 [from (i)]
Þ y=1 ...........(ii)
z–1=3 Þ z=4 ...........(iii)
4w – 8 = 2w Þ 2w = 8
\ w=4 ..........(iv) Ans.

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6. 0 ALGEBRA OF MATRICES
Addition – A + B = [aij + bij] where A & B are of the same order.
(a) Addition of matrices is commutative
i.e. A + B = B + A
(b) Matrix addition is associative
(A + B) + C = A + (B + C)
(c) Additive inverse
If A + B = O = B + A, then B is called additive inverse of A.
(d) Existence of additive identity
Let A = [aij] be an m × n matrix and O be an m × n zero matrix, then A + O = O + A = A. In other
words, O is the additive identity for matrix addition.
(e) Cancellation laws hold good in case of addition of matrices. If A,B,C are matrices of the same order,
then A + B = A + C Þ B = C (left cancellation law) and B + A = C + A Þ B = C (right-
cancellation law)
Note – The zero matrix plays the same role in matrix addition as the number zero does in addition of numbers.

é1 3 ù é -1 -2ù
ê ú ê0 5ú
Illustration 2. If A = ê3 2 ú and B = ê ú and A + B – D = O (zero matrix), then D matrix will be-
êë2 5 úû êë 3 1 úû

é0 2ù é0 2ù é0 1 ù é 0 -2 ù
ê ú
(A) êê3 7úú (B) êê3 7úú (C) ê3 7ú (D) ê -3 -7 ú
ê ú
êë6 5úû êë5 6úû êë5 6úû êë -5 -6 úû

éa b ù
êc dú
Solution Let D = ê ú
êë e f úû

é1 3ù é -1 -2ù éa b ù
ê ú ê ú ê ú
\ A + B – D = ê3 2 ú + ê 0 5 ú - ê c d ú
êë2 5 úû êë 3 1 úû êë e f úû
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é1 - 1 - a 3 - 2 - b ù é0 0ù
ê3 + 0 - c 2 + 5 - d ú = ê0 0ú
Þ ê ú ê ú
êë2 + 3 - e 5 + 1 - f úû êë0 0úû

Þ –a = 0 Þ a = 0, 1 – b = 0 Þ b = 1,
3–c=0 Þ c = 3, 7 – d = 0 Þ d = 7,
5–e=0 Þ e = 5, 6 – f = 0 Þ f=6
é0 1 ù
ê ú
\ D = ê3 7ú Ans. (C)
êë5 6úû

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é 2 -1 4ù é5 0 3 ù
1. If 2A + 2B = ê ú and A + 2B = ê1 6 2 ú , then 2B =
ë3 2 5û ë û

é 8 -1 2 ù é8 1 2ù é 8 1 -2 ù é8 1 2 ù
(A) ê ú (B) ê ú (C) ê ú (D) ê ú
ë -1 10 -1û ë -1 10 -1û ë -1 10 -1û ë1 10 1 û

é1 0 0 0ù
ê2 3 0 0 úú
2. If A = ê , then A is
ê4 5 6 0ú
ê ú
ë7 8 9 10 û

(A) An upper triangular matrix (B) A null matrix

(C) A lower triangular matrix (D) None of these
3. Square matrix é a ij ù will be an upper triangular matrix, if
ë û n´m

(A) a ij ¹ 0, for i > j (B) a ij = 0, for i > j (C) a ij = 0, for i < j (D) None of these

é cos q sin q ù é sin q - cos qù

4. cos q ê ú + sin q ê ú=
ë - sin q cos q û ë cos q sin q û

é0 0 ù é1 0 ù é0 1 ù é1 0 ù
(A) ê ú (B) ê ú (C) ê ú (D) ê ú
ë0 0 û ë0 0 û ë1 0 û ë0 1 û

é 5 -3ù é 6 -4 ù
5. A= ê ú and B = ê 3 6 ú , then A – B =
ë2 4 û ë û

é11 -7 ù é -1 1 ù é11 7 ù é12 -7 ù

(A) ê ú (B) ê ú (C) ê ú (D) ê ú
ë 5 10 û ë -1 -2û ë 5 -10û ë 5 -10 û

é x 0 ù é -2 1 ù é 3 5ù é 2 4ù
6. If ê ú+ê ú=ê ú-ê ú , then
ë 1 y û ë 3 4 û ë6 3 û ë 2 1 û
(A) x = –3, y = –2 (B) x = 3, y = – 2 (C) x = 3, y = 2 (D) x = –3, y = 2
7. If I is a unit matrix of order 10, then the determinant of I is equal to
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

(A) 10 (B) 1 (C) 1/10 (D) 9

é1 2 ù é 3 2 ù
8. If 2X – ê ú=ê ú , then X is equal to
ë 7 4 û ë 0 -2 û

é 2 2ù é 1 2ù é 2 2ù
(A) ê ú (B) ê ú (C) ê ú (D) None of these
ë7 4û ë7 / 2 2 û ë7 / 2 1 û

é1 0 ù é -1 1 ù
9. If A + B = ê ú and A – 2B = ê ú , then A =
ë1 1 û ë 0 -1û

é 1 1ù é 2 / 3 1/ 3 ù é 1/ 3 1/ 3ù
(A) ê ú (B) ê ú (C) ê ú (D) None of these
ë 2 1û ë 1/ 3 2 / 3û ë 2 / 3 1/ 3û
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é1 2 ù é3 8ù
10. What must be the matrix X if 2X + ê ú = ê ú
ë3 4 û ë7 2û

é1 3 ù é 1 -3ù é2 6 ù é 2 -6ù
(A) ê ú (B) ê ú (C) ê ú (D) ê ú
ë 2 -1û ë 2 -1û ë 4 -2û ë 4 -2û

7.0 MULTIPLICATION OF A MATRIX BY A SCALAR

éa b c ù éka kb kc ù
ê ú
If A = ê b c a ú ; k A = êkb kc ka ú
ê ú
êë c a b úû êë kc ka kb úû
Properties of scalar multiplication
(a) If A and B are two matrices of the same order and 'k' be a scalar then k(A + B) = kA + kB.
(b) If k1 and k2 are two scalars and 'A' is a matrix, then (k1+ k2)A = k1A + k2A.
(c) If k1 and k2 are two scalars and 'A' is a matrix, then (k1k2)A = k1(k2A) =k2(k1A)

8.0 MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES (Row by Column)

Let A be a matrix of order m × n and B be a matrix of order p × q, then the matrix multiplication AB is
possible if and only if n = p and matrices are said to be conformable for multiplication.
In the product AB, A is called pre-factor and B is called post factor.
Þ AB is possible if and only if number of columns in pre-factor = number of rows in post-factor.
n
Let Am × n = [aij] and Bn × p = [bij] then order of AB is m × p & (AB)ij = å air brj
r =1

é b11 b12 b13 b14 ù

é a11 a12 a13 ù ê ú
e.g. A =ê ú and B = ê b21 b22 b23 b24 ú
ë a 21 a 22 a 23 û 2´ 3
êë b31 b32 b33 b34 ûú 3´ 4
Then order of AB is 2 × 4.
3
(AB)11 = a11b11 + a12 b21 + a13b31 = å a1r b r1
r =1

3
(AB)23 = a21b13 + a22 b23 + a23b33 = å a2r br 3
r =1
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
3

åa
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

In general (ab)ij = ai1b1j + ai2b2j + ai3b3j = ir b rj

r =1

é 2 3 1ù é x ù
ê ú ê ú
Illustration 3. If [1 x 2] ê0 4 2 ú ê 1ú = O, then the value of x is :-
ëê0 3 2 ûú êë -1ûú
(A) –1 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2
Solution The LHS of the equation
é xù
ê ú
= [2 4x + 9 2x + 5] ê 1ú = [2x + 4x + 9 – 2x – 5] = 4x + 4
êë -1úû
Thus 4x + 4 = 0 Þ x = –1 Ans. (A)

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é1 2 ù é 3 2ù
Illust rat ion 4. If A, B are two matrices such that A + B = ê2 4 ú , A – B = ê -2 0ú then find AB.
ë û ë û
é 3 2ù
Solution Given A + B = é1 2 ù ........(i) & A – B = ê -2 0ú .......(ii)
êë2 4 úû ë û
Adding (i) & (ii)
é4 4 ù é2 2 ù
2A = ê0 4 ú Þ A = ê0 2 ú
ë û ë û
Subtracting (ii) from (i)
é -2 0 ù é -1 0 ù
2B = ê 4 4 ú Þ B = ê 2 2 ú
ë û ë û
é 2 2 ù é -1 0 ù é2 4 ù
Now AB = ê0 2 ú ê 2 2 ú = ê4 4 ú Ans.
ë û ë û ë û

9.0 PROPERTIES OF MATRIX MULTIPLICATION

(a) Matrix multiplication is not commutative – i.e. AB ¹ BA
Here both AB & BA exist and also they are of the same type but AB ¹ BA.
Example :

é1 1 ù é1 0 ù é1 0 ù é1 1 ù
Let A= ê ú & B= ê ú ; then AB = ê ú ; BA = ê ú
ë0 0û ë0 0û ë0 0û ë0 0û
Þ AB ¹ BA (in general)

(b) AB = O A = O or B = O (in general)

é1 1ù é -1 1 ù é1 1ù é -1 1 ù é0 0ù
Let A= ê ú &B= ê ú , then AB = ê ú ê ú = ê ú
ë2 2û ë 1 -1û ë2 2û ë 1 -1û ë0 0û

NOTE
If A and B are two non - zero matrices such that AB = O then A and B are called the divisors of zero. If A and
B are two matrices such that
(i) AB = BA then A and B are said to commute
(ii) AB = –BA then A and B are said to anticommute

(c) Matrix Multiplication Is Associative

If A, B & C are conformable for the product AB & BC, then (AB) C = A(BC)
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

(d) Distributivity

A(B + C) = AB + AC ù
Provided A,B & C are conformable for respective products
(A + B)C = AC + BC úû

é1 -3 2 ù é1 4 1 0ù é1 1 -1 -2ù
Illustration 5. Let A = êê2 1 -3 úú ,B = ê ú
ê2 1 1 1 ú & C =
ê
ê3 -2 -1 -1ú
ú be the matrices then, prove
êë 4 -3 -1úû êë1 -2 1 2úû êë2 -5 -1 0 úû

that in matrix multiplication cancellation law does not hold.

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Solution We have to show that AB = AC; though B is not equal to C.

é1 -3 2 ù é1 4 1 0ù é -3 -3 0 1 ù
ê úê ú ê ú
We have AB = ê2 1 -3 ú ê2 1 1 1 ú = ê 1 15 0 -5 ú
êë4 -3 -1úû êë1 -2 1 2 úû êë -3 15 0 -5úû
3´ 4

é1 -3 2 ù é2 1 -1 -2ù é -3 -3 0 1 ù
ê úê ú ê ú
Now, AC = ê2 1 -3 ú ê3 -2 -1 -1ú = ê 1 15 0 -5 ú
êë4 -3 -1úû êë2 -5 -1 0 úû êë -3 15 0 -5 úû
3´ 4

Here, AB = AC though B is not equal to C. Thus cancellation law does not hold in general.

10.0 POSITIVE INTEGRAL POWERS OF A SQUARE MATRIX

n
For a square matrix A, A = A.A.A..............A
144424443 where n Î N
upto n times

NOTE
(i) A m .A n = A m+n
(ii) (A m )n = Amn, where m,n Î N
(iii) If A and B are square matrices of same order and AB = BA then
(A + B)n = nC0An + nC1An–1B + nC2An–2B2 + ........... + nCnBn
Note that for a unit matrix I of any order , I m = I for all m Î N.

11.0 SPECIAL SQUARE MATRICES

(a) Idempotent Matrix – A square matrix is idempotent provided A2 = A.
For idempotent matrix note the following :
(i) An = A " n ³ 2, n Î N .
(ii) determinant value of idempotent matrix is either 0 or 1
(b) Periodic Matrix – A square matrix which satisfies the relation A k+1 = A, for some positive integer K, is
a periodic matrix. The period of the matrix is the least value of K for which this holds true.
Note that period of an idempotent matrix is 1.
(c) Nilpotent Matrix – A square matrix of the order 'n' is said to be nilpotent matrix of order m, m Î N , if
Am = O & Am–1 ¹ O.
(d) Involutary Matrix – If A2 = I, the matrix is said to be an involutary matrix. i.e. square roots of identity
matrix is involutary matrix.
Note – The determinant value of involutary matrix is 1 or –1.
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

é 2 -2 -4 ù
ê ú
Illustration 6. Show that the matrix A = ê -1 3 4 ú is idempotent.
êë 1 -2 -3 úû

é 2 -2 -4 ù é 2 -2 -4 ù
ê -1 3 ú ê -1 3 4 ú
Solution 2
A = A.A = ê 4 ú × ê ú
êë 1 -2 -3 úû êë 1 -2 -3 úû

é2.2 + (-2).( -1) + ( -4).1 2( -2) + ( -2).3 + ( -4).( -2) 2.( -4) + ( -2).4 + ( -4).(-3) ù
ê (-1).2 + 3.( -1) + 4.1 ( -1).( -2) + 3.3 + 4.( -2) ( -1).( -4) + 3.4 + 4.(-3) úú
= ê
ëê1.2 + ( -2).( -1) + (-3).1 1.( -2) + ( -2).3 + ( -3).( -2) 1.( -4) + ( -2).4 + (-3).(-3) ûú

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é 2 -2 -4 ù
= ê -1 3 4 úú = A
ê
êë 1 -2 -3 úû
Hence the matrix A is idempotent.

é 1 1 3ù
Illustration 7. Show that ê 5 2 6 ú is nilpotent matrix of order 3.
ê ú
êë -2 -1 -3úû

é 1 1 3ù
Solution Let A = êê 5 2 6 úú
êë -2 -1 -3 úû

é 1 1 3ù é 1 1 3ù é 1 + 5 - 6 1+2-3 3 + 6 - 9ù
2 ê ú ê 5 2 6ú ê ú
A = A.A = 5 2 6 × ê ú = ê5 + 10 - 12 5 + 4 - 6 15 + 12 - 18 ú
ê ú
ëê -2 -1 -3 ûú êë -2 -1 -3 úû êë -2 - 5 + 6 -2 - 2 + 3 -6 - 6 + 9 úû

é 0 0 0ù
ê 3 3 9ú
= ê ú
êë -1 -1 -3úû

é 0 0 0ù é 1 1 3ù é 0+0+0 0+0+0 0 + 0 + 0ù
A3 = A2.A = ê 3 3 9 ú × êê 5 2 6 úú = ê3 + 15 - 18 3 + 6 - 9 9 + 18 - 37ú
ê ú ê ú
êë -1 -1 -3úû ëê -2 -1 -3 ûú êë -1 - 5 + 6 -1 - 2 + 3 -3 - 6 + 9 úû

é0 0 0ù
= ê0 0 0ú = O
ê ú
ëê0 0 0úû

\ A3 = O i.e., Ak = O

Here k=3

Hence A is nilpotent of order 3.

é -5 -8 0 ù
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

Illustration 8. Show that the matrix A = ê 3 5 0ú is involutory..

ê ú
êë 1 2 -1úû

é -5 -8 0 ù é -5 -8 0 ù é 25 - 24 + 0 40 - 40 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 ù
2 ê ú ê 3 5 0ú ê -15 + 15 + 0 -24 + 25 + 0 0 + 0 + 0 ú
Solution A = A.A= × ê ú = ê
ê 3 5 0ú ú
êë 1 2 -1úû ê
ë 1 2 -1 úû êë -5 + 6 - 1 -8 + 10 - 2 0 + 0 + 1úû

é 1 0 0ù
= ê0 1 0ú = I
ê ú
êë0 0 1úû

Hence the given matrix A is involutory.

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Illustration 9. Show that a square matrix A is involutory, iff (I – A) (I + A) = O

Solution Let A be involutory

Then A2 = I
(I – A) (I + A) = I2 + IA – AI – A2 = I + A – A – A2 = I – A2 = O
Conversly, let (I – A) (I + A) = O
Þ I2 + IA – AI – A2 = O Þ I + A – A – A2 = O
Þ I – A2 = O Þ A is involutory

1. In a upper triangular matrix n ´ n , minimum number of zeros is

(A) n(n - 1) / 2 (B) n(n + 1) / 2 (C) 2n(n - 1) / 2 (D) None of these

é cos t sin t ù
2. If R(t) = ê- sin t cos t ú, then R(s). R(t) =
ë û

(A) R(s) + R(t ) (B) R (st ) (C) R(s + t) (D) None of these

é1 2ù
3. If M = ê ú and M 2 - lM - I 2 = 0 , then l =
ë 2 3û
(A) –2 (B) 2 (C) –4 (D) 4

é cos a - sin a ù é cos b - sin bù

4. If A = êsin a cos a ú and B = êsin b cos b ú , then the correct relation is
ë û ë û

(A) A2 = B2 (B) A + B = B – A (C) AB = BA (D) None of these

é1 0 0 ù
ê ú
5. If A = ê 0 1 0 ú , then A2 =
êë a b -1úû

(A) Unit Matrix (B) Null Matrix (C) A (D) –A

é 0 2 0ù é1 2 3 ù
ê 0 0 3ú ê ú
6. If A = ê ú and B = ê 3 4 5 ú , then the element of third row and third column in AB will be
êë -2 2 0 úû êë5 -4 0 úû
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(A) –18 (B) 4 (C) –12 (D) None of these

é2 0 0ù
ê ú
7. If A = ê 0 2 0 ú , then A5 =
êë 0 0 2 úû

(A) 5A (B) 10A (C) 16A (D) 32A

é 1 -3ù
8. If A = ê 2 k úû
and A2 – 4A + 10 I = A, then k =
ë

(A) 0 (B) –4 (C) 4 and not 1 (D) 1 or 4

9
JEE-Mathematics

é -5 4 0 ù
ê ú
9. If A = [ 1 2 3] and B = ê 0 2 -1ú , then AB =
ëê 1 -3 2 úû

é -5 4 0 ù é 3ù é -5 8 0ù
ê ú ê ú ê 0 4 -3ú
(A) ê 0 4 -2 ú (B) ê1 ú (C) [ -2 -1 4] (D) ê ú
ëê 3 -9 6 úû ëê1 ûú ëê 1 -6 6 úû

é1/ 3 2 ù é3 6 ù
10. If A = ê ú ,B =ê ú and AB = I, then x =
ë 0 2 x - 3û ë 0 -1û
(A) -1 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 2

12.0 MATRIX POLYNOMIAL

If ƒ (x) = a0xn + a1xn – 1 + a2xn – 2 + ......... + anx0, then we define a matrix polynomial
ƒ (A) = a0An + a1An – 1 + a2An–2 + ....... + anIn.
where A is the given square matrix. If ƒ (A) is the null matrix, then A is called the zero or root of the polynomial ƒ (x).

13.0 CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION

Let A be a square matrix. Then the polynomial |A – xI| is called as characteristic polynomial of A & the
equation |A – xI| = 0 is called as characteristic equation of A. After solving the characterstic polynomial the
values of 'x' are said to be characterstic roots of the polynomial.
Note – (i) Sum of the roots of the characteristic equation is equal to trace of the matrix.
(ii) Product of the roots of the characteristic equation is equal to the determinant value.
(iii) The degree of characteristic equation is same as the order of the matrix.

é 2 1ù
Illustration 10. If ƒ (x) = x2 – 3x + 3 and A = ê ú be a square matrix then prove that ƒ (A) = O. Hence
ë - 1 1û
find A4.
é 2 1ù é 2 1ù é 3 3 ù
Solution A 2 = A.A = ê úê ú=ê ú
ë-1 1û ë -1 1û ë -3 0û
é 3 3ù é 2 1ù é1 0 ù é 0 0 ù
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

Hence A2 – 3A + 3I = ê ú - 3ê ú + 3ê ú =ê ú=O
ë -3 0 û ë -1 1û ë0 1 û ë0 0û
Aliter –
2-x 1
Q |A – XI| = 0 Þ =0
-1 1-x
Þ (2 – x)(1 – x) + 1 = 0 Þ x2 – 3x + 3 = 0 (characterstic polynomial)
by Cayley-Hamilton Theorem A2 – 3A + 3I = O. Hence proved.
Now A2 = 3A – 3I
squaring on both the sides
A4 = 9(A2 – 2A + I)
æ é 3 3ù é 4 2 ù é1 0 ù ö é3 - 4 + 1 3 - 2 ù é0 1ù é0 9ù
= 9çê ú-ê ú+ê ú÷=9 ê ú = 9ê ú =ê ú
è ë -3 0û ë -2 2 û ë0 1 û ø ë -3 + 2 -2 + 1û ë -1 -1û ë -9 -9 û
10
 Matr ices

14.0 CAYLEY - HAMILTON THEOREM

Every square matrix A satisfy its characteristic equation
i.e. a0xn + a1xn–1 + ........ + an–1x + an = 0 is the characteristic equation of A, then
a0An + a1An–1 + ........ + an–1A + anI = O
Note – This theorem is helpful to find the inverse of any non-singular square matrix.
i.e. a0An + a1An–1 + ........ + an–1A + anI = O
On multiplying by A–1 on both the sides of above equation, we get

1
A–1 = -
an
(
a0 A n -1 + a1 A n -2 + ......a n -1 I )

é1 2 0ù
Illustration 11. If A = êê2 -1 0 úú , show that 5A–1 = A2 + A – 5I
êë0 0 -1úû

Solution We have the characteristic equation of A.

|A – xI| = 0

1- x 2 0
2 -1 - x 0
i.e. =0
0 0 -1 - x

i.e. x3 + x2 – 5x – 5 = 0
Using Cayley – Hamilton theorem
A3 + A2 – 5A – 5I = O Þ 5I = A3 + A2 – 5A
Multiplying by A–1, we get 5A–1 = A2 + A – 5I

15.0 THE TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX (Changing rows & columns)

Let A be any matrix of order m × n. Then A T or A' = [aji] for 1 £ i £ m & 1 £ j £ n of order n × m

Properties of transpose
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

If AT & BT denote the transpose of A and B ,

(a) (A+B)T = AT+BT ; note that A & B have the same order.

(b) (A B)T = BT AT (Reversal law) A & B are conformable for matrix product AB

Note – In general : (A1. A2,............ An)T = A nT . ............... . A 2T . A1T (reversal law for transpose)

(c) (AT)T = A

(d) (kA)T = kAT, k is a scalar.

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JEE-Mathematics

Illustration 12. If A and B are matrices of order m × n and n × m respectively, then order of matrix B T(AT)T
is -
(A) m × n (B) m × m (C) n × n (D) Not defined

Solution Order of B is n × m so order of BT will be m × n

Now (AT)T = A & its order is m × n. For the multiplication BT(AT)T
Number of columns in prefactor ¹ Number of rows in post factor.
Hence this multiplication is not defined. Ans. (D)

16.0 ORTHOGONAL MATRIX

A square matrix is said to be orthogonal matrix if A A T = I
NOTE
(i) The determinant value of orthogonal matrix is either 1 or –1.

é a1 a2 a3 ù é a1 b1 c1 ù
(ii) Let A = êb b2 b3 úú Þ A = êêa2
T
b2 c2 úú
ê 1
êë c1 c2 c3 úû êëa3 b3 c3 úû

é a12 + a22 + a32 a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3 a1c1 + a2 c2 + a 3 c3 ù

ê ú
AA T = ê b1a1 + b2 a2 + b3 a 3 b12 + b22 + b23 b1 c1 + b2 c2 + b3 c3 ú
ê c1a1 + c2 a2 + c3 a 3 c1 b1 + c2 b2 + c3 b3 c12 + c22 + c23 ú
ë û
If AA T = I, then
3 3 3 3

åa 2
i = å b =å c
2
i
2
i = 1 and åa b = åb c = åc a
i i i i i i =0
i =1 i =1 i =1 i =1

é 0 2b gù
Illustration 13. Determine the values of a, b, g, when êa b -g ú is orthogonal.
êëa -b g úû
é 0 2b gù
Solution Let A = êa b -g ú
ê ú
êëa -b g úû

é 0 a aù
ê2b b -b úú
\ A' = ê
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

ëê g -g g úû
But given A is orthogonal.
\ AAT = I

é 0 2b g ù é 0 a aù é 1 0 0ù
Þ êa ú ê
b -g ú ê2b b -b úú = ê0 1 0ú
ê ê ú
êëa -b g úû êë g -g g úû êë0 0 1úû

é 4b2 + g 2 2b2 - g 2 -2b2 + g 2 ù é1 0 0 ù

ê ú ê0 1 0ú
Þ ê 2b2 - g 2 a 2 + b2 + g 2 a 2 - b2 - g 2 ú = ê ú
êë -2b2 + g 2 a 2 - b2 - g 2 a 2 + b2 + g 2 úû ëê0 0 1 úû

12
 Matr ices
Equating the corresponding elements, we have
4b2 + g2 = 1 ........(i)
2 2
2b – g = 0 ........(ii)
a2 + b2 + g2 = 1 ........(iii)

1 1
From (i) and (ii), 6b2 = 1 \ b2 = and g2 =
6 3

1 1 1
From (iii) a2 = 1 – b2 – g2 = 1 – – =
6 3 2
1 1 1
Hence, a=± ,b=± and g = ± Ans.
2 6 3

17.0 SYMMETRIC & SKEW SYMMETRIC MATRIX

(a) Symmetric matrix
A square matrix A = [ aij ] is said to be, symmetric if, aij = aji " i & j (conjugate elements are equal).
Hence for symmetric matrix A = AT.
n(n + 1)
Note – Max. number of distinct entries in any symmetric matrix of order n is .
2
(b) Skew symmetric matrix
Square matrix A = [aij] is said to be skew symmetric if aij = –aji " i & j (the pair of conjugate elements are
additive inverse of each other). For a skew symmetric matrix A = –AT.
NOTE
(i) If A is skew symmetric, then a i i = - a i i Þ a i i = 0 " i . Thus the diagonal elements of a skew
square matrix are all zero, but not the converse.
(ii) The determinant value of odd order skew symmetric matrix is zero.
(c) Properties of symmetric & skew symmetric matrix
(i) A is symmetric if AT = A & A is skew symmetric if AT = – A
(ii) Let A be any square matrix then, A + A T is a symmetric matrix & A – A T is a skew symmetric
matrix.
(iii) The sum of two symmetric matrix is a symmetric matrix and the sum of two skew symmetric
matrix is a skew symmetric matrix.
(iv) If A & B are symmetric matrices then,
(A) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix
(B) AB – BA is a skew symmetric matrix.
(v) Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum or difference of a symmetric and a skew
symmetric matrix.
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

1 1 1 T 1
A= (A + A T ) + (A - A T ) and A = (A + A) - (A T - A)
2
144244 3 2
144244 3 2 2
symmetric skew symmetric

Illustration 14. If A is symmetric as well as skew symmetric matrix, then A is -

(A) diagonal matrix (B) null matrix (C) triangular matrix (D) none of these
Solution Let A = [aij] Since A is skew symmetric a ij = –aji
for i = j, aii = –aii Þ aii = 0
for i ¹ j, aij = –aji [Q A is skew symmetric ], & aij = aji [Q A is symmetric]
\ aij = 0 for all i ¹ j
so, aij = 0 for all 'i' and 'j' i.e. A is null matrix. Ans. (B)

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JEE-Mathematics

é4 6 -1ù é2 4ù é3 ù
ê3 0 2 ú ê0 1 ú ê1 ú
1. A= ê ú,B= ê ú,C= ê ú , then the expression which is not defined is
ëê1 -2 5 úû ëê -1 2 úû ëê 2 ûú
(A) A2 + 2B – 2A (B) CC¢ (C) B¢C (D) AB
2. If A is involutory matrix and I is unit matrix of same order, then (I - A)(I + A) is
(A) Zero matrix (B) A (C) I (D) 2A
é 1/ 2 1/ 2 ù
3. The matrix A = ê ú is
ëê- 1 / 2 - 1 / 2 ûú
(A) Involutory (B) Orthogonal (C) Nilpotent (D) None of the above
4. The product of a matrix and its transpose is an identity matrix. The value of determinant of this matrix can be
(A) – 1 only (B) 0 only (C) +1 or –1 only (D) 1 only
é 1 - 3 - 4ù
ê ú
5. The matrix A = ê - 1 3 4 ú is nilpotent of index
êë 1 - 3 - 4 úû

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 6

æ 2 1ö
æ 1 -2 1 ö ç ÷
6. If A = çç 2 1 3 ÷÷ and B = çç 3 2 ÷÷ , then ( AB)T is equal to
è ø
è1 1ø

æ -3 -2 ö æ -3 10 ö æ -3 7 ö
(A) çç 10 ÷
7 ÷ø
(B) çç - 2 ÷
7 ÷ø
(C) çç 10 2 ÷÷ (D) None of these
è è è ø

é0 5 - 7ù
ê ú
- 5 0 11 ú
7. The matrix ê is known as
êë 7 - 11 0 úû

(A) Upper triangular matrix (B) Skew symmetric matrix

(C) Symmetric matrix (D) Diagonal matrix
8. If A is a square matrix for which aij = i 2 - j 2 , then A is
(A) Zero matrix (B) Unit matrix
(C) Symmetric matrix (D) Skew symmetric matrix
é1 -1ù
9. If matrix A = ê1 1 ú, then
ë û

é1 1ù -1 é 1 1ù
(A) A¢ = ê1 - 1ú (B) A = ê - 1 1ú
ë û ë û
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

é 1 1ù él -l ù
(C) A. ê - 1 1ú = 2 I (D) lA = ê 1 - 1ú where l is a non zero scalar
ë û ë û

é1 -2ù
10. If A = ê5 ú , then A + AT equals
3û
ë

é2 3ù é2 -4 ù é 2 4ù
(A) ê 3 6 ú (B) ê10 6û
ú (C) ê - 10 6 ú (D) None of these
ë û ë ë û

é 0 1 -2 ù
ê ú
11. If A = ê -1 0 5 ú , then
êë 2 -5 0 úû

(A) A' = A (B) A' = -A (C) A' = 2A (D) None of these

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12. If A = dig(2,-1, 3), B = dig(-1, 3, 2) , then A 2 B =

(A) dig (5, 4, 11) (B) dig (–4, 3, 18) (C) dig (3, 1, 8 ) (D) None of these
13. An orthogonal matrix is
é cos a 2 sin a ù é cos a sin a ù écos a sin a ù é1 1ù
(A) ê - 2 sin a cos a û
ú (B) ê - sin a cos a ú (C) ê sin a cos a ú (D) ê1 1ú
ë ë û ë û ë û

é1 2 2ù
1ê ú
A = ê 2 1 - 2ú
14. The matrix 3 is
êë - 2 2 - 1 úû

(A) Orthogonal (B) Involutory (C) Idempotent (D) Nilpotent

15. Determine the characteristic roots of the matrix A. Hence find the trace and determinant value of A.

é 8 -6 2 ù
ê ú
Where A = ê -6 7 -4 ú and also prove that A3 – 18A2 + 45A = O..
êë 2 -4 3 úû

18.0 ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX

Let A = [aij] be a square matrix of order n and let Cij be cofactor of aij in A then the adjoint of A, denoted by
adjA, is defined as the transpose of the cofactor matrix.

T
é C11 C12 C13 ù
Then, adjA = [Cij] T Þ adjA = ê C23 C22 C23 ú
ú
ê
êë C31 C32 C33 úû

Theorem – A (adj. A) = (adj. A) .A = |A| In.

æ a11 a12 a13 ö æ C11 C21 C31 ö

ç ÷ ç ÷
Proof – A.(adj A) = ç a 21 a 22 a 23 ÷ ç C12 C22 C32 ÷
ça ÷ çC ÷
è 31 a 32 a33 ø è 13 C23 C33 ø

æ|A| 0 0 ö æ1 0 0 ö
ç ÷ ç ÷
0 |A| 0 =|A|
ç ÷ ç0 1 0 ÷ Þ A. (Adj. A) = | A | I
ç 0 0 |A|÷ø ç0 0 1 ÷
è è ø

(whatever may be the value only |A| will come out as a common element)
A. (adj. A)
If | A | ¹ 0 then = I = unit matrix of the same order as that of A
|A|
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

Properties of adjoint matrix

If A be a square matrix of order n, then
(i) |adj A| = |A|n–1 (ii) adj(adj A) = |A|n–2 A, where |A|¹ 0
2
(iii) |adj(adj A)|=|A|(n -1) , where |A|¹ 0 (iv) adj(AB) = (adj B) (adj A)

(v) adj(KA) = Kn–1 (adj A) , K is a scalar (vi) adj AT = (adj A)T

Method to find adjoint of a 2 × 2 square matrix, directly
Let A be a 2 × 2 square matrix. In order to find the adjoint simply interchange the diagonal elements and
reverse the sign of off diagonal elements (rest of the elements).

ép q ù é s -q ù
e.g. If A = ê ú Þ adjA = ê ú
ër sû ë -r p û
15
JEE-Mathematics

é 1 3 5ù
Illustration 15. If A = êê3 5 1úú , then adj A is equal to -
êë5 1 3 úû

é 14 -4 -22 ù é -14 4 22 ù é 14 4 -22ù

ê ú ê 4 ú ê 4 -22 -14 ú
(A) (B) ê 22 -14 ú (C) ê ú (D) none of these
ê -4 -22 14 ú
ê 22 - 14 4 ú ê - 22 -14 - 4 úû
ëê -22 14 -4 ûú ë û ë

T
é 14 -4 -22ù é 14 -4 -22 ù
ê -4 -22 14 ú ê -4 -22 14 ú
Solution adj. A = ê ú = ê ú Ans. (A)
êë -22 14 -4 úû ëê -22 14 -4 ûú

é2 0 0 ù
Illustration 16. If A = êê2 2 0 úú , then adj (adj A) is equal to -
êë2 2 2 úû
é1 0 0ù é1 0 0ù é1 0 0ù
ê1 1 0ú ê 0 úú ê ú
(A) 8 ê ú (B) 16 ê1 1 (C) 64 ê1 1 0ú (D) none of these
êë1 1 1úû êë1 1 1úû êë1 1 1úû

2 0 0
Solution |A| = 2 2 0 = 8
2 2 2
Now adj (adj A) = | A| 3–2 A
é2 0 0ù é1 0 0ù
ê2 2 0ú ê ú
= 8 ê ú = 16 ê1 1 0ú Ans. (B)
ëê2 2 2úû êë1 1 1úû

19.0 INVERSE OF A MATRIX (Reciprocal Matrix)

A square matrix A said to be invertible if and only if it is non-singular (i.e. |A|¹ 0) and there exists a matrix B
such that, AB = I = BA.
B is called the inverse (reciprocal) of A and is denoted by A –1 . Thus

A -1 = B Û AB = I = BA
We have, A.(adj A) =|A | I n
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

A -1 . A(adj A) = A -1 In |A|

In (adj A) = A -1 |A|I n
(adj A)
\ A –1 =
|A|
Note – The necessary and sufficient condition for a square matrix A to be invertible is that |A|¹ 0
Properties of inverse
(i) If A & B are invertible matrices of the same order, then (AB) –1 = B –1 A –1 .
Note–If A1, A2,...............An are all invertible square matrices of order n
then (A1A2..............An)–1 = An–1 An–1–1............A2–1 A1–1

16
 Matr ices

(ii) If A be an invertible matrix, then AT is also invertible & (A T )-1 = (A -1 ) T .

(b) (A k )-1 = (A -1 )k = A - k ; k Î N
-1 -1
(iii) If A is invertible, (a) (A ) = A
(iv) If A is non-singular matrix, then |A–1| = |A|–1
(v) If idempotent matrix is invertible then its inverse will be identity matrix.
(vi) A nilpotent matrix will not be invertible because its determinant value is zero.
(vii) Orthogonal matrix A is always invertible and A –1 = AT.
(viii) A = A –1 for an involutary matrix.
Cancellation law – Let A,B,C be square matrices of the same order 'n'.
If A is a non-singular matrix, then
(a) AB = AC Þ B = C (Left cancellation law)
(b) BA = CA Þ B = C (Right cancellation law)
Note that these cancellation laws hold only if the matrix 'A' is non-singular (i.e.|A|¹ 0).

Illustration 17. Prove that if A is non-singular matrix such that A is symmetric then A–1 is also symmetric.
Solution AT = A [Q A is a symmetric matrix]
(AT)–1 = A–1 [since A is non-singular matrix]
Þ (A–1)T = A–1 Hence proved
-1
é 1 - tan q / 2 ù é 1 tan q / 2 ù
Illustration 18. ê ú ê - tan q / 2 ú is equal to -
ë tan q / 2 1 û ë 1 û

é sin q - cos q ù é cos q sin q ù é cos q - sin q ù

(A) ê ú (B) ê ú (C) ê ú (D) none of these
ëcos q sin q û ë - sin q cos q û ë sin q cos q û
-1
é 1 tan q / 2 ù 1 é 1 - tan q / 2 ù
Solution ê ú = 2 ê ú
ë tan q / 2 1 û sec q / 2 ë tan q / 2 1 û
1 é 1 - tan q / 2 ù é 1 - tan q / 2 ù
\ Product = 2 ê ú ê tan q / 2 ú
sec q / 2 ë tan q / 2 1 ûë 1 û
1 é1 - tan2 q / 2 -2 tan q / 2 ù
= ê ú
sec2 q / 2 ë 2 tan q / 2 1 - tan2 q / 2û

é cos2 q / 2 sin2 q / 2 -2sin q / 2cos q / 2 ù é cos q - sin q ù

= ê 2 2 ú = ê ú Ans. (C)
ë 2 sin q / 2 cos q / 2 cos q / 2 - sin q / 2 û ë sin q cos q û
é0 1 ù
é 0 -1 2 ù ê1 0ú –1
I llu s t r a t i on 19. If A = ê ú, B= ê ú and M = AB, then M is equal to-
ë 2 -2 0 û êë1 1 úû
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

é2 - 2 ù é 1 / 3 1 / 3ù
(A) ê ú (B) ê ú
ë2 1 û ë -1 / 3 1 / 6 û
é1 / 3 -1 / 3 ù é 1 / 3 -1 / 3 ù
(C) ê ú (D) ê ú
ë1 / 3 1 / 6 û ë -1 / 3 1 / 6 û
é0 1ù
é0 -1 2 ù ê1 0úú é 1 2ù
Solution : M= ê ú ê = ê ú
ë2 -2 0 û ê1 1 úû ë -2 2 û
ë
é2 -2 ù
|M| = 6 , adj M = ê ú
ë2 1û
1 é2 -2 ù é1 / 3 -1 / 3 ù
\ M–1 = 6 ê ú=ê ú Ans. (C)
ë2 1 û ë1 / 3 1 / 6 û

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20.0 SYSTEM OF EQUATION & CRITERIA FOR CONSISTENCY

Gauss - Jordan method

a1x + b1y + c1z = d1

a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3

é a1 x + b1 y + c1 z ù é d1 ù é a1 b1 c1 ù é x ù é d1 ù
ê ú ê ú ê c2 úú êy ú = ê d ú
Þ ê a2 x + b 2 y + c 2 z ú = ê d 2 ú Þ ê a2 b2 ê ú ê 2ú
êë a3 x + b3 y + c 3 z úû êë d 3 úû êë a3 b3 c3 úû êë z úû êë d3 úû

Þ AX=B ....(i)
Multiplying adjA on both the sides of (i)
Þ (adjA) AX = (adjA)B Þ |A|X = (adjA) B

|A | X = (adjA )B

If |A | ¹ 0 If |A |=0

(adjA )B
X =
|A |
or (adjA )B = null m atrix If (adj A )B ¹ 0
X = A B– 1
(unique solution) Infinite solutions
Inconsistent (no solutio n)
or no solutio n

21.0 APPLICATION OF MATRIX

Matrix instead of being a quantity is an operator to be used for transformation of vectors or variables. The
addition and multiplication of matrices are compositions of operators instead of scalar quantities.
Geometrical applications
(a) Reflection – If the point (x,y) is reflected by the y-axis then new coordinates are x' = –x, y'= y .....(i)
These can be written in the form
x' = –1x + 0.y y' = 0.x + 1y
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

é x ' ù é -1 0 ù é x ù
In terms of matrices, they can be written as ê ú =ê úê ú
ë y 'û ë 0 1û ë y û

éxù é -1 0 ù
Hence the reflection about y-axis is obtained by pre-multiplying the column vector ê ú with ê ú.
ëy û ë 0 1û

é1 0 ù
Similarly the reflection in x-axis is obtained by pre-multiplying with ê ú
ë 0 - 1û
(b) Reflection about the line y = x
Since y' = x x' = y

é x ' ù é0 1 ù é x ù
and so ê ú=ê úê ú
ë y ' û ë1 0 û ë y û
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 Matr ices
Similarly the reflection of (x,y) about the line y = –x is obtained by x' = –y, y' = –x

é x ' ù é 0 -1ù é x ù
or ê ú=ê úê ú
ë y ' û ë -1 0 û ë y û

(c) Rotation about origin – If the coordinates of a point P are (x, y), O being the origin and the line OP is
rotated about O as centre through an angle a in the anti-clockwise direction, then the new coordinates of
P are
x' = r cos(q + a) = r cos q cos a – r sin q sina
= x cos a – y sin a.
y' = r sin(q + a ) = r sin q cos a + r cos q sin a
= y cos a – x sin a

é x ' ù écos a - sin a ù é x ù

so that ê ú = ê ú ê ú where (r,, q) be the polar coordinates of (x, y). If rotation is in clockwise
ë y ' û ë sin a cos a û ë y û

direction we put –a for a.

x+ y+ z = 6
x- y+ z = 2
Illustration 20. Solve the system using matrix method.
2x + y - z = 1

é 1 1 1ù éxù é6ù
ê 1 - 1 1ú êy ú ê ú
Solution Let A = ê ú , X = ê ú & B = ê2ú
êë2 1 -1úû êë z ûú êë1 úû

Then the system is AX = B.

A = 6, hence A is non singular,,

é0 3 3ù
ê 1úú
Cofactor A = ê2 -3
êë2 0 -2úû

é0 2 2ù
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

ê3 -3 0úú
adj A = ê
êë3 1 -2 úû

é0 2 2ù é 0 1/ 3 1/ 3 ù
1 1 ê ê
–1
A = adj A = 3 -3 ú
0ú = ê1 / 2 -1 / 2 0 úú
A 6 ê
êë3 1 -2 úû ëê1 / 2 1 / 6 -1 / 3 ûú

é 0 1/ 3 1/ 3 ù é6ù éxù é1 ù
ê1 / 2 -1 / 2 0 úú ê2ú
X=A B= ê–1
ê ú i.e. êê y úú = ê2ú
ê ú
êë1 / 2 1 / 6 -1 / 3 úû êë1 úû êë z úû êë3ûú
Þ x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 Ans.

19
JEE-Mathematics

é 3 - 2 - 1ù
1. Inverse of the matrix êê - 4 ú
1 - 1ú is
êë 2 0 1 úû

é1 2 3 ù é1 - 3 5ù é 1 2 3 ù é1 2 - 4 ù
ê ú ê ú ê ú ê ú
(A) ê 3 3 7 ú
(B) ê7 4 6 ú (C) ê 2 5 7 ú
(D) ê8 - 4 - 5 ú
êë - 2 - 4 - 5 úû êë 4 2 7 úû êë - 2 - 4 - 5 úû êë 3 5 2 úû

2. If A and B are non-singular matrices, then

(A) ( AB)-1 = A-1B-1 (B) AB = BA (C) ( AB)¢ = A¢B¢ (D) ( AB)-1 = B-1 A-1

é- 4 - 3 - 3ù
N = êê 1 0 1ú
ú
3. Adjoint of the matrix is
êë 4 4 3 úû

(A) N (B) 2N (C) – N (D) None of these

4. From the following find the correct relation

-1 adj A
(A) ( AB)¢ = A¢B¢ (B) ( AB)¢ = B¢A¢ (C) A = (D) ( AB)-1 = A-1B-1
A

5. If k is a scalar and I is a unit matrix of order 3, then adj(k I ) =

(A) k 3 I (B) k 2 I (C) - k 3 I (D) - k 2 I

6. If A is a n ´ n matrix, then adj(adj A)=

(A) | A | n -1 A (B) | A | n - 2 A (C) | A |n n (D) None of these

éi 0 ù
7. If A = ê0 i / 2ú (i = - 1), then A-1 =
ë û

éi 0 ù é -i 0 ù éi 0ù é0 iù
(A) ê0 i / 2ú (B) ê 0 - 2iú (C) ê0 2iú (D) ê 2i 0 ú
ë û ë û ë û ë û

8. If A is a non- singular matrix, then A(adj A) =

(A) A (B) I (C) |A|I (D) | A |2 I

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

é1 2 1ù
9. The element of second row and third column in the inverse of ê 2 ú
1 0ú is
ê
êë - 1 0 1úû

(A) – 2 (B) – 1 (C) 1 (D) 2

é1 0 0 ù
10. The inverse of the matrix êê0 1 0 úú is
ëê0 0 1 ûú

é0 0 1 ù é1 0 0 ù é0 1 0 ù é1 0 0 ù
(A) êê0 1 0 úú (B) êê0 1 0 úú (C) ê0 0 1 ú (D) êê0 0 1 úú
ê ú
êë1 0 0 úû êë0 0 1 úû êë1 0 0 úû êë0 1 0 úû

20
 Matr ices

é1 0 0ù
11. Let A = êê 5 ú
2 0ú , then the adjoint of A is
êë - 1 6 1úû

é 2 - 5 32 ù é - 1 0 0ù é-1 0 0ù
ê ú ê ú ê ú
(A) ê0 1 - 6 ú (B) ê - 5 - 2 0 ú (C) ê - 5 - 2 0 ú (D) None of these
êë0 0 2 úû êë 1 - 6 1 úû êë 1 - 6 - 1úû

12. If a matrix A is such that 3A3 + 2A 2 + 5A + I = O then its inverse is

(A) - (3 A2 + 2 A + 5I ) (B) 3 A 2 + 2 A + 5 I (C) 3 A 2 - 2 A - 5 I (D) None of these

é 1 2 3ù
ê ú
13. The inverse of ê0 1 2ú is
êë0 0 1 úû

é1 - 2 1 ù é1 - 2 1 ù é1 2 1 ù
ê ú
(A) êê0 1 - 2ú
ú
(B) ê0 1 - 2ú (C) êê0 1 2úú (D) None of these
êë0 0 0 úû êë0 0 1 úû êë0 0 1 úû

14. The equation

x + 2y + 3 z = 1, 2 x + y + 3 z = 2, 5 x + 5 y + 9 z = 4 have

(A) Unique solution (B) Infinitely many solutions

(C) Inconsistent (D) None of these
15. The system of equations x + 2y – 3z = 1, x – y + 4z = 0, 2x + y + z = 1 has -
(A) only two solutions (B) only one solution
(C) no solution (D) infinitely many solutions
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

21
JEE-Mathematics

SINGLE CORRECT

é1 5 ù é -2 5 ù
1. If A – 2B = ê ú and 2A – 3B = ê 0 7 ú , then matrix B is equal to -
ë3 7 û ë û

é -4 -5 ù é 0 6ù é 2 - 1ù é6 -1ù
(A) ê ú (B) ê ú (C) ê ú (D) ê ú
ë -6 -7 û ë -3 7 û ë3 2 û ë0 1 û

é cos a sin a ù
2. If Aa = ê ú , then AaAb is equal to -
ë - sin a cos a û

(A) Aa+b (B) Aab (C) Aa-b (D) none of these

3. If number of elements in a matrix is 60 then how many different order of matrix are possible -
(A) 12 (B) 6 (C) 24 (D) none of these
4. Matrix A has x rows and x + 5 columns. Matrix B has y rows and 11 – y columns. Both AB and BA exist,
then -
(A) x = 3, y = 4 (B) x = 4, y = 3 (C) x = 3, y = 8 (D) x = 8, y = 3
5. If A2 = A, then(I + A)4 is equal to -
(A) I + A (B) I + 4A (C) I + 15A (D) none of these

é1 1 ù é 1 2 ù é1 3 ù é1 n ù é1 378 ù
6. If the product of n matrices ê úê úê ú ...... ê ú is equal to the matrix ê0 1 ú then the
ë 0 1 û ë 0 1 û ë0 1 û ë0 1 û ë û
value of n is equal to -
(A) 26 (B) 27 (C) 377 (D) 378

é 0 1ù 2
7. If A = ê ú and (aI2 +bA) = A , then -
ë - 1 0 û

(A) a = b = 2 (B) a = b = 1/ 2 (C) a = b = 3 (D) a = b = 1/ 3

8. If A is a skew symmetric matrix such that ATA = I, then A4n–1 ( n Î N ) is equal to -

(A) – AT (B) I (C) – I (D) AT

9. If AAT = I and det(A) = 1, then -
(A) Every element of A is equal to it's co-factor.
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

(B) Every element of A and it's co-factor are additive inverse of each other.
(C) Every element of A and it's co-factor are multiplicative inverse of each other.
(D) None of these
10. Which of the following is an orthogonal matrix -

é 6 / 7 2 / 7 -3 / 7 ù é6 / 7 2 / 7 3 / 7 ù
ê ú ê ú
(A) ê2 / 7 3 / 7 6 / 7 ú (B) ê2 / 7 -3 / 7 6 / 7 ú
ëê3 / 7 -6 / 7 2 / 7 ûú êë3 / 7 6 / 7 -2 / 7 úû

é -6 / 7 -2 / 7 -3 / 7 ù é 6 / 7 -2 / 7 3 / 7 ù
ê ú ê ú
(C) ê 2 / 7 3 / 7 6 / 7 ú (D) ê 2 / 7 2 / 7 -3 / 7 ú
ëê -3 / 7 6 / 7 2 / 7 ûú ëê -6 / 7 2 / 7 3 / 7 ûú
22
 Matr ices
11. If A is an orthogonal matrix & | A | = –1, then AT is equal to -
(A) –A (B) A (C) –(adj A) (D) (adj A)
12. det. {adj (2In)} is equal to
(A) 2n – 1 (B) 2 (C) 2n (D) 2n(n – 1)

é3 2ù é3 1 ù
13. Let the matrix A and B be defined as A = ê ú and B = ê ú then the value of Det.(2A9B–1), is -
ë2 1û ë7 3 û

(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) –2

é2 1 ù é - 3 2 ù é1 0 ù
14. If ê úAê ú=ê ú , then matrix A equals -
ë 7 4 û ë 5 -3 û ë 0 1 û

é 7 5ù é2 1 ù é 7 1ù é 5 3ù
(A) ê ú (B) ê ú (C) ê ú (D) ê ú
ë -11 -8 û ë5 3û ë34 5 û ë13 8 û

é0 5 ù
15. If A = ê ú and ¦(x) = 1 + x + x + ...... + x , then ¦(A) =
2 16

ë0 0 û

é1 5 ù é1 5 ù é0 5 ù
(A) 0 (B) ê ú (C) ê ú (D) ê ú
ë0 1 û ë0 0 û ë1 1 û

é1 2 ù 2
16. If M = ê ú and M –lM – I2 = O , then l equals -
ë2 3 û

(A) –2 (B) 2 (C) –4 (D) 4

é1 - 2 ù é -1 4 ù é4 8 ù
17. If A = ê ú,B = ê ú and ABC = ê ú , then C equals -
ë3 0 û ë 2 3 û ë3 7û

1 é72 -32 ù 1 é -54 -110 ù 1 é -54 110 ù 1 é -72 32 ù

(A) (B) (C) (D)
66 êë57 -29 úû 66 êë 3 11 û
ú
66 êë 3 -11û
ú
66 êë -57 29 úû

18. If P is a two-rowed matrix satisfying PT = P–1, then P can be -

é cos q - sin q ù é cos q sin q ù é - cos q sin q ù

(A) ê ú (B) ê ú (C) ê ú (D) none of these
ë - sin q cos q û ë - sin q cos q û ë sin q - cos q û
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

é a 0 0 ù
ê ú
19. If A = ê 0 a 0 ú , then | A | | Adj A | is equal to -
êë 0 0 a úû

(A) a25 (B) a27 (C) a81 (D) none of these

é2 3 ù
20. If A = ê ú , then 19A–1 is equal to -
ë 5 -2 û

1
(A) AT (B) 2A (C) A (D) A
2

23
JEE-Mathematics

MORE THAN ONE OPTION CORRECT

Select the correct alternatives (one or more than one correct answers)
21. If A is a invertible idempotent matrix of order n, then adj A is equal to -
(A) (adj A)2 (B) I (C) A–1 (D) none of these
22. Let A, B, C, D be (not necessarily square) real matrices such that AT = BCD ; BT = CDA; CT = DAB and
DT = ABC for the matrix S = ABCD, then which of the following is/are true
(A) S3 = S (B) S2 = S4 (C) S = S2 (D) none of these
23. If A and B are two invertible matrices of the same order, then adj (AB) is equal to -
(A) adj (B) adj (A) (B) |B||A| B–1 A–1 (C) |B||A| A–1 B–1 (D) |A||B|(AB)–1
24. If A and B are different matrices satisfying A3 = B3 and A2B = B2A, then which of the following is/are
correct-
(A) det (A2 + B2) must be zero
(B) det (A – B) must be zero
(C) det (A2 + B2) as well as det (A – B) must be zero
(D) At least one of det (A2 + B2) or det (A – B) must be zero

é0 0 1 ù
25. If A = êê0 1 0úú , then-
êë1 0 0úû

é 0 0 -1ù
(A) AdjA is zero matrix (B) Adj A = êê 0 -1 0 úú
êë -1 0 0 úû

(C) A–1 = A (D) A2 = I

26. If A and B are square matrices of the same order such that A 2 = A, B2 = B, AB = BA, then which one of the
following may be true-
(A) A(B)2 = O (B) (A + B)2 = A + B (C) (A – B)2 = A – B (D) none of these
27. If B is an idempotent matrix and A = I – B, then-
(A) A2 = A (B) A2 = I (C) AB = O (D) BA = O
28. A square matrix can always be expressed as a
(A) sum of a symmetric matrix and skew symmetric matrix of the same order
(B) difference of a symmetric matrix and skew symmetric matrix of the same order
(C) skew symmetric matrix
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

(D) symmetric matrix

29. Choose the correct answer :
(A) every scalar matrix is an identity matrix.
(B) every identity matrix is a scalar matrix
(C) transpose of transpose of a matrix gives the matrix itself.
(D) for every square matrix A there exists another matrix B such that AB = I = BA.

24
 Matr ices

Comprehension Based Questions

Comprehension – 1
Let P(x, y) be any point and P'(x1, y1) be its image in x-axis then
x1 = x
y1 = –y
This system of equation is equivalent to the matrix equation.

é x1 ù éxù
ê ú = Aê ú
ë y1 û ëy û

where A is a square matrix of order 2

é x2 ù é x ù é x3 ù é x ù é x4 ù é xù
Similarly ê ú = B ê ú, ê ú = C ê ú, ê ú = D ê ú
y
ë 2û y
ë û ë 3ûy y
ë û ë 4ûy ëyû

represents the reflection of point (x, y) in y-axis, origin and the line y = x respectively.
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions
1. The value of A + B + C + D is -

é -1 1 ù é -1 1 ù é1 0 ù é0 1 ù
(A) ê ú (B) ê ú (C) ê ú (D) ê ú
ë 0 0û ë 1 - 1û ë 0 - 1û ë1 0 û
2. Let X be a square matrix given by X = A + AD2 + AD4 +.........+AD2n – 2, then X is -

é -n 0 ù é n 0ù én 0 ù é -n 0ù
(A) ê ú (B) ê ú (C) ê ú (D) ê ú
ë 0 -n û ë0 n û ë0 -n û ë 0 nû

éxù éa ù
3. Let P(a, b) be a point & ê ú = DCBA ê ú then Q(x, y) represents the reflection of point P(a, b) in -
ëy û ëbû
(A) x-axis (B) y-axis (C) origin (D) line y = x

Comprehension – 2

é 2 -2 -4 ù é -4 -3 -3ù
ê ú
If A 0 = ê -1 3 4 ú and B 0 = êê 1 0 1 úú
ëê 1 -2 -3 úû êë 4 4 3 úû
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

Bn = adj(Bn – 1), n Î N and I is an identity matrix of order 3.

On the basis of above information, answer the following questions

4. det. (A 0 + A20B20 + A 03 + A 40 B 40 + .......10 terms) is equal to -

(A) 1000 (B) –800 (C) 0 (D) –8000
5. B1 + B2 + ....... + B49 is equal to -
(A) B0 (B) 7B0 (C) 49B0 (D) 49I
6. For a variable matrix X the equation A0X = B0 will have -
(A) unique solution (B) infinite solution (C) finitely many solution (D) no solution

25
JEE-Mathematics
Comprehension – 3

æ 1 3 l + 2ö æ 3 1 4ö
ç
Let A and B are two matrices of same order 3 × 3, where A = 2 4 ÷ ç ÷
ç 8 ÷ , B = ç 3 2 5÷ .
ç 3 5 10 ÷ ç 2 1 4÷
è ø è ø
7. If A is singular matrix, then tr(A + B) is equal to
(A) 6 (B) 12 (C) 24 (D) 17
8. If matrix 2A + 3B is singular, then the value of 2l is
(A) –111 (B) –113 (C) –115 (D) –117
1
9. If l = 3, then (tr(AB) + tr(BA)) is equal
7
(A) 234/7 (B) 233/7 (C) 231/7 (D) 232/7

Comprehension – 4
Consider some special type of matrices.
A square matrix A is said to be an Idempotent Matrix if A2 = A
A square matrix A is said to be a Nilpotent Matrix if Ak = Null Matrix, for k Î N .
A square matrix is said to be an Involutary Matrix, if A2 = I.
Consider the following matrices

é 2 -3 -5ù é 1 -3 -4 ù é0 1 -1ù
A = ê -1 4 5 ú ;B = ê -1 3 4 ú ;C = êê 4 -3 4 úú
ê ú ê ú
êë 1 -3 -4 úû êë 1 -3 -4 úû êë3 -3 4 úû

10. Which one of the following is a Nilpotent Matrix ?

(A) A (B) B (C) C (D) AC2
11. Which one of the following is not an Idempotent Matrix ?
(A) A3 C2 (B) A 2 C 2 (C) A 2 B (D) C3
12. Which one of the following matrices posses an inverse ?
(A) BC2 (B) A3C2 (C) A2B (D) C3
Match the Column
Following questions contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with ONE OR MORE statement in Column-II.
13. Co lu mn - I Column-II
Matrix Type of matrix
é 2 -2 -4 ù
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

(A) ê -1 3 4 úú (p) Idempotent

ê
êë 1 -2 -3 úû
é -5 -8 0 ù
ê3 5 0ú
(B) ê ú (q) Involutary
êë 1 2 -1úû
é 1 -2 2 ù
1ê
(C) -2 1 2 úú (r) Nilpotent
3ê
êë-2 -2 -1úû

é1 1 3ù
ê5 2 6ú
(D) ê ú (s) Orthogonal
êë -2 -1 -3úû

26
 Matr ices
14. Co lu mn - I Column-II
(A) If A is a square matrix of order 3 and (p) 6

æ Aö
det A = 162 then det ç ÷ =
è 3ø
(B) If A is a matrix such that A2 = A and (q) 5

2l + 1
(I + A)5 = I + lA then
7

é4 3ù 2
(C) If A = ê ú and A – xA + yI = 0 (r) 0
ë2 5 û
then y – x =

é 9 10 11 12 ù
ê ú
(D) If A = ê13 14 15 16 ú and (s) 9
êë17 18 19 20 ûú

é1 3 5 7 ù
ê -3 -3 -10 -10ú
ê ú
B = ê 5 10 5 0 ú then (AB)23
ê ú
êë 7 10 0 7 úû

15*. Consider a square matrix A of order 2 which has 4 distinct elements as 0, 1, 2 and 4.Let N denote the number
of such matrices, all elements of which are distinct.
Column-I Column-II
(A) Possible non-negative value of det(A) is (p) 2
(B) Sum of values of determinants corresponding to N matrices is (q) 4
(C) If absolute value of (det(A)) is least, then possible value of |adj(adj(adj A)))| (r) –2
(D) If det(A) is algebraically least, then possible value of det(4A –1) is (s) 0
(t) 8

INTEGER / SUJBJECT IVE TYPE QUESTIONS

é 3x 2 ù é( x + 2 ) 2 5x 2 2x ù
ê ú ê ú
16. Let A = ê 1 ú , B = [a b c] and C = ê 5x 2 ( x + 2 )2 ú be three given matrices, where a, b, c
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

2x
ê 6x ú ê ú
ë û ê 2x
ë
( x + 2 )2 5x 2 ú
û

and x Î R. Given that tr(AB) = tr(C) " x Î R , where tr(A) denotes trace of A. Find the value of (a + b + c).

17. A is a square matrix of order n.

l = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a triangular matrix

m = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a diagonal matrix

p = minimum number of zeroes if A is a triangular matrix

If l + 5 = p + 2m, find the order of the matrix.

27
JEE-Mathematics

18. If A is an idempotent matrix and I is an identity matrix of the same order, find the value of n, n ÎN, such that
(A + I)n = I + 127 A.

é 0 1 -1ù
ê ú
19. Let X be the solution set of the equation Ax = I, where A = ê 4 -3 4 ú and I is the corresponding unit
êë 3 -3 4 úû

matrix and x Î N then find the minimum value of å (cos x

q + sin x q), q Î R.

20. Find the number of 2 × 2 matrix satisfying :

(a) aij is 1 or –1 ; 2
(b) a11 2
+ a12 2
= a21 2
+ a22 = 2;

(c) a11a21 + a12a22 = 0

21. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that a 11 = a33 = 2 and all the other aij = 1. Let A–1 = xA2 + yA + zI, then find
the value of (x + y + z) where I is a unit matrix of order 3.

é1 2 2ù é2 1 1ù é10 ù
ê 3 úú , C = ê2 1 úú , D = ê13 ú
22. Given that A = ê 2 2 ê 2 ê ú and that Cb = D. Find the sum of all element
êë 1 -1 3 úû êë 1 1 1 úû êë 9 úû
in x, if Ax = b.

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

28
 Matr ices

é x z ù é1 -1ù é3 6ù
1. Find x,y,z,t if 2 ê ú + 3ê ú = 3ê ú
ë y t û ë0 2 û ë4 6û
2. If A is any m × n such that AB and BA are both defined show that B is an n × m matrix.
3. A,B are two matrices such that AB and A + B are both defined; show that A,B are square matrices of the
same order.
4. Show that the elements on the main diagonal of a skew-symmetric matrix are all zero.

é x - y 2z + w ù é 5 3 ù
5. Find x,y,z and w such that ê ú=ê ú
ë 2x - y 2x + w û ë12 15û

é 2 -1ù é1 4 ù
6. If A = ê ú and B = ê ú , find 3A –2B.
ë3 1 û ë7 2 û
7. If A = diag (1, –1, 2) and B = diag (2, 3, – 1), find A + B, 3A + 4B.

é 2 3 ù é 3 -6 ù
8. Find a matrix A, if A + ê ú=ê ú
ë -1 4û ë -3 8 û

9. Let A be a square matrix. Then, A + AT is a symmetric matrix,

10. Let A be a square matrix. Then, AAT and AT are symmetric matrices.

é 2 3 -5ù é 0 5 1ù
11. If A = ê ú and B = ê ú , find A + B and A – B.
ë1 2 -1û ë -2 7 3û
12. Prove that the product of matrices

é cos 2 q cos q sin qù é cos 2 f cos 2 f sin f ù

ê ú and ê ú is the null matrix, when q and f differ by odd
ë cos q sin q sin 2 q û ë cos f sin f sin 2 f û

p
multiple of .
2

é 1 3 2ù é 1 ù
1 x 1] êê 2 5 1 úú êê 2 úú = 0
Find the value of x such that [
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

13.
ëê15 3 2ûú êë x ûú

é 1 0ù é1 0 ù
14. If A = ê ú and I = ê ú , then find k so that A 2 = 8A + kI
ë -1 7 û ë0 1 û

15. Under what conditions is the matrix equation A 2 - B2 = (A - B)(A + B) is true

16. If A and B are square matrices of order n, then prove that A and B will commute iff A –l I and and B – l I
commute for every scalar l.
17. Use matrix multiplication to divide Rs. 30,000 in two two parts such that the total annual interest at 9% on
the first part and 11% on the second part amounts Rs.3060.

29
JEE-Mathematics

é-1ù
A = êê 2 úú
18. If and B = [– 2 –1 – 4], verify that (AB)T = BT A T
êë 3 úû

19. Let A and B be symmetric matrices of the same order. Then, show that
(i) A + B is a symmetric matrix
(ii) AB – BA is a skew-symmetric matrix
(iii) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix

é-1 2 ù é3 -2 ù
20. Find a matrix X such that 2A + B + X = 0, where A = ê ú ,B = ê ú
ë 3 4û ë1 5 û

é2 3ù
é1 -2 3 ù B = êê-1 2 úú
21. Let A = ê ú and . Find AB and BA and show that AB ¹ BA .
ë3 2 -1û êë 4 -5úû

22. For what value of x and y are the matrices equal

é2x + 1 3y ù é x + 3 y 2 + 2ù
A=ê , B =
ë 0 y 2 - 5 y úû ê 0
ë - 6 úû

é-2 2 0 ù é 2 0 -2ù
23. Find a matrix A such that 2A – 3B + 5C = O, where B = ê ú and C = ê ú
ë 3 1 4û ë7 1 6 û

é 0 1ù
24. If A = ê ú ,find x and y such that (xI + yA ) 2 = A.
ë -1 0 û

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

30
 Matr ices

ANSWER KEY
BEGIINNER'S BOX - 1
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (B)
7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (C) 10. (A)

BEGIINNER'S BOX - 2
1. (A) 2. (C) 3. (D) 4. (C) 5. (A)
6. (B) 7. (C) 8. (C) 9. (C) 10. (B)

BEGIINNER'S BOX - 3
1. (A) 2. (A) 3. (C) 4. (C) 5. (A) 6. (B)
7. (B) 8. (D) 9. (C) 10. (A) 11. (B) 12. (B)
13. (B) 14. (A) 15. l = 0, 3 and tr(A) = 18, |(A)| = 0

BEGIINNER'S BOX - 4
1. (C) 2. (D) 3. (A) 4. (B) 5. (B) 6. (B)
7. (B) 8. (C) 9. (B) 10. (B) 11. (D) 12. (A)
13. (B) 14. (A) 15. (D)

EXERC IS E-1
SINGLE CORR ECT & MORE THAN ONE OPTION CORR ECT

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A A A C C B B D A A
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. C D D A B D B B D D
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29
Ans. ABC AB ABD A B CD ABC A CD AB BC

EXERC IS E-2
l Comprehension Based Questions
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\16.Matrices\Th.&Ex.

Comprehension – 1 1. B 2. C 3. D
Comprehension – 2 4. C 5. C 6. D
Comprehension – 3 7. C 8. C 9. A
Comprehension – 4 10. B 11. D 12. D

l Match the Column 13. (A) ® (p), (B) ® (q), (C) ® (s), (D) ® (r)
14. (A) ® (p), (B) ® (s), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (r)
15. (A) ® (p,q,t), (B) ® (s), (C) ® (p,r), (D) ® (r)

l INTEGER/SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

16. (7) 17. (4) 18. (7)
19. (2) 20. (8) 21. (1) 22. (1)

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JEE-Mathematics

NCE RT COR NER

1. x = 3, z = 21/2, y = 6 and t = 6. 5. x = 7, y = 2, z = 1 and w = 1.

é 4 -11ù
6. ê -5 -1 ú 7. diag (3, 2, 1); diag (11, 9, 2)
ë û

é 1 -9 ù
8. ê -2 4 ú 9. P is a symmetric matrix.
ë û

é 2 -2 -6 ù
10. It can be prove that AT A is symmetric. 11. ê 3 -5 -4 ú 14. k = – 7.
ë û

15. Thus the given matrix equation is true if the matrices A and B commute with each other.
22. AB ¹ BA

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32
 Set, Relation & Function

SET, RELATION & FUNCTION

1.0 SET THEORY
The collection of well defined things is called set. Well defined means a law by which we are able to find
whether a given thing is contained in the given set or not.
Illustration 1. (i) A = { x ; x is a prime number} means
A = { 2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13........... }
(ii) W = { x ; x is a whole number } means
W = { 0 , 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..... }

METHODS TO WRITE A SET :

(i) Roster Method : In this method a set is described by listing elements, separated by commas and
enclose then by curly brackets
Ex. The set of vowels of English Alphabet may be described as {a, e, i, o, u}
(ii) Set Builder From : In this case we write down a property or rule p Which gives us all the element
of the set
A = {x : P(x)}
Illustration 2. A = {x : x Î N and x = 2n for n Î N}
i.e. A = {2, 4, 6, ....}
Illustration 3. B = {x2 : x Î z}
i.e. B = {0, 1, 4, 9, ....}

1.1 TYPES OF SETS

Null set or Empty set : A set having no element in it is called an Empty set or a null set or void set
it is denoted by f or { }

Illustration 4. A = {x Î N : 5 < x < 6} = f

A set consisting of at least one element is called a non-empty set or a non-void set.

Singleton : A set consisting of a single element is called a singleton set.

Illustration 5. Then set {0}, is a singleton set
Finite Set : A set which has only finite number of elements is called a finite set.
Illustration 6. A = {a, b, c}
Order of a finite set : The number of elements in a finite set is called the order of the set A and is denoted
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

O(A) or n(A). It is also called cardinal number of the set.

Illustration 7. A = {a, b, c, d} Þ n(A) = 4
Infinite set : A set which has an infinite number of elements is called an infinite set.
Illustration 8. A = {1, 2, 3, 4, ....} is an infinite set
Equal sets : Two sets A and B are said to be equal if every element of A is a member of B, and every
element of B is a member of A.
If sets A and B are equal. We write A = B and A and B are not equal then A ¹ B
Illustration 9. A = {1, 2, 6, 7} and B = {6, 1, 2, 7} Þ A = B
Equivalent sets : Two finite sets A and B are equivalent if their number of elements are same
ie. n(A) = n(B)
Illustration 10. A = {1, 3, 5, 7}, B = {a, b, c, d}
n(A) = 4 and n(B) = 4 Þ n(A) = n(B)
Note : Equal set always equivalent but equivalent sets may not be equal
33
JEE-Mathematics

Subsets : Let A and B be two sets if every element of A is an element B, then A is called a subset of
B if A is a subset of B. we write A Í B
Illustration 11. A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} Þ A Í B
The symbol ''Þ'' stands for "implies"
Proper subset : If A is a subset of B and A ¹ B then A is a proper subset of B. and we write A Ì B
Note-1 : Every set is a subset of itself i.e. A Í A for all A
Note-2 : Empty set f is a subset of every set
Note-3 : Clearly N Ì W Ì Z Ì Q Ì R Ì C
Note-4 : The total number of subsets of a finite set containing n elements is 2n
Universal set : A set consisting of all possible elements which occur in the discussion is called a Universal
set and is denoted by U
Note : All sets are contained in the universal set
Illustration 12. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {2, 4, 5, 6}, C = {1, 3, 5, 7} then
U = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7} can be taken as the Universal set.
Power set : Let A be any set. The set of all subsets of A is called power set of A and is denoted by
P(A)
Illustration 13. Let A = {1, 2} then P(A) = {f, {1}, {2}, {1, 2}}
Illustration 14. Let P(f) = {f}
Q P(P(f)) = {f, {f}}
Q P(P(P(f)) = {f, {f}, {{f}}, {f, {f}}
Note-1 : If A = f then P(A) has one element
Note-2 : Power set of a given set is always non empty

1.2 OPERATIONS OF SETS

The basic operations of sets and their related results are as follows.
(i) Union of sets : The union of two sets is represented by A È B or A + B. This set contains those elements
which are in A or in B or in A and B both. So
A B Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

A ÈB
A È B = { x ; x Î A or x Î B }
(ii) Intersection of two sets : The intersection of two sets is represented by A Ç B or AB. It contains those
all elements which are contained in both sets A and B both, So

A B

A ÇB
A Ç B = { x ; x ÎA and x Î B }
34
 Set, Relation & Function
(iii) Difference of two sets : If A and B are two sets then A–B represents the set of those elements which
are in A and not in B. In the same manner B–A represents the set of those elements which are in B and
not in A. So

A B

A-B B–A
or or
– –
AÇ B BÇA

A – B = A Ç B = {x ; x Î A and x Ï B}

B – A = B Ç A = {x ; xÎB and xÏA}

1.3 CARTESIAN PRODUCT OF TWO SETS

The cartesian product of two non-empty sets A & B is the set of all possible ordered pair of the form (a, b) where
the first element comes from set A & second comes from set B.
A × B = {(a, b) | a Î A, b Î B}
e.g. A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {p, q}
A × B = {(1, p)(1, q), (2, p), (2, q), (3, p), (3, q)}
NOTE
(i) If either A or B is the null set, then A × B will also be empty set, i.e. A × B = f
(ii) If n(A) = p & n(B) = q, then n(A × B) = p × q, where n(X) (cardinal number) denotes the number of
elements in set X.

2.0 RELATION
INTRODUCTION :

Let A and B be two sets. Then a relation R from A to B is a subset of A × B.

thus, R is a relation from A to B Û R Í A × B.
Illustration 15. If A = {1, 2, 3} and B = {a, b, c}, then R = {(1, b), (2, c), (1, a), (3, a)} being a
subset of A × B, is a relation from A to B. Here (1, b), (2, c), (1, a) and (3, a) Î R,
so we write 1 Rb, 2Rc, 1Ra and 3Ra. But (2, b) Ï R, so we write 2 R b
Total Number of Realtions : Let A and B be two non-empty finite sets consisting of m and n elements
respectively. Then A × B consists of mn ordered pairs. So, total number of subsets of A × B is 2 mn.
· Number of Non-empty subsets 2mn–1
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

2.1 Domain and Range of a relation

Let R be a relation from a set A to a set B. Then the set of all first components or coordinates of the ordered
pairs belonging to R is called to domain of R, while the set of all second components or coordinates of the
ordered pairs in R is called the range of R.
Thus, Dom (R) = {a : (a, b) Î R}
and, Range (R) = {b : (a, b) Î R}
It is evident from the definition that the domain of a relation from A to B is a subset of A and its range is a
subset of B.
Illustration 16. Let A = {1, 3, 5, 7} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8} be two sets and let R be a relation from
A to B defined by the phrase "(x, y) Î R Û x > y". Under this relation R, we have
3R2, 5R2, 5R4, 7R2, 7R4 and 7R6
i.e. R = {(3, 2), (5, 2), (5, 4), (7, 2), (7, 4), (7, 6)}
\ Dom (R) = {3, 5, 7} and Range (R) = {2, 4, 6}

35
JEE-Mathematics

2.2 Inverse Relation

Let A, B be two sets and let R be a relation from a set A to a set B. Then the inverse of R, denoted by R –1 , is
a relation from B to A and is defined by
R–1 = {(b, a) : (a, b) Î R}
Clearly, (a, b) Î R Û (b, a) Î R–1
Also, Dom(R) = Range(R–1) and Range (R) = Dom (R–1)
Illustration 17. Let A be the set of first ten natural numbers and let R be a relation on A defined by
(x, y) Î R Û x + 2y = 10, i.e. R = {(x, y) : x Î A, y Î A and x + 2y = 10}. Express
R and R –1 as sets of ordered pairs. Determine also
(i) domain of R and R (ii) range of R and R
–1 –1

10 - x
Solution. We have (x, y) Î R Û x + 2y = 10 Û y = , x, y Î A
2
where A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}

10 - 1 9
Now, x=1Þy= = Ï A.
2 2
This shows that 1 is not related to any element in A. Similarly we can observe. that 3, 5, 7, 9 and 10 are not
related to any element of A under the defined relation
Further we find that :
10 - 2
For x = 2, y = =4ÎA \ (2, 4) Î R
2
10 - 4
For x = 4, y = =3ÎA \ (4, 3) Î R
2
10 - 6
For x = 6, y = =2ÎA \ (6, 2) Î R
2
10 - 8
For x = 8, y = =1ÎA \ (8, 1) Î R
2
Thus R = {(2, 4), (4, 3), (6, 2), (8, 1)}
Þ R–1 = {(4, 2), (3, 4), (2, 6), (1, 8)}
Clearly, Dom(R) = {2, 4, 6, 8} = Range(R –1)
and Range (R) = {4, 3, 2, 1} = Dom(R–1)

2.3 TYPES OF RELATIONS

In this section we intend to define various types of relations on a given set A.
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

(1) Void Relation : Let A be a set. Then f Í A × A and so it is a relation on A. This relation is called the void
or empty relation on A.
(2) Universal Relation : Let A be a set. Then A × A Í A × A and so it is a relation on A. This relation is called
the universal relation on A.
(3) Identity Relation : Let A be a set. Then the relation I A = {(a, a) : a Î A} on A is called the identity relation
on A.
In other words, a relation IA on A is called the identity relation if every element of A is related to itself only.
Illustration 18. The relation IA = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3)} is the identity relation on set A = {1, 2, 3}.
But relations
R1 = {(1, 1), (2, 2)} and R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3)} are not identity relations
on A, because (3, 3) Ï R1 and in R2 element 1 is related to elements 1 and 3.

36
 Set, Relation & Function
(4) Reflexive Relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be reflexive if every element of A is related to itself.
Thus, R on a set A is not reflexive if there exists an element A Î A such that (a , a) Ï R.
Illustration 19. Let A = {1, 2, 3} be a set. Then R = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3), (2, 1)} is a reflexive
relation on A.
But R1 = {(1, 1), (3, 3), (2, 1), (3, 2)} is not a reflexive relation on A, because 2 Î A
but (2, 2) Ï R1.

Note : Every Identity relation is reflexive but every reflexive ralation is not identity.

(5) Symmetric Relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be a symmetric relation iff

(a, b) Î R Þ (b, a) Î R for all a, b Î A
i.e. a R b Þ bRa for all a, b, Î A.
Illustration 20. Let L be the set of all lines in a plane and let R be a relation defined on L by the rule
(x, y) Î R Û x is perpendicular to y. Then R is a symmetric relation on L, because
L1 ^ L2 Þ L2 ^ L1
i.e. (L1, L2) Î R Þ (L2, L1) Î R.
Illustration 21. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4} and Let R1 and R2 be realtion on A given by R1 = {(1, 3), (1, 4),
(3, 1), (2, 2), (4, 1)} and R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (1, 3)}. Clearly, R1 is a symmetric
relation on A. However, R2 is not so, because (1, 3) Î R2 but (3, 1) Ï R2
(6) Transitive Relation : Let A be any set. A relation R on A is said to be a transitive relation iff
(a, b) Î R and (b, c) Î R Þ (a, c) Î R for all a, b, c Î A
i.e. a R b and b R c Þ a R c for all a, b, c Î A
Illustration 22. On the set N of natural numbers, the relation R defined by x R y Þ x is less than y is
transitive, because for any x, y, z Î N
x < y and y < z Þ x < z Þ x R y and y R z Þ x R z
Illustration 23. Let L be the set of all straight lines in a plane. Then the realtion 'is parallel to' on L is
a transitive relation, because from any l1, l2, l3 Î L.
l1 | l2 and l2 | l3 Þ l1 | l3
(7) Equivalence Relation : A relation R on a set A is said to be an equivalence relation on A iff
(i) it is reflexive i.e. (a, a) Î R for all a Î A
(ii) it is symmetric i.e. (a, b) Î R Þ (b, a) Î R for all a, b Î A
(iii) it is transitive i.e. (a, b) Î R and (b, c) Î R Þ (a, c) Î R for all a, b, c Î A.
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

Illustration 24. Let R be a relation on the set of all lines in a plane defined by (l1, l2) Î R Û line l1
is parallel to line l2. R is an equivalence relation.
Note : It is not neccessary that every relation which is symmetric and transitive is also reflexive.

3.0 FUNCTION
A relation R from a set A to a set B is called a function if each element of A has unique image in B.
ƒ
It is denoted by the symbol. ƒ : A ® B or A ¾¾® B which reads ‘ƒ ’ is a function from A to B ‘or’ ƒ maps
A to B,
If an element a Î A is associated with an element b Î B, then b is called ‘the ƒ image of a’ or ‘image of a under
ƒ ‘or’ the value of the function ƒ at a’. Also a is called the pre-image of b or argument of b under the function
ƒ. We write it as b = ƒ (a) or ƒ : a ® b or ƒ : (a, b)
Thus a function ‘ƒ ’ from a set A to a set B is a subset of A × B in which each 'a' belonging to A appears in one
and only one ordered pair belonging to ƒ.

37
JEE-Mathematics

Representation of Function
(a) Ordered pair – Every function from A ® B satisfies the following conditions :
(i) ƒ Í A x B (ii) " a Î A there exist b Î B and (iii) (a, b) Î ƒ & (a, c) Î ƒ Þ b = c

(b) Formula based (uniformly/nonuniformly) e.g.

(i) ƒ : R ® R, y = ƒ (x) = 4x (uniformly defined)
(ii) ƒ (x) = x2 (uniformly defined)

ìx + 1 -1 £ x < 4
(iii) ƒ(x) = í (non-uniformly defined)
î-x 4£ x <7

ìx2 x³0
(iv) ƒ(x) = í (non-uniformly defined)
î- x - 1 x<0

(c) Graphical representation

y1 y1

x1 x1
y2

Graph (1) Graph (2)

Graph(1) represent a function but graph(2) does not represent a function.
NOTE
(i) If a vertical line cuts a given graph at more than one point then it can not be the graph of a function.
(ii) Every function is a relation but every relation is not necessarily a function.

1. If R is a relation from a finite set A having m elements to a finite set B having n elements, then the number of
relations from A to B is-
(A) 2mn (B) 2mn –1 (C) 2mn (D) mn
2. In the set A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, a relation R is defined by R = {(x, y) | x, y Î A and x < y}. Then R is-
(A) Reflexive (B) Symmetric (C) Transitive (D) None of these
3. For real numbers x and y, we write x R y Û x – y + 2 is an irrational number. Then the relation R is-
(A) Reflexive (B) Symmetric (C) Transitive (D) none of these
4. Let X = {1, 2, 3, 4} and Y = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}. Which of the following is relations from X to Y-
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

(A) R1 = {(x, y) | y = 2 + x, x Î X, y Î Y} (B) R2 = {(1, 1), (2, 1), (3, 3), (4, 3), (5, 5)}
(C) R3 = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (3, 5), (3, 7), (5, 7)} (D) R4 = {(1, 3), (2, 5), (2, 4), (7, 9)}
5. Let A = {2, 3, 4, 5} and let R = {(2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), (5, 5), (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 5), (5, 3)} be a relation in A.
Then R is-
(A) Reflexive and transitive (B) Reflexive and symmetric
(C) Reflexive and antisymmetric (D) none of these
6. If A = {2, 3} and B = {1, 2}, then A × B is equal to-
(A) {(2, 1), (2, 2), (3, 1), (3, 2)} (B) {(1, 2), (1, 3), (2, 2), (2, 3)}
(C) {(2, 1), (3, 2)} (D) {(1, 2), (2, 3)}
7. Let R be a relation over the set N × N and it is defined by (a, b) R (c, d) Þ a + d = b + c. Then R is-
(A) Reflexive only (B) Symmetric only
(C) Transitive only (D) An equivalence relation
8. If A = {1, 2, 3}, B = {1, 4, 6, 9} and R is a relation from A to B defined by 'x is greater than y'. Then range
of R is-
(A) {1, 4, 6, 9} (B) {4, 6, 9} (C) {1} (D) none of these

38
 Set, Relation & Function

9. Let R = {(x, y) : x, y Î A, x + y = 5} where

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5} then
(A) R is not reflexive, symmetric and not transitive (B) R is an equivalence relation
(C) R is reflexive, symmetric but not transitive (D) R is not reflexive, not symmetric but transitive
10. Let R be a relation on a set A such that R = R–1 then R is-
(A) reflexive (B) symmetric (C) transitive (D) none of these
11. In the given figure find the domain, co-domain and range.

A f
B
P 1
q 2
r 3
s 4
5

12. Which of the following graphs are graphs of function :

y-axis
y-axis
y

(i)
O x-axis (ii) O x-axis (iii) O x

y
y y

O
x
(iv) (v) (vi)
O x O x

y
y

O
x
(vii) (viii) O x
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

y
y

O
x
(ix) (x) x
O

13. For which of the following , y can be a function of x, (x Î R, y Î R) .

(i) (x – h)2 + (y – k)2 = r2 (ii) y2 = 4ax (iii) x4 = y2 (iv) x6 = y3 (v) 3y = (log x)2

39
JEE-Mathematics
14. Let A = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2} and B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. Consider a rule f(x) = x 2. Find domain & range
15. Let f : R ® R be given by f(x) = x2 + 3. Find (a) {x : f(x) = 28} (b) the pre-images of 39 and 2 under f.

ì 1, if x Î Q
16. If f : R ® R be defined as followings : f (x) = í .
î -1, if x Ï Q

Find (a) f(1/2), f ( p), f ( 2) (b) Range of f (c) pre-images 1 of and –1.
17. If a, b Î {1, 2, 3, 4}, then which of the following are functions in the given set ?
(a) f1 = {(x, y) : y = x + 1} (b) f2 = {(x, y) : x + y > 4}
(c) f3 = {(x, y) : y < x } (d) f4 = {(x, y) : x + y = 5}
Also, in case of a function give its range.
18. Express the following functions as sets of ordered pairs and determine their ranges :
(a) f : A ® R, f(x) = x2 + 1, where A = {–1, 0, 2, 4}
(b) g : A ® N, g(x) = 2x, where A = { x : x Î N, £ 10 }
19. Is g = {(1, 1), (2, 3), (3, 5), (4, 7)} a function ? If this is described by the formula, g(x) = ax + b , then what
values should be assigned to a and b ?
20. The value of b and c for which the identity f (x + 1) – f(x) = 8x + 3 is satisfied, where f(x) = bx 2 + cx +
d , are –
(a) b = 2 , c = 1 (b) b = 4 , c = – 1 (c) b = –1 , c = 4 (d) b = –1 , c = 1
21. Given the function f(x) = (x + 1)/(x – 1). Find f(1/x), f(2x), 2f(x), f(x 2), [f(x)]2.
1- x
22. Given the function f ( x ) = log .
1+ x
æ x1 + x 2 ö
Show that at x1, x2 Î (–1, 1) the following identity holds true: f ( x1 ) + f ( x 2 ) = f ç ÷
è 1 + xlx2 ø
23. Given the function f(x) = (ax + a–x)/2 (a > 0).
Show that f(x + y) + f(x – y) = 2f (x) f(y).

ì -x
ï 3 - 1, -1 £ x < 0,
ï
24. Given the function f ( x ) = í tan ( x / 2 ) , 0 £ x < p,
ï
( 2
)
ïîx / x - 2 , p £ x £ 6,

æ p ö æ 2p ö
Find f ( -1), f ç ÷ , f ç ÷ , f (4), f (6)
è 2ø è 3 ø
25. The function f(x) is defined over the whole number scale by the following law:
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

ì 2x 3 + 1, if x £ 2,
f(x)
ï
f x= í1/ ( x - 2 ) , if 2 < x £ 3, Find: f( 2 ) , f( 8 ), f ( )
log 2 1024 .
ï 2x - 5, if x > 3,
î

4.0 DOMAIN, CO-DOMAIN & RANGE OF A FUNCTION

Let ƒ : A ® B, then the set A is known as the domain of ƒ & the set B is known as co-domain of ƒ . The
set of ƒ images of all the elements of A is known as the range of ƒ .
Thus Domain of ƒ = {a ½ a Î A, (a, ƒ (a)) Î ƒ }
Range of ƒ = {ƒ (a) ½ a Î A, ƒ (a) Î B}

40
 Set, Relation & Function

NOTE :
(i) It should be noted that range is a subset of co-domain.
(ii) If only the rule of function is given then the domain of the function is the set of those real numbers, where
function is defined. For a continuous function, the interval from minimum to maximum value of a function
gives the range

Illustration 25. Find the Domain of the following function :

(i) f(x) = sin x + 16 - x2

(ii) y = log(x–4) (x2 – 11x + 24)

æ æ 1 ö ö
(iii) f(x) = log2 ç - log1 / 2 çè 1 + 4 ÷ø - 1÷
è x ø
Solution (i) sinx ³ 0 and 16 – x2 ³ 0 Þ 2np £ x £ (2n + 1)p and –4 £ x £ 4
\ Domain is [–4, –p] È [0, p]
(ii) y = log(x–4)(x2 – 11x + 24)
Here 'y' would assume real value if,
x – 4 > 0 and ¹ 1, x2 – 11x + 24 > 0 Þ x > 4 and ¹ 5, (x – 3) (x – 8) > 0
Þ x > 4 and ¹ 5, x < 3 or x > 8 Þ x > 8 Þ Domain = (8, ¥)
æ æ 1 ö ö
(iii) We have f(x) = log2 ç - log1/ 2 ç 1 + ÷ø - 1÷
è è 4
x ø
æ 1 ö
f(x) is defined if - log1/ 2 çè 1 + 4 ÷ø - 1 > 0
x
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö -1
or if log1 / 2 ç 1 + 4 ÷ < -1 or if ç 1 + 4 ÷ > (1 / 2)
è xø è xø
1 1
or if 1+ 4
> 2 or if > 1 or if x1/4 < 1 or if 0 < x < 1
x 4
x
\ D(f) = (0, 1)
Illustration 26. Find the range of following functions :

1 æ sin x - cos x + 3 2 ö
(i) f(x) = (ii) f(x) = log2 ç ÷ø
8 - 3sin x è 2
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

(iii) f(x) = log 2

(2 - log 2 (16 sin2 x + 1) )

1
Solution (i) f(x) =
8 - 3sin x
–1 £ sinx £ 1

é 1 1ù
\ Range of f = ê , ú
ë11 5 û

æ ö
(ii) Let y = log2 sin x - cos x + 3 2
çè ÷ø
2
æ pö
Þ 2y = sin çè x - ÷ø + 3 Þ –1 £ 2y – 3 £ 1
4

41
JEE-Mathematics

Þ 2 £ 2y £ 4 Þ y Þ [1, 2]

(iii) f(x) = log 2

(2 - log 2 (16 sin2 x + 1) )
1 £ 16 sin2 x + 1 £ 17
\ 0 £ log2 (16 sin2x +1) £ log2 17
\ 2 – log2 17 £ 2 – log2 (16 sin2 x + 1) £ 2
Now consider 0 < 2 – log2 (16 sin2x + 1) £ 2
\ –¥ < log 2 [2 - log2 (16 sin2 x + 1)] £ log 2
2=2
\ the range is (–¥, 2]

l To check whether relation is a function, vertical line test can be applied on its graph.
l Domain of f1, f2 be D1, D2 then domain of f1 + f2, f1 – f2, f1 × f2 will be D1 Ç D2.
l f and g one are two functions defined for same domain, range of f is R and g is a bounded in domain. Then range
of f(x) + g(x) is R.
l If domain consist of discrete number of elements range can be found by direct substituting the values of x.

1. Find the domains of the following function:

1
(A) y = log10 ( x + 3) (B) y = 5 - 2x (C) y = 1/(x 2 - 1) (D) y = 2
x +1
1 2x
(E) y = 3 (F) y = 2
x -x x - 3x + 2
2. Find the domains of the following function:

(A) y = 1 - 1 - x 2 (B) y = 1/ x 2 - 4x (C) y = x 2 - 4x + 3

3. Find the domains of the following function:
1 1
y= y=
(A) y = 1 - x (B) x -x (C) x- x
4. Find the domains of the following function:

æ 5x - x 2 ö
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

(A) y = log10 ç ÷÷ (B) y = log10 sin x

ç 4
è ø

1
(C) y = log x 2 (D) y = log 1 - x + x + 2
10 ( )
5. Find the domains of the following function:
3
(A) y = + log10 (x 3 - x) (B) y = log10 sin(x - 3) + 16 - x 2
4 - x2
(C) y = sin x + 16 - x 2
6. Find the domains of the following function:

x-2 1- x 2 1
(A) y = + (B) y = x - 3x + 2 +
x+2 1+ x 3 + 2x - x 2

42
 Set, Relation & Function
7. Find the domains of the following function:

(A) y = (x 2 + x + 1)-3 / 2 (B) y = log10 ( x-4 + 6-x )

ë
2
(
(C) y = log10 é1 - log10 x - 5x + 16 ù )û (D) f (x) = sin x

æ 5 - 2x ö
8. The number of integers lying in the domain of the function ƒ (x) = log 0.5 ç ÷ is -
è x ø
(A) 3 (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0

1- | x |
9. The domain of the function f (x) = is -
2 -| x |
(A) x Î ( & ¥, & 1) È (1, ¥) (B) x Î ( & ¥, & 2) È (2, ¥)
(C) x Î éë&1, 1ùû È ( & ¥, & 2) È (¥, 2) (D) None of these

10. Domain to function {

log (5x - x 2 ) / 6 is -}
(A) (2, 3) (B) [2, 3] (C) [1, 2] (D) [1, 3]

æ 3x -1 ö
11. The domain of ƒ(x) = log1/3 ç ÷ -1 is -
è x +2ø

æ 1 5ù æ5 ö æ5 ö æ 5ö
(A) ç , ú (B) ç , ¥ ÷ (C) ( -¥, -2 ) È ç , ¥ ÷ (D) ç -2, ÷
è 3 8û è8 ø è8 ø è 8ø

5. 0 IMPORTANT TYPES OF FUNCTION

(a) Polynomial function
If a function ‘f’ is called by f(x) = a 0xn + a 1xn–1 + a2xn–2 + ...+ a n–1 x + a n where n is a non
negative integer and a0, a1, a2,....an are real numbers and a0¹ 0, then f is called a polynomial function of
degree n.
NOTE
(i) A polynomial of degree one with no constant term is called an odd linear function. i.e.
f(x) = ax, a ¹ 0
(ii) There are two polynomial functions, satisfying the relation; f(x). f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x). They are
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

(1) f(x) = xn + 1 & (2) f(x) = 1 – xn , where n is a positive integer.

(iii) Domain of a polynomial function is R
(iv) Range of odd degree polynomial is R whereas range of an even degree polynomial is never R.
(b) Algebraic function
A function ‘f’ is called an algebraic function if it can be constructed using algebraic operations (such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and taking radicals) starting with polynomials.
x 4 - 16x2
Examples – f(x) = x + 1 ; g(x) =
2 + (x – 2) 3 x + 1
x+ x
If y is an algebraic function of x, then it satisfies a polynomial equation of the form
P0(x)yn + P1(x)yn–1 + ........ + Pn–1(x)y + Pn(x) = 0, where ‘n’ is a positive integer and P0(x), P1(x),.......
are polynomial in x.
Note that all polynomial functions are Algebraic but the converse in not true. A functions
that is not algebraic is called TRANSCEDENTAL function.

43
JEE-Mathematics

B a s i c a lg e b ra i c f u n c t i o n
y
(i) y = x2 2 Do ma in : R
y=x
Range : R + È {0} or [0,¥)
o x

y
1 y = 1/x
(ii) y = Do ma in : R – {0} or R 0
x
o x
Range : R – {0}

y
1
(iii) y = y = 1/x
2
Do ma in : R0
x2
x
o Range : R + or (0, ¥)

y y = x3
(iv) y = x3 1 Do ma in : R

o x
1 Range : R

(c) R a t iona l f unc t i on

g(x)
A rational function is a function of the form y = f(x) = , where g(x) & h(x) are polynomials &
h(x)
h(x) ¹ 0, Domain – R–{x | h(x)=0} y
Any rational function is automatically an algebraic function.
(d) Identity function
The function f– A ® A defined by f(x) = x " x Î A is called the identity
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

x
function on A and is denoted by I A. It is easy to observe that identity
function is a bijection.
(e) Constant function
y
f : A ® B is said to be constant function if every element of A has y=C
the same f image in B. Thus f : A ® B ; f(x) = c, " x Î A, c Î
x
B is constant function. Note that the range of a constant function is o
a singleton set.
Domain – R Range – {C}
Y
(f) Tr ig onom e t ri c f u nc t ions (–3p/2,1) (p/2,1)

(i) Sine function

o p
X
f(x) = sin x
(–p /2,–1) (3p/2,–1)

44
 Set, Relation & Function
Domain – R

Range – [–1, 1], period 2p

(ii) Cosine function

Y
(0,1)

f(x) = cos x
o p /2 X
Domain : R
(–p ,–1) (p ,–1)
Range – [–1, 1], period 2p
Y
(iii) Tangent function

f(x) = tan x -p p p/2

–3p/2 O p/2 3 X

ì (2n + 1)p ü
Domain – R - í x|x = ,n Î I ý
î 2 þ

Y
Range – R , period p
y=1
(–3p/2,1) (p/2,1)
(iv) Cosecant function
o X
f(x) = cosec x (–p/2,–1)

y=–1

Domain – R – {x|x = np, n ÎI}

x=–2 p x= -p x= p x=2p

Range – R – (–1, 1), period 2p

(v) Secant function Y

y=1
f(x) = sec x (–2p,1) (0,1)

o X
(-p ,-1)
Domain – R – {x|x = (2n + 1) p/2 : n Î I} (p , -1)
y=-1

Range – R – (–1, 1), period 2p 3p p p 3p

x=– x=– x= x=
2 2 2 2
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

(vi) Cotangent function Y

f(x) = cot x
O
x
Domain – R – {x|x = np, n ÎI} (– 3p ,0) (– p ,0) (
p
,0) ( 3 p ,0)
2 2 2 2
Range – R, period p
x=–2p x=–p x=p x=2p

(g) E x pone nt i al a nd Log a r it hmic Funct i on

A function f(x) = a x (a > 0), a ¹ 1, x ÎR is called an exponential function. The inverse of

the exponential function is called the logarithmic function, i.e. g(x)= log ax.
Note that f(x) & g(x) are inverse of each other & their graphs are as shown. (If functions are
mirror image of each other about the line y = x)

45
JEE-Mathematics

Doma in of a x is R Range R +

Doma in of log a x is R + Ran ge R

y y
+¥ +¥

(0,1)
f(x)=a,x a>1 (0,1) f(x)=ax, a Î(0,1)
45°
(1,0) x (1,0) x

x x g(x)=logax
y= y=

g(x)=logx
a

y y = log2x

y = log3x
1 y = log5x
y = log10x

0 1 x

y y
y=e
x
y=e–x

x x
O O
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

N o t e - 1 – f(x) = a 1/x , a > 0 Dom ai n – R – {0} Ra nge – R + – {1}

1
N o t e - 2 – f(x) = log x a = D om a i n – R + – {1} Range – R – {0}
log a x

(a > 0) (a ¹ 1) y
y = –x y=x
(h) A b s ol u t e v a l u e f u n c t i o n
The absolute value (or modulus) of a real number
x (written |x|) is a non negative real number that
satisfies the conditions. x
O
ì x if x³0
|x| = í Domain : R
î- x if x<0
Range : [0, ¥)

46
 Set, Relation & Function
The properties of absolute value function are
(i) The inequality |x| £ a means that - a £ x £ a ; if a > 0
(ii) The inequality |x| ³ a means that x ³ a or x £ – a if a > 0
(iii) |x ± y| £ |x| + |y| ( Tr ia n g le I ne q ua lit y ) Equality holds when x .y ³ 0
(iv) |x ± y| ³ ||x| – |y|| ( Tr ia n g le I ne q ua lit y ) Equality holds when x .y ³ 0
(v) |xy| = |x|.|y|
x |x|
(vi) = , (y ¹ 0)
y |y|

1
Note – f(x )= , Doma in : R – {0}, Ra nge : R +
|x|

Illustration 27. Determine the values of x satisfying the equality.

|(x2 + 4x + 9) + (2x – 3)| = |x2 + 4x + 9| + |2x – 3|.
Solution The equality |a + b| = |a| + |b| is valid if and only if both summands have the same sign,
Q x2 + 4x + 9 = (x + 2)2 + 5 > 0 at any values of x, the equality is satisfied at those values
3
of x at which 2x – 3 ³ 0, i.e. at x ³ .
2
Illustration 28. Determine the values of x satisfying the equality |x4 – x2 – 6| = |x4 – 4| – |x2 + 2|.

Solution The equality |a – b| = |a|–|b| holds true if and only if a and b have the same sign and
|a|³|b|.
In our case the equality will hold true for the value of x at which x4 – 4 ³ x2 + 2.
Hence x2 – 2 ³ 1; |x| ³ 3.

1. Range of the function f ( x ) = 7sin x + 8 is

(A) [–1, 15] (B) [1, 15] (C) [–7, 7] (D) [5, 10]

2. Range of the function f ( x) = x 2 - 7 is

(A) [7, ¥) (B) (–¥, 7] (C) [–7, ¥) (D) (–¥, –7]

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

3. Range of the function f(x) = sin x where x Î[ -1, 2] is

(A) [sin 1, 1] (B) [–sin 1, 1] (C) [–sin 1, sin 1] (D) [–1, 1]

4. Range of the function f(x) = cos x where x Î[-2,2] , is

(A) [–1, 1] (B) [cos 2, 1] (C) [– cos 2, 1] (D) [–cos 2, cos 2]

5. Sum of all the integers in the range of the function f ( x ) = x 2 - 4 x + 5 , where xÎ[0,3] , is

(A) 15 (B) 10 (C) 25 (D) None of these

6. If range of function f ( x) = esin x is [a, b] then a × b =

2 e
(A) 2e (B) (C) (D) 1
e 2

47
JEE-Mathematics

7. The range of function f ( x ) = ln(sin x) is

(A) (–¥, ¥) (B) (–¥, 0] (C) (–¥, sin 1] (D) [0, ¥)

8. Range of the function f ( x ) = ln(ln x ) is

(A) (–¥, ¥) (B) (–¥, 0] (C) (–¥, 0) (D) (0, ¥)

9. Sum of natural numbers which are not contained in the range of function f ( x) = esec x , is

(A) 3 (B) 9 (C) 245 (D) None of these

10. Least integer in the range of function f ( x) = e 4(ln x ) is

(A) 0 (B) –4 (C) 4 (D) 1

1
11. Range of F ( x ) = is
8sin x + 5

æ 1ù æ 1ù é1 ö æ 1ù é 1 1ù
(A) ç -¥, (B) ç -¥, - ú È ê , ¥ ÷ (C) ç -¥, (D) ê , ú
è 3 ûú è 3 13
û ë ø è 13 úû ë13 3 û

1
12. Range of function f ( x) = x is
e -3

æ 1ö æ 1ö æ1 ö æ 1 1ö
(A) ç -¥, - ÷ È (0, ¥) (B) ç -¥, - ÷ È ç , ¥ ÷ (C) (–¥, ¥) (D) ç - , ÷
è 3ø è 3ø è 3 ø è 3 3ø

13. The range of the function f(x) = log e(3x2 – 4x + 5) is

æ 11 ù é 11 ö é 11 11 ù
(A) ç -¥, log e (B) ê log e ,¥÷ (C) ê - log e , log e ú (D)None of these
è 3 úû ë 3 ø ë 3 3û

4
14. Range of function f ( x ) = is
6sin x + 5cos x + 7
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

é 61 - 7 ö æ 61 - 7 ù
(A) ê , ¥ ÷÷ (B) çç -¥, ú
ë 3 ø è 3 û

æ æ 61 + 7 ö ù é 4 ö æ 4 ù
ç
(C) ç -¥, - çç ÷÷ú È ê ,¥ ÷ (D) ç -¥, ú
è è 3 øúû ë 7 + 61 ø è 7 - 61 û

æ pö
15. Number of integers in the range of function f ( x) = 5sin x + 4cos ç x + ÷ + 3 is
è 6ø

(A) 8 (B) 9 (C) 10 (D) More than 10

48
 Set, Relation & Function

p2
16. The range of the function y = 3sin - x 2 is
16

é 3 ù é 3 3 ù
(A) ê 0, (B) ê - ,
ë 2 úû ë 2 2 úû

é 3 ù
(C) ê - ,0
2 úû
(D) None of these
ë

x 2 - 3x + 2
17. The value of the function f(x) = 2 lies in the interval
x + x -6

ì1 ü
(A) (– ¥ , ¥ )– í ,1ý (B) (– ¥ , ¥ ) (C) (– ¥ , ¥ )–{1} (D) None of these
î5 þ

18. Sum of least integer and greatest integer in the range of the function f ( x) = sin 2 x - 3sin x + 5 is

(A) 12 (B) 10 (C) 8 (D) 6

19. Least integer in the range of the function f ( x ) = 9 x + 5 × 3x + 7 is

(A) 3 (B) 8 (C) 7 (D) 9

x2 + x + 1 a
20. If product of least and greatest value of the function f ( x ) = 2 is where a and b are coprime then
x -x+2 b
a+b=
(A) 5 (B) 10 (C) 15 (D) 20

x
21. Range of the function f ( x ) = is
1 + x2
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

é 1 1ù é 1ù é 1 ù
(A) [–1, 1] (B) ê - , (C) ê -1, (D) ê - ,1ú
ë 2 2 úû ë 2 úû ë 2 û

22*. Let set ‘S’ be the range of the function f ( x ) = 9 tan 2 x + 16cot 2 x then

(A) Least value of S is 24 (B) Number of integers in S is 10

(C) S is [24, ¥) (D) Least value of S is 25

æ sin x - cos x + 3 2 ö
23. If [p, q] is range of function f ( x ) = log 2 çç ÷÷ then 2p + 5q =
è 2 ø

24. Number of integers in the range of the function f ( x) = cos2 x - 5cos x - 6 is

49
JEE-Mathematics

(i) Signum f unction

y
y=1
Signum function y = sgn (x) is defined as follows

ìx ì1 for x > 0
ï ,x ¹ 0 ï
y =í x = í0 for x = 0 o x
ïî0, x = 0 ï y = Sgn x
î-1 for x < 0
Do ma in – R
Range – {–1, 0, 1} y = -1

(j) G r e a t es t i n t e g e r or s t e p u p f un c t i o n y
The function y = f(x) = [x] is called graph of y = [x] 3
the greatest integer function where [x]
denotes the greatest integer less than
or equal to x. Note that for : 2

x [x] 1
[–2,–1) –2
x
–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
[–1,0) –1
–1
[0,1) 0
–2
[1,2) 1
Do ma in – R –3
Range – I
Pr op er ti e s of gr e a te s t in t e ge r f un c ti on
(i) [x] £ x < [x] + 1 and x – 1 < [x] £ x, 0 £ x – [x] < 1
(ii) [x + m] = [x] + m if m is an integer.
ì0, x Î I
(iii) [x] + [–x] = í
î -1, x Î
/I

1 1
Note – f(x) = Domain – R – [0, 1) Range – {x|x = , n ÎI0 }
[x] n
(k) Fr ac t ional pa r t f unc tion
y
It is defined as – g(x) = {x} = x – [x] e.g.
the fractional part of the number 2.1 graph of y = {x}
is 2.1–2 = 0.1 and the fractional part
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

of –3.7 is 0.3 The pe riod of this

function is 1 and graph of this function
is as shown. 1

x {x} x
-2 0 2 3
-1 1
[–2,–1) x+2

[–1,0) x+1

[0,1) x

[1,2) x–1

Doma in – R Range – [0,1)

1
Note – f(x)= Domain – R – I Range – (1, ¥)
{x}
50
 Set, Relation & Function
l Prope r t ies of Fra c tiona l pa r t f unc t ion
(i) 0 £ {x} < 1 (ii) {[x]} = [{x}] = 0
( i i i ) {{x}} = {x} (iv) {x+m} = {x}, m Î I

ì1, x Ï I ì [x] + [y], if {x} + {y} < 1

(v) {x} +{–x} = í (v i) [x + y] = í
î0, x Î I î[x] + [y] + 1, if {x} + {y} ³ 1

Illustration 29. If y = 2[x] + 3 & y = 3[x – 2] + 5 then find [x + y] where [ . ] denotes greatest integer function.
Solution y = 3[x – 2] + 5 = 3[x] – 1
so 3 [x] – 1 = 2 [x] + 3
[x] = 4 Þ 4 £ x < 5
then y = 11
so x + y will lie in the interval [15, 16)
so [x + y] = 15
é1 ù é1 1 ù é 1 2946 ù
Illustration 30. Find the value of ê ú + ê + ú + ...... ê + where [ . ] denotes greatest integer
ë 2 û ë 2 1000 û ë 2 1000 ûú
function ?

é1 ù é1 1 ù é 1 499 ù é 1 500 ù é 1 1499 ù é 1 1500 ù

Solution êë 2 ûú + ëê 2 + 1000 ûú + ...... ëê 2 + 1000 ûú + ëê 2 + 1000 ûú + ...... ëê 2 + 1000 ûú + êë 2 + 1000 ûú + ......

é 1 2499 ù é 1 2500 ù é 1 2946 ù

+ ê + + + + ...... ê +
ë 2 1000 úû êë 2 1000 úû ë 2 1000 úû
= 0 + 1 × 1000 + 2 × 1000 + 3 × 447 = 3000 + 1341 = 4341 Ans.
1
Illustration 31. Find the domain f(x) = where [.] denotes greatest integer function.
[|x|-5] - 11

Solution [|x|-5 ] > 11

so [ x - 5] > 11 or [ x - 5] < -11

[ x ] > 16 [ x ] < -6
x ³ 17 or x < -6 (Not Possible)
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

Þ x £ –17 or x ³ 17
so x Î (–¥, –17] È [17, ¥)
x - [x]
Illustration 32. Find the range of f(x) = , where [.] denotes greatest integer function.
1 + x - [x]

x - [x] {x}
Solution y= =
1 + x - [x] 1 + {x}
1 1 1 1-y y
\ = +1 Þ = Þ {x} =
y {x} {x} y 1- y
y
0 £ {x} < 1 Þ 0 £ <1
1- y
Range = [0, 1/2)

51
JEE-Mathematics

Illustration 33. Solve the equation |2x – 1| = 3[x] + 2{x} where [.] denotes greatest integer and { .} denotes
fractional part function.
Solution We are given that, |2x – 1| = 3[x] + 2{x}
1
Let, 2x – 1 £ 0 i.e. x £ . The given equation yields.
2
1 – 2x = 3[x] + 2{x}
1 - 5[x]
Þ 1 – 2[x] – 2{x} = 3[x] + 2{x} Þ 1 – 5[x] = 4{x} Þ {x} =
4
1 - 5[x] 3 1
Þ 0£ < 1 Þ 0 £ 1 – 5[x] < 4 Þ – < [x] £
4 5 5
3 1
Now, [x] = 0 as zero is the only integer lying between – and
5 5
1 1 1 1
Þ {x} = Þx= which is less than , Hence is one solution.
4 4 2 4
1
Now, let 2x – 1 > 0 i.e x >
2
Þ 2x – 1 = 3[x] + 2{x} Þ 2[x] + 2{x} – 1 = 3[x] + 2{x}
1
Þ [x] = –1 Þ –1 £ x < 0 which is not a solution as x >
2
1
Þ x= is the only solution.
4

1. Sketch the graphs of the following functions :

(i) f(x) = x + 1 (ii) f(x) = x2 – x + 5 (iii) f(x) = sin x + 2

2 æ px ö æ px ö
(iv) f(x) = (v) f(x) = cos ç ÷ (vi) f(x) = – sin ç ÷
x -3 è 2 ø è 3 ø
2. Sketch the graphs of the following functions :

ì x, 0 £ x £1 ì3 - x, x £1
(i) f (x) = í (ii) f (x) = í
î2 - x 1< x £ 2 î2 - x x >1
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

ì1
ï , x<0
f (x) = íx ì1 - x 2 , 0 < x £1
(iii) (iv) f (x) = í
ïî x, x ³0 î2 - x , 1 <x £2
2

l nx
3. Draw the garph of the function f(x) = .
ln x
4. Find the number of solutions of the equation y = | sinx | and x 2 + y2 = 1.
5. Draw the graph of the function f(x) = | sin x | + sin x on the interval [0, 3 p].

ì1, x > 0
ï
6. Draw the graph of the function y = x 2 Sgn (x) where Sgn (x) = í 0, x = 0 .
ï-1, x < 0
î
52
 Set, Relation & Function
7. Sketch the graphs of the following functions :

| (x - 1)(x - 2) |
(i) f(x) = 1 + | sin x | (ii) f(x) =
(x - 1) (x - 2)

8. Sketch the graphs of the given system in xy plane : | x | + | y | = 2

9. Sketch the graphs of the following functions :
(i) f(x) = Sgn (lnx) (ii) f(x) = Sgn (1 – | x | )
(iii) f(x) = Sgn [x], where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
10. Sketch the graphs of the following functions :

ìsin x -p £ x £ 0 ì-2 x > 0

ïï 2, 0 < x £1 ï1
ï
(i) f (x) = í (ii) f (x) = í x =0
ï 1 , 1 < x £4 ï2
ïî x - 1 ïî- x 3 , x < 0

6.0 ALGEBRAIC OPERATIONS ON FUNCTIONS

If f & g are real valued functions of x with domain set A, B respectively, f + g, f – g, (f. g) & (f/g) as
follows.
(a) (f ± g)(x) = f(x) ± g(x) domain in each case is A Ç B
(b) (f. g)(x) = f(x).g(x) domain is A Ç B

æ fö f(x)
(c) çè g ÷ø (x) = g(x) domain A Ç B – {x|g(x) = 0}

7. 0 EQUAL OR IDENTICAL FUNCTION

Two function f & g are said to be equal if.
(a) The domain of f = the domain of g
(b) The range of f = range of g and
(c) f(x) = g (x), for every x belonging to their common domain (i.e. should have the same graph)
1 x
e.g. f(x) = & g(x) = 2 are identical functions.
x x
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

æ x - 1ö
Illustration 34. The functions f(x) = log (x – 1) – log (x – 2) and g(x) = log ç are identical when x lies in the
è x - 2 ÷ø
interval
(A) [1, 2] (B) [2, ¥) (C) (2, ¥) (D) (–¥, ¥)
Solution Since f(x) = log (x – 1) –log (x – 2).
Domain of f(x) is x > 2 or x Î (2, ¥) .....(i)

æ x - 1ö x -1
g(x) = log ç
è x - 2 ÷ø
is defined if >0 Þ x Î (–¥, 1) È (2, ¥) .....(ii)
x-2
From (i) and (ii), x Î (2, ¥). Ans. (C)

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JEE-Mathematics
8.0 HOMOGENEOUS FUNCTIONS
A function is said to be homogeneous with respect to any set of variables when each of its terms is of the
same degree with respect to those variables.
For examples 5x2 + 3y2 – xy is homogenous in x & y. Symbolically if, f(tx, ty) = tn f(x, y) then f(x, y)
is homogeneous function of degree n.

Illustration 35. Which of the following function is not homogeneous ?

xy 2x - y + 1
(A) x3 + 8x2y + 7 y3 (B) y2 + x2 + 5xy (C) (D)
x + y2 2
2y - x + 1
Solution It is clear that (D) does not have the same degree in each term. Ans. (D)

9.0 BOUNDED FUNCTION

A function is said to be bounded if |f(x)| £ M, where M is a finite quantity.

10.0 IMPLICIT & EXPLICIT FUNCTION

A function defined by an equation not solved for the dependent variable is called an implicit function.
e.g. the equations x3 + y3 = 1 & xy = yx, defines y as an implicit function. If y has been expressed in
terms of x alone then it is called an Explicit function.

Illustration 36. Which of the following function is implicit function ?

x2 + e x + 5 x 2 log x
(A) y = (B) y = x2 (C) xy – sin(x + y) = 0 (D) y =
1 - cos -1 x sin x
Solution It is clear that in (C) y is not clearly expressed in x. Ans. (C)

11.0 ODD & EVEN FUNCTIONS

If a function is such that whenever 'x' is in it's domain '–x' is also in it's domain & it satisfies
f(–x) = f(x) it is an even function
f(–x) = –f(x) it is an odd function
Note
(i) A function may neither be odd nor even.
(ii) Inverse of an even function is not defined, as it is many – one function.
(iii) Every even function is symmetric about the y-axis & every odd function is symmetric about the origin.
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

(iv) Every function which has '–x' in it's domain whenever 'x' is in it's domain, can be expressed as the
sum of an even & an odd function .
f(x) + f(-x) f(x) - f(-x)
+
e.g. f(x) = 2 2
EVEN ODD
(v) The only function which is defined on the entire number line & even and odd at the same time is f(x) = 0

ƒ(x) g(x) ƒ (x) + g(x) ƒ(x) – g(x) ƒ (x) . g(x) ƒ (x)/g(x) (goƒ) (x) (ƒog)(x)
odd odd odd odd even even odd odd
even even even even even even even even
odd even neither odd nor even neither odd nor even odd odd even even
even odd neither odd nor even neither odd nor even odd odd even even

54
 Set, Relation & Function

Illustration 37. Which of the following functions is (are) even, odd or neither :
æ1 - xö
(i) f(x) = x2sinx (ii) f(x) = 1 + x + x2 - 1 - x + x2 (iii) f(x) = log çè ÷
1 + xø
e x + e- x
(iv) f(x) = sinx – cosx (v) f(x) =
2
Solution (i) f(–x) = (–x)2 sin(–x) = –x2 sinx = –f(x).Hence f(x) is odd.
(ii) f(–x) = 1 + ( - x) + ( - x)2 - 1 - ( - x) + ( - x)2

= 1 - x + x2 - 1 + x + x2 = –f(x). Hence f(x) is odd.

æ 1 - ( - x) ö æ 1 + xö
(iii) f(–x) = log ç ÷ = log çè ÷ = –f(x). Hence f(x) is odd
è 1 + ( - x) ø 1 - xø

(iv) f(–x) = sin(–x) – cos(–x) = –sinx – cosx.

Hence f(x) is neither even nor odd.

e - x + e - ( - x) e - x + e x
(v) f(–x) = = = f(x). Hence f(x) is even
2 2
Illustration 38. Identify the given functions as odd, even or neither :

x x
(i) f(x) = + +1 (ii) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x, y Î R
e -1 2
x

x x
Solution (i) f(x) = + +1
ex - 1 2
Clearly domain of f(x) is R ~ {0}. We have,

-x x -e x .x x (e x - 1 + 1)x x
f(–x) = - +1 =
-x x
- +1 = - +1
e -1 2 1-e 2 (e x - 1) 2
x x x x
= x+ - +1 = x + + 1 = f(x)
ex - 1 2 e -1 2
Hence f(x) is an even function.
(ii) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x, y Î R
Replacing x, y by zero, we get f(0) = 2f(0) Þ f(0) = 0
Replacing y by –x, we get f(x) + f(–x) = f(0) = 0 Þ f(x) = –f(–x)
Hence f(x) is an odd function.
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

1. Are the following functions identical?

x
(a) f (x) = and j (x) º 1; (b) f(x) = log x2 and j (x) = 2 log x;
x

( x)
2
(c) f(x) = x and j (x) = ;

(d) f(x) = 1 and j (x) = sin2x + cos2 x;

(e) f(x) = log (x – 1) + log (x – 2) and j(x) = log (x – 1) (x – 2).

55
JEE-Mathematics
2. Are the following functions identical?

x 1 x2
(a) f(x) = 2 and j ( x ) = ; (b) f ( x ) = and j(x) = x; (c) f(x) = x and j ( x ) = x 2 ;
x x x
3. In what interval are the following functions identical?

(a) f (x) = x and j (x) = 10log10 x ; (b) f(x) = x x - 1 and j(x) = x ( x - 1)

4*. Which of the following functions are not homogeneous?

y xy x + y cos x x æyö y æxö

(A) x + y cos (B) (C) (D) l n ç ÷ + ln ç ÷
x x + y2 ysinx + y y èxø x è yø
5*. Which of the following homogeneouos functions are of degree zero?

x2 y y2 x x ( x - y) x2y y y
(A) l n + ln (B) (C) (D) x sin - ycos
y2 x x2 y y ( x + y) x 3 + y3 x x
6. Determine whether even or odd:

( )
æ ax +1ö
(i) f(x) = log x + 1 + x
2
(ii) f (x) = x çç x ÷÷
è a -1 ø

(iii) f(x) = sin x + cos x (iv) f(x) = x2 – x

æ 1- x ö
(v) f(x) = log ç ÷
è1+ x ø
(vi) f(x + y) + f(x – y) = 2f(x). f(y); where f(0) ¹ 0 and x, y Î R.
7. If f(x) satisfies the relation, f (x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for all x, y Î R and
m

f(1) = 5, find å f (x) Also prove that f(x) is odd.

x =1

ì x | x |, 0 £ x < 1
8. A function defined for all real numbers is defined for x ³ 0 as follows : f (x) = í
î 2x, x ³1

How is f defined for x £ 0 if (i) is even ? (ii) f is odd ?

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

ì x|x| , x £ -1
ï
9. Find out whether the given function is even, odd or neither even nor odd where, f(x) = í[1 + x] + [1 - x], -1 < x < 1
ï -x | x | , x ³1
î
. where | | and [ ] represents modulus and greatest integral function.
10. Find whether the given function is even or odd function, where
x(sin x + tan x)
f(x) = é x + p ù - 1 where, [ ] denotes greatest integer function.
êë p úû 2

56
 Set, Relation & Function

11. Function f ( x) = x + x 3 is

(A) Even (B) Odd (C) Neither even nor odd (D) None of these

12. f ( x ) =sin x × cos x is

(A) An even function (B) An odd function

(C) Neither even nor odd function (D) None of these

13. The function f ( x) = sin x + cos x is

(A) An even function (B) An odd function
(C) Neither even nor odd function (D) None of these

æ 1- x ö
14. The function f ( x) = ln ç ÷ is
è 1+ x ø
(A) An even function (B) An odd function
(C) Neither even nor odd function (D) None of these

æ 1 - x2 ö
15. The function f ( x ) = ln ç 2 ÷ is
è 1+ x ø
(A) An even function (B) An odd function
(C) Neither even nor odd fucntion (D) None of these
16. Which of the following is not an odd function ?
(A) g(x) – g(–x) (B) sin (g4(x) – g4(–x))
æ x 4 + x2 + 1 ö
(C) ln ç 2 ÷ (D)x3g6(x).g6(–x)+ tan3(sin5x)
è x + x +1 ø
Match the entries of column- I with one or more entries of the elements of column - II.
17*. Column-I
Column-II
(A) f ( x) = 1 - x + x 4 - 1 + x + x 4 (P) Is even

(B) f ( x) = ln ( 1+ x2 + x ) (Q) Is odd

(C) f ( x ) = x + cos( x ) (R) Is neither even nor odd

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

(D) f ( x ) = 0
(S) Has graph symmetric about y-axis
18*. Column-I
Column-II
3
(A) f ( x ) = x + 8 x + 9 (P) Has graph symmetric about y-axis

e x - e- x
(B) f ( x) = (Q) Has graph symmetric about origin
e x + e- x
x x
(C) f ( x ) = x
+ +1 (R) Is neither even nor odd function
e -1 2
g 2 ( x ) - g 2 (- x)
(D) f ( x ) = "xÎ R (S) Is odd function
g 2 ( x) + g 2 (- x)

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JEE-Mathematics

12.0 BASIC TRANSFORMATIONS ON GRAPHS

(i) Drawing the graph of y = f(x) + b, b Î R, from the known graph of y = f(x)

y=f(x)+b,b > 0
y=f(x)
A1
x0 y=f(x)+b,b < 0
O A
A2

It is obvious that domain of f(x) and f(x) + b are the same. Let us take any point x 0 in the domain of

f(x). y x = x0 = f(x 0 ) .

The corresponding point on f(x) + b would be f(x 0) + b.

For b > 0 Þ f(x0) + b > f(x0) it means that the corresponding point on f(x) + b would be lying at a
distance 'b' units above the point on f(x).

For b < 0 Þ f(x0) + b < f(x0) it means that the corresponding point on f(x) + b would be lying at a
distance 'b' units below the point on f(x).

Accordingly the graph of f(x) + b can be obtained by translating the graph of f(x) either in the positive
y-axis direction (if b > 0) or in the negative y-axis direction (if b < 0), through a distance |b| units.
(ii) Drawing the graph of y = –f(x) from the known graph of y = f(x)
To draw y = –f(x), take the image of the curve y = f(x) in the x-axis as plane mirror.

y y=f(x) y

Þ
x x
0
0

y=– f(x)
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

(iii) Drawing the graph of y = f(–x) from the known graph of y = f(x)
To draw y = f(–x), take the image of the curve y = f(x) in the y-axis as plane mirror.

y y = f(x) y

Þ y = f(–x )
x x
0 0

(iv) Drawing the graph of y = |f(x)| from the known graph of y = f(x)
|f(x)| = f(x) if f(x) ³ 0 and |f(x)| = –f(x) if f(x) < 0. It means that the graph of f(x) and |f(x)| would
coincide if f(x) ³ 0 and for the portions where f(x) < 0 graph of |f(x)| would be image of y = f(x) in x-
axis.
58
 Set, Relation & Function
y y
y=|f(x)|
y=f(x)
x Þ x
O O

(v) Drawing the graph of y = f(|x|) from the known graph of y = f(x)
ìf(x), x ³ 0
It is clear that, f(|x|) = í . Thus f(|x|) would be a even function, graph of f(|x|) and f(x)
îf(- x), x < 0
would be identical in the first and the fourth quadrants (ax x ³ 0) and as such the graph of f(|x|) would
be symmetric about the y-axis (as (|x|) is even).

y y

y=f(x) y=f(|x|)

Þ
O x O x

(vi) Drawing the graph of |y| = f(x) from the known graph of y = f(x)
Clearly |y| ³ 0. If f(x) < 0, graph of |y| = f(x) would not exist. And if f(x) ³ 0, |y| = f(x) would give
y = ±f(x). Hence graph of |y| = f(x) would exist only in the regions where f(x) is non-negative and will
be reflected about the x-axis only in those regions.
y y

|y|=f(x)
Þ
O x O x
y=f(x)

(vii) Drawing the graph of y = f(x + a), a Î R from the known graph of y = f(x)

y=f(x)
y=f(x+a),a>0
y=f(x–a)
a<0
x0–|a| x0 x0+|a|
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

(i) If a > 0, shift the graph of f(x) through 'a' units towards left of f(x).
(ii) If a < 0, shift the graph of f(x) through 'a' units towards right of f(x).
(viii) Drawing the graph of y = af(x) from the known graph of y = f(x)

y=af(x), a >1
y=f(x)
y=af(x),
0<a<1

It is clear that the corresponding points (points with same x co-ordinates) would have their ordinates in the ratio
of 1 : a.

59
JEE-Mathematics
(ix) Drawing the graph of y = f(ax) from the known graph of y = f(x).

y y=f(x)
y=f(ax), a >1

y=f(ax),0<a<1

O
x

x0
Let us take any point x0 Î domain of f(x). Let ax = x0 or x = .
a

1
Clearly if 0 < a < 1, then x > x0 and ƒ (x) will stretch by units along the y-axis and if a > 1, x < x 0, then
a
f(x) will compress by 'a' units along the y-axis.

Illustration 39. Find f(x) = max {1 + x, 1 – x, 2}.

y
y=2
Solution From the graph it is clear that

0,1
ì1 - x ; x < -1
ï (–1,0) (1,0)
f(x) = í2 ; -1 £ x £ 1 (0,0)
x
ï1 + x ; x > 1
î

Illustration 40. Draw the graph of y = |2 –|x –1||.

1 y=|x–1|
x– y=–|x–1|
y= (0,1)
(1,0)
(1,0) x
Solution O Þ Þ O 1
O 1 (0,–1)
(–1,0)

2 y=|2–|x–1|
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

2 y=2–|x–1|

Þ
O 1 x (–1,0) O 1 (3,0)

4
Illustration 41. Draw the graph of y = 2 -
|x - 1|
y
y y
1 1
y= 1 y=
x y= |x–1|
x–1
x=1
x O x
Solution O Þ x Þ O
(0,–1)

60
 Set, Relation & Function

y y
y y=2– 4
1 x=1 x=1 y=2 |x–1|
y=– –4
|x–1| y=
|x–1|
O x O x
Þ Þ (3,0)
x
(–1,0)
(0,–1) (0,–4)
(0,–2)

Illustration 42. Draw the graph of y = |e|x| – 2|

y=ex
1 y=e|x|

Solution O Þ

y y |x|
y=|e –2|
|x|
y=e –2 (0,1)
O x
Þ x
O
(0,–1)

Illustration 43. Draw the graph of f(x) = cosx cos(x + 2) – cos2(x + 1).
Solution f(x) = cosx cos(x + 2) – cos2(x + 1)
1 1 0
= éëcos(2x + 2) + cos 2 ùû – éëcos(2x + 2) + 1ùû
2 2
½ cos2 – ½
1 1
= cos 2 - < 0 .
2 2

1. Draw the graph of the following functions using graphical transformation:

2
(a) y = x - 1 (b) y = 4 - x (c) y = x2 – 2 x

(d) y = e - x (e) y = loge x (f) y = – e–x

2. Given the curve y = f(x)

1
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

2 3
0 1

–1

Draw: (i) y = f(x + 1) (ii) y = f(x/2)

f (x) ± f (x )
(iii) y = f ( x ) (iv) y =
2

f (x )
(v) y =
f (x)

61
JEE-Mathematics
3. Draw the graph of f(x) = 3| x | – x2 – 2
4. Draw the graph of f(x) = | x2 – 2 | x | – 3 |

-|x| 1
5. Draw the graph of f (x) = e -
2
6. Draw the graph of | f (x) | = (x – 1) (x – 2)

1
7. Sketch the graph of f(x) =
2- | x |

| x - 1|
8. Sketch the graph of f(x) =
| x | -1

1
9. Draw the graph of the function f(x) = -2 .
x

éx for 0 £ x £1
ê1 for x > 1 and f 2 ( x ) = f1 ( - x ) for all x ;
10. Let f1(x) = ê
êë 0 otherwise

f 3 ( x ) = -f 2 ( x ) for all x ; f 4 ( x ) = f 3 ( - x ) for all x Which of the following is necessarily ture?

(A) f 4 ( x ) = f1 ( x ) for all x (B) f1 ( x ) = -f3 ( - x ) for all x

(C) f 2 ( - x ) = f 4 ( x ) for all x (D) f1 ( x ) + f3 ( x ) = 0 for all x

11. Sketch the graphs of the following functions :

(i) f(x) = | | x | + 1 | (ii) f(x) = |ln x| (iii) f(x) = tan | x |

(iv) f(x) = e| x | – 1

(v) | f(x) | = ln x (vi) f(x) = x + | x | (vii) f(x) = – sin | x |

12. Find the number of solutions of the following equations

(i) cos x = tan 4x ; 0 < x < p (ii) log0.5 | x | = 2 | x |

13.0 CLASSIFICATION OF FUNCTIONS

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(a) O n e - O n e f u n c t io n ( I n j e c t iv e m a p p i n g )
A function f : A ® B is said to be a one-one function or injective mapping if different
elements of A have different f images in B. Thus for x1, x2 Î A & f(x1), f(x2) Î B, f(x1) =
f(x2) Û x1 = x2 or x 1 ¹ x 2 Û f(x 1 ) ¹ f(x 2 ).
Note – (i) Any continuous function which is entirely increasing or decreasing in whole domain
is one-one.
(ii) If a function is one-one, any line parallel to x-axis cuts the graph of the function at atmost one point

Diagramatically an injective mapping can be shown

A B A B

or

62
 Set, Relation & Function
(b ) M a ny- one f unc t ion
A function f – A ® B is said to be a many one function if two or more elements of A have the
same f image in B.
Thus f – A ® B is many one if $ x 1 , x 2 Î A, f(x 1 ) = f(x 2 ) but x 1 ¹ x 2
Diagramatically a many one mapping can be shown
A B
x1
or x2

Note – If a continuous function has local maximum or local minimum, then f(x) is many-one because
atleast one line parallel to x-axis will intersect the graph of function atleast twice.
(c ) Onto funct ion (Surje c t ive mapping)
If the function f : A ® B is such that each element in B (co-domain) is the ‘f’ image
of atleast one element in A, then we say that f is a function of A 'onto' B. Thus f : A ®
B is surjective if " b Î B, $ some a Î A such that f(a) = b

Diagramatically surjective mapping can be shown

A B

or

Note that – If range = co-domain, then f(x) is onto.

(d) I n t o f u nc t i o n
If f : A ® B is such that there exists atleast one element in co-domain which is not the
image of any element in domain, then f(x) is into.

D iagram atically into function can be show n

A B A B

or

l Thus a f unct ion ca n be one of thes e four t ypes

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(i) one-one onto (injective & surjective)

(ii) one-one into (injective but not surjective)

(iii) many-one onto (surjective but not injective)

(iv) many-one into (neither surjective nor injective)

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JEE-Mathematics
Note – (i) If ‘f ’ is both injective & surjective, then it is called a Biject ive mapping. The bijective
functions are also named as invertible, non singular or biuniform functions.
(ii) If a set A contains n distinct elements then the number of different functions defined
from A ® A is n n & out of it n! are one one and rest are many one.
(iii) f–R ® R is a polynomial
(a) Of even degree, then it will neither be injective nor surjective.
(b) Of odd degree, then it will always be surjective, no general comment can be given
on its injectivity.

Illustration 44. Let A = {x : –1 £ x £ 1} = B be a mapping f : A ® B. For each of the following functions from
A to B, find whether it is surjective or bijective.
(a) f(x) = |x| (b) f(x) = x|x| (c) f(x) = x3

px
(d) f(x) = [x] (e) f(x) = sin
2
Solution (a) f(x) = |x|
Y
Graphically ;
Which shows many one, as the straight line
is parallel to x-axis and cuts at two points.
Here range for f(x) Î [0, 1]
Which is clearly subset of co-domain i.e., –1 O +1 X
[0, 1] Í [–1,1]
Thus, into.
Hence, function is many-one-into
\ Neither injective nor surjective
ì-x2 , -1 < x < 0üï
(b) f(x) = x|x|= ïí ý,
2
îïx , 0 £ x < 1 þï
Y
Graphically, 1
The graph shows f(x) is one-one, as the straight
line parallel to x-axis cuts only at one point. –1 O 1 X
Here, range
f(x) Î [–1, 1] –1
Thus, range = co-domain
Hence, onto.
Therefore, f(x) is one-one onto or (Bijective).
(c) f(x) = x3,
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

Graphically; Y
1
Graph shows f(x) is one-one onto

–1 O 1 X
(i.e. Bijective)
[as explained in above example] –1
(d) f(x) = [x],
Graphically;
Which shows f(x) is many-one, as the straight line Y
2
1
parallel to x-axis meets at more than one point. –2 –1
O 1 3 X
Here, range
–1
f(x) Î {–1, 0, 1}
which shows into as range Í co-domain –2
Hence, many-one-into
64
 Set, Relation & Function

px
(e) f(x) = sin Y
2
Graphically; 1
Which shows f(x) is one-one and onto as range
–1
O 1 X
= co-domain.
Therefore, f(x) is bijective. –1

Illustration 45. Let f : R ® R be a function defined by f (x) = x + x2 , then f is

(A) injective (B) surjective (C) bijective (D) None of these

Solution We have, f(x) = x + x2 = x + | x |

Clearly, f is not one-one as f(–1) = f(–2) = 0 and –1 ¹ – 2
Also, f is not onto as f(x) ³ 0 " x Î R
\ range of f = (0, ¥) Ì R Ans.(D)
2
x + 3x + a
Illustration 46. Let f(x) = , where f : R ® R. Find the value of parameter 'a' so that the given function
x2 + x + 1
is one-one.

x 2 + 3x + a
Solution f(x) =
x2 + x + 1

(x2 + x + 1)(2x + 3) - (x 2 + 3x + a)(2x + 1) -2x2 + 2x(1 - a) + (3 - a)

f'(x) = =
(x2 + x + 1)2 (x2 + x + 1)2

Let, g(x) = –2x2 + 2x (1 – a) + (3 – a)

g(x) will be negative if 4 (1 – a)2 + 8 (3 – a) < 0
Þ 1 + a2 – 2a + 6 – 2a < 0 Þ (a – 2)2 + 3 < 0
which is not possible. Therefore function is not monotonic.
Hence, no value of a is possible.

+ 1
1*. Let f : R ® R : f ( x ) = x + then
x
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

(A) f is injective mapping (B) f is many-one mapping

(C) f is surjective mapping (D) f is in-to mapping
2*. Let f : R ® R : f ( x ) = x + 3cos x then
(A) f is one-one function (B) f is many-one function
(C) f is on-to function (D) f is In-to function
3*. Let f : R + ® R : f ( x ) = x 2 + ln x then
(A) f is injective mapping (B) f is surjective mapping
(C) f is bijective mapping (D) f is singular mapping

+ x
4*. Let f : R ® R : f ( x ) = then
x2
(A) f is one-one function (B) f is many-one function
(C) f is on-to function (D) f is In-to function

65
JEE-Mathematics
Match the entries of column- I with one or more entries of the elements of column - II.
5*. Column-I Column-II
(A) f : R ® R : f ( x) = x 3 + x 2 + 5 x + 7 (P) One-one function

(B) f : R ® R : f ( x ) = x 3 - x 2 - 3x + 2 (Q) Many-one function

(C) f : R ® R : f ( x) = x + sin x (R) Onto function

(D) f : R ® R : f ( x) = sin( x 2 ) (S) Into function

6*. Column-I Column-II

e x - e- x
(A) f : R ®[ -1,1]: f ( x) = (P) One-one mapping
e x + e- x
(B) f : R ® R : f ( x) = x + | x | (Q) Many-one mapping

(C) f : R + ® R : f ( x ) = sin(e - x ) (R) Onto mapping

(D) f : R + ® R + : f ( x ) = x 2 (S) Into mapping

7. If f : R + ® A : f ( x ) = x 2 be any onto function then least positive integral value in set A is

8. If f : R ® A : f ( x) = sin 3 x is surjective function then number of integers in the set A is

9. If f : R ® A : f ( x ) = x5 + 9 x 2 + 7 is onto function then least prime number in set A is

10. If f : (1, ¥) ® R : f ( x) = ln(2 x 2 - 5ax + 3a 2 ) is a bijective function then greatest value of 3a is

14.0 COMPOSITE OF UNIFORMLY & NON-UNIFORMLY DEFINED

FUNCTION
Let f – A ® B & g : B ® C be two functions. Then the function gof : A ® C defined by (gof ) (x) = g(f(x)) " x Î
A is called the composite of the two functions f & g.

x f(x)
Diagramatically f g g (f(x))

Thus the image of every x Î A under the function gof is the g-image of f-image of x.

Note that gof is defined only if " x Î A, f(x) is an element of the domain of ‘g’ so that we can take its
g-image. Hence in gof(x) the range of ‘f’ must be a subset of the domain of ‘g’.
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

l Properties of composite functions

(a) In general composite of functions is not commutative i.e. gof ¹ fog.

(b) The composite of functions is associative i.e. if f, g, h are three functions such that fo(goh) & (fog)oh
are defined, then fo(goh) = (fog)oh.

(c) The composite of two bijections is a bijection i.e. if f & g are two bijections such that gof is defined,
then gof is also a bijection.

l f & g are two one-one function defined for all real values then both fog & gof are one-one.
l f : R ® R, G : R ® R and range of f is A then range of fog is A.

66
 Set, Relation & Function

æ 5ö æ 5ö
Illustration 47. If f be the greatest integer function and g be the modulus function, then (gof) ç - ÷ – (fog) ç - ÷ =
è 3ø è 3ø
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) 4
æ -5 ö æ -5 ö ì æ -5 ö ü ì æ -5 ö ü æ 5ö
Solution Given (gof) ç ÷ – (fog) ç ÷ = g íf çè ÷ø ý - f íg çè ÷ø ý = g(–2) – f ç ÷ = 2 – 1 = 1
è 3ø è 3ø î 3 þ î 3 þ è 3ø
Ans.(A)
Illustration 48. Find the domain and range of h(x) = g(f(x)), where

ì [x], -2 £ x £ -1 ì [x], -p £ x £ 0
f(x) = í and g(x) = í , [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
î x + 1, -1 < x £ 2 îsin x, 0 £ x £ p
ì [f(x)], -p £ f(x) < 0 f(x)=p
Solution h(x) = g(f(x)) = í
î sin(f(x)), 0 £ f(x) £ p +3
From graph of f(x), we get
–2 –1 +1
ì [[x]], -2 £ x £ -1 –1 2
h(x) = í
îsin( x + 1), -1 < x £ 2 –2
Þ Domain of h(x) is [–2, 2] f(x)=–p

and Range of h(x) is {–2, 1} È [sin3, 1]

ì x + 1, x £1 ì x 2 , -1 £ x < 2
Illustration 49. Let f(x) = í and g(x) = í , find (fog)
î2x + 1, 1 < x £ 2 î x + 2, 2 £ x £ 3
ì g(x) + 1, g(x) £ 1
Solution f(g(x)) = í
y
î2g(x) + 1, 1 < g(x) £ 2
Here, g(x) becomes the variable that means 5
2
we should draw the graph. 4 x+

It is clear that g(x) £ 1 ; " x Î [–1, 1]

3 x2
and 1 < g(x) £ 2 ; " x Î (1, 2] 2
1
ìï x2 + 1, -1 £ x £ 1 x
Þ f(g(x)) = í –2 –1 0 1 2 3
ïî2x2 + 1, 1 < x £ 2
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

ì1 + x, 0£x£2
1. Let f (x) = í find (fof) (x).
î3 - x, 2<x£3

æ pö æ pö æ5ö
2. If f(x) = sin²x + sin² ç x + ÷ + cos x cosç x + ÷ and g ç ÷ = 1 , then find (gof) (x).
è 3ø è 3ø è4ø

3. If g0 : R ® R, g0(x) = 3 + 4x and gn+1(x) = g0(gn(x)) then gn(x) =

(A) (4n+1 – 1) + 4n+1x (B) 4n (x + 1) (C) 3 + 4n x (D) 3 + 4n xn

4. {
If ƒ (x) = x + 1 2 if
5 - x if
x £ 1 and g(x) = x
x >1
{ if
2 - x if
x £1
x > 1 then ƒ (g(x)) =

(A) x + 1 if x £ 1 (B) 3 – x if x < 1 (C) 3 – x " x Î R (D) x + 1 if x > 1

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JEE-Mathematics

x
5. If f(x) = , then (fofof ) (x) =
1 + x2

3x x 3x
(A) 2 (B) 2 (C) (D) none
1+ x 1 + 3x 1 + x2

ïì x + 1, x < 0
2
ìï 3 - x, x < 0
6*. Let f ( x ) = í and g ( x) = í 2 then
ïî 5 - x, x ³ 0 ïî x - 5, x ³ 0

ìx4 + 2x2 - 4 x<0 ì x4 + 2 x 2 - 4 x<0

ïï ïï 2
(A) f ( g ( x)) = í x+2 0£ x< 5 (B) g ( f ( x)) = í x - 10 x + 20 0 £ x £ 5
ï 2 ï x-2 x>5
ïî x - 10 x³ 5 ïî

ì x 4 - 10 x 2 + 26 x<0 ì x 4 - 10 x 2 + 26 0 £ x < 5
ïï 2 ï
(C) g ( f ( x)) = í x - 10 0£ x£5 (D) f ( g ( x)) = í x+2 x<0
ï x-2 x>5 ï 2
ïî î 10 - x x³ 5

ì- x - 8 x £ -1
ïì x - 9 x < 0 ï
2
7*. Let f ( x) = í and g ( x) = í x - 8 -1 < x < 2 then
ïî 8 - x x ³ 0 ï 2
î5 - x x³2

ì x + 16 x Î(-¥, - 8]
ï 2
ì(5 - x 2 ) 2 + 9, x Î( -¥, - 1] ï ( x + 8) - 9 x Î( -8, - 1]
ï ï 2
(A) f ( g ( x)) = í x + 5, x Î( -1,2) (B) f ( g ( x)) = í ( x - 8) - 9 x Î( -1,2)
ï ï 2
ï x +3 x Î[2, 5]
2
î ( x + 8) + 9 x Î[2, ¥ )
ï(5 - x 2 )2 - 9 x Î( 5, ¥)
î
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

(C) Domain of f(g(x)) is R (D) Range of f(g(x)) is R

15.0 INVERSE OF A FUNCTION

Let f – A ® B be a one-one & onto function, then their exists a unique function g : B ® A such that
f(x) = y Û g(y) = x, " x Î A & y Î B. Then g is said to be inverse of f.
Thus g = f–1 : B ® A = {(f(x), x))|(x, f (x)) Î f}.
l Properties of inverse function
(a) The inverse of a bijection is unique.
(b) If f – A ® B is a bijection & g : B ® A is the inverse of f, then fog = IB and gof = IA, where
IA & IB are identity functions on the sets A & B respectively. If fof = I, then f is inverse of itself.
(c) The inverse of a bijection is also a bijection.
(d) If f & g are two bijections f : A ® B, g : B ® C then the inverse of gof exists and (gof)–1 = f–1 o g–1.

68
 Set, Relation & Function
(e) Since f(a) = b if and only if f –1(b) = a, the point (a, b) is on the graph of ‘f’ if and only if the point (b,
a) is on the graph of f–1. But we get the point (b, a) from (a, b) by reflecting about the line y = x.
y y y
(b, a)
y = f(x) y=x
–1
f
(a, b)
0 x
0 x 0 x (–1,0)
(0,–1)

y=x y=x f –1
y = f (x)

The graph of f -1 is obtained by reflecting the graph of f about the line y =x.

Drawing the graph of y = f –1(x) from the known graph of y = f(x)

For drawing the graph of y = f–1(x) we have to first of all find the interval in which the function is bijective
(invertible). Then take the reflection of y = f(x) (within the invertible region) about the line y = x. The reflected
part would give us the graph of y = f –1(x).
é p pù
e.g. let us draw the graph of y = sin–1x. We know that y = f(x) = sinx is invertible if f – ê - , ú ® [-1, 1]
ë 2 2û

é p pù
Þ the inverse mapping would be f –1 – [-1, 1] ® ê - , ú .
ë 2 2û
y
(1,p/2)
p/2 y=x
y=sinx

1 (p/2,1)

–p/2 –1 x
O 1 p/2

(0,–1)
(–p /2,1)

(-1-p/2)
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

Illustration 50. Let f – R ® R be defined by f(x) = (ex–e–x)/2. Is f(x) invertible ? If so, find its inverse.
Solution Let us check for invertibility of f(x) :
(a) One-One
Let x1, x2 Î R and x1< x2
Þ e1 <e2x x (Because base e > 1) .......... (i)
Also x1 < x2 Þ –x2 < –x1
Þ e- x2 < e - x1 (Because base e > 1) .......... (ii)
(i) + (ii) Þ e x1 + e - x2 < e x2 + e- x1
1 x1
Þ ( e - e- x1 ) < 1 ( e x2 - e - x2 ) Þ f(x1) < f(x2) i.e. f is one-one.
2 2
(b) Onto
As x tends to larger and larger values so does f(x) and
when x ® ¥, f(x) ® ¥.
Similarly as x ® -¥, f(x) ® -¥ i.e. - ¥ < f(x) < ¥ so long as x Î (-¥, ¥)

69
JEE-Mathematics
Hence the range of f is same as the set R. Therefore f(x) is onto.
Since f(x) is both one-one and onto, f(x) is invertible.
(c) To find f–1
Let f–1 be the inverse function of f, then by rule of identity fof–1(x) = x
-1 -1
ef ( x)
- e- f ( x)
-1 -1
= x Þ e2f (x)
- 2xe f (x)
-1 = 0
2

-1 2x ± 4x2 + 4 -1
Þ ef ( x)
= Þ ef ( x) = x ± 1 + x2
2
-1
Since e f (x)
> 0, hence negative sign is ruled out and
-1
Hence e f (x)
= x + 1 + x2

Taking logarithm, we have f–1(x) = ln(x + 1 + x2 ) .

ì x; < 1
ï 2
Illustration 51. Find the inverse of the function f(x) = í x ;1 £ x £ 4
ï
î 8 x; x > 4
ì x; < 1
ï 2
Solution Given f(x) = í x ;1 £ x £ 4
ï
î 8 x; x > 4
Let f(x) = y Þ x = f–1(y)

ì ì
ï y, y <1 ï y, y <1
ïï ïï
\ x = í y, 1£ y £4 Þ f -1 (y) = í y, 1 £ y £ 16
ï 2 ï 2
ïy , y2 ïy , y > 16
>4 ïî 64
ïî 64 64

ì x; < 1
ï
ïï
Hence f–1(x) = í x;1 £ x £ 16 Ans.
ï 2
ï x
; x > 16
ïî 64 Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

1- x
1. If f(x) = , the domain of f -1 ( x) is
1+ x
(A) R (B) R– {–1} (C) (– ¥ , –1) (D) (–1, ¥ )

e x - e- x
2. The inverse of the function f ( x) = + 1 is
e x + e- x

æ x ö æ x ö
(A) log10 ç ÷ (B) ln ç ÷
è 2- xø è 2- xø
1/ 2
æ x ö 1 æ x ö
(C) ln ç ÷ (D) log ç ÷
è 2- x ø 2 è 2- x ø
70
 Set, Relation & Function

10 x - 10- x
3. The inverse of the function f ( x ) = is
10 x + 10- x

1 æ1+ x ö
(A) log10 ( 2 - x ) (B) log10 ç ÷
2 è 1- x ø

1 1 æ 2x ö
(C) log10 (2 x - 1) (D) log ç ÷
2 4 è 2- x ø

4. If the function f :[1, ¥ ) ® [1, ¥) is defined by f(x) = 2x (x – 1), then f -1 (x) is

x ( x-1)
æ1ö 1 1
(A) ç ÷ (B) {1 + 1 + 4 log 2 x } (C) {1 - 1 + 4 log 2 x } (D) not defined
è2ø 2 2

5. If f(x) = 2x3 + 7x –5 then f–1(4) is

(A) equal to 1 (B) equal to 2
(C) equal to 1/3 (D) non existent

æ 3ö
6. Show that the functions f(x) = x2 – x + 1, x ³ 1/2 and g(x) = 1/2 + ç x - ÷ are mutually inverse and
è 4ø
solve the equation

æ 3ö
x2 – x + 1 = 1/2 + çx - ÷ .
è 4ø
7. For what values of the parameter m are the following functions invertible ?
(i) f(x) = x3 – mx2 + 3x – 11
(ii) f(x) = (m + 2) x3 – 3mx2 + 9mx – 1.

16.0 PERIODIC FUNCTION

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A function f(x) is called periodic if there exists a least positive number T(T >0) called the period of the function
such that f(x + T) = f(x), for all values of x within the domain of f(x).
e.g. The function sinx & cosx both are periodic over 2p & tan x is periodic over p.
Note – For periodic function
(i) f(T) = f(0) = f(–T), where 'T' is the period.
(ii) Inverse of a periodic function does not exist.
(iii) Every constant function is periodic, but its period is not defined.
(iv) If f(x) has a period T & g(x) also has a period T then it does not mean that f(x) + g(x)
must have a period T. e.g. f(x) = |sin x| + |cos x|.

1
(v) If f(x) has period p, then and f(x) also has a period p.
f(x)
(vi) If f(x) has period T then f(ax + b) has a period T/|a| (a ¹ 0).

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JEE-Mathematics

Illustration 52. Find the periods (if periodic) of the following functions, where [.] denotes the greatest integer
function
(i) f(x) = eln(sinx) + tan3x – cosec(3x – 5) (ii) f(x) = x – [x – b], b Î R
sin x + cos x p
(iii) f(x) = (iv) f(x) = tan [x]
sin x + cos x 2

(1 + sin x)(1 + sec x)

(v) f(x) = cos(sinx) + cos(cosx) (vi) f(x) =
(1 + cos x)(1 + cos ec x)

(vii) f(x) = e x-[x]+ cos px + cos2 px +........+ cos np

Solution (i) f(x) = eln(sinx) + tan3x – cosec(3x – 5)
Period of elnsinx = 2p, tan3x = p
2p
cosec (3x – 5) =
3
\ Period = 2p
(ii) f(x) = x – [x – b] = b + {x – b}
\ Period = 1
sin x + cos x
(iii) f(x) =
sin x + cos x
p
Since period of |sinx + cosx| = p and period of |sinx| + |cosx| is . Hence f(x) is
2
periodic with p as its period
p
(iv) f(x) = tan [x]
2

p p p p
tan [x + T]= tan [x] Þ [x + T] = np + [x]
2 2 2 2
\ T=2
\ Period = 2
(v) Let f(x) is periodic then f(x + T) = f(x)
Þ cos(sin(x + T))+ cos(cos(x + T)) = cos(sinx) + cos(cosx)
If x = 0 then cos(sinT) + cos(cosT)

= cos(0) + cos(1) = cos æç cos p ö÷ + cos æç sin p ö÷

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

è 2ø è 2ø
p
On comparing T =
2
(1 + sin x)(1 + sec x) (1 + sin x)(1 + cos x) sin x
(vi) f(x) = =
(1 + cos x)(1 + cos ec x) cos x(1 + sin x)(1 + cos x)
Þ f(x) = tanx
Hence f(x) has period p.
(vii) f(x) = e x-[x]+ cos px + cos 2 px +........+ cos np
Period of x – [x] = 1
Period of |cospx| = 1
1
Period of |cos2px| =
2
......................................
1
Period of |cosnpx| =
n
So period of f(x) will be L.C.M. of all period = 1
72
 Set, Relation & Function

Illustration 53. Find the periods (if periodic) of the following functions, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function
px px
(i) f(x) = ex–[x] + sinx (ii) f(x) = sin + cos
2 3
px px
(iii) f(x) = sin + cos
3 2 3
Solution (i) Period of ex–[x] = 1
period of sinx = 2p
Q L.C.M. of rational and an irrational number does not exist.
\ not periodic.
px 2p
(ii) Period of sin = =2 2
2 p/ 2
px 2p
Period of cos = =2 3
3 p/ 3
Q L.C.M. of two different kinds of irrational number does not exist.
\ not periodic.
px2p
(iii) Period of sin = =2 3
3 p/ 3
px 2p
Period of cos = =4 3
2 3 p/2 3
Q L.C.M. of two similar irrational number exist.
\ Periodic with period = 4 3 Ans.

px px px
1. The period of f (x) = sin + 2 cos - tan , is -
2 3 4
(A) 6 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 12
2. Which of the following function has a period of 2p ?
æ pö æ pö px px
(A) f(x) = sin çè 2px + ÷ø + 2 sin çè 3px + ÷ø + 3 sin 5px (B) f(x) = sin + sin
3 4 3 4
(C) f (x) = sin x + cos 2x (D) none

3. If f : R ® R is a function satisfying the property f(x+1) + f(x+3) = K " x Î R then the period of f (x) can be
(A) 4 (B) K (C) 1 (D) p
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

4. Let f(x) = sin [a] x (where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function). If f is periodic with fundamental period

p, then a belongs to -
(A) [2, 3) (B) {4, 5} (C) [4, 5] (D) [4, 5)

5. Function f ( x ) = {3x} + sin(px) is [where {.} fractional part function] is

(A) Periodic with fundamental period 1 (B) Periodic with fundamental period 2
(C) Periodic with fundamental period 3 (D) Non periodic

6. f ( x) = tan x + sin x is periodic with fundamental period.

p
(A) p (B) 2p (C) (D) 3p
2
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JEE-Mathematics

7. Fundamental period of f ( x ) = sin 2 x is

p p
(A) (B) (C) 2p (D) p
2 4

8. f ( x) = tan 2 x is

p
(A) Periodic with fundamental period (B) Periodic with fundamental period p
2

(C) Non periodic (D) None of these

9. Fundamental period of function f ( x) = cot 2 (8 x ) is

p p p
(A) (B) p (C) (D)
4 8 16

10. Function f ( x ) = sin 2 x + cos2 x is

p
(A) Non periodic function (B) Periodic with fundamental period
2

(C) Periodic with fundamental period p (D) None of these

11. Let f(x) be periodic and k be a positive real number such that
f(x + k) + f(x) = 0 for all x Î R .Prove that f(x) is a periodic with period 2k.
12. Find periods for;

(i) cos4 x (ii) sin3x (iii) cos x (iv) cos x

æxö
13. Find period of f(x) = tan3x + sin ç ÷.
è3ø
14. Find the period of,

x x x x x
f(x) = sinx + tan + sin 2 + tan 3 + ..... + sin n -1 + tan n .
2 2 2 2 2
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

15*. Which of the following function (s) is/are periodic with period p .
(A) f (x) = |sin x| (B) f (x) = [x + p ] (C) f (x) = cos (sin x) (D) f (x) = cos2x
(where [.] denotes the greatest integer function)
16. Find the period of the following functions:
(i) f(x) = sin4x + cos4x (ii) f(x) = cos(sinx) + cos(cosx)
(iii) f(x) = | sinx | + | cosx | (iv) f(x) = sin2x + cos3x
1
17. Find the period of function f(x) = .
|| sin 2x | - | cos 2x ||

æ 3 ö
18. Is the function f(x) = 1 + ç 2 ÷ is periodic ?
è 2 - sin x ø
If yes, mention its period.
74
 Set, Relation & Function
19. Find the period of following functions:

(i) f(x) = [sin3x] + | cos6x |(where [.] is gretest integer function (ii) f(x) = {
1 | sin x | | cos x |
2 cos x
+
sin x }
px px
(iii) f(x) = 3sin + 4cos (iv) f(x) = cos3x + sin 3px
3 4

px px
(v) f(x) = sin - cos (vi) f(x) = eln(sin x) + tan 3 x - cosec(3x - 5)
n! (n + 1) !
20. Find the period of the real valued function satisfying,
f(x) + f(x + 4) = f(x + 2) + f(x + 6).
21. Check whether the function defined by :

f (x + l) = 1 + 2f (x) - f 2 (x), " x Î R is periodic if yes, then find the period where f(x) Î [0,2].
Match the entries of column- I with one or more entries of the elements of column - II.
22. Column-I Column-II
(A) f ( x ) = sin(sin x ) is (P) Periodic with fundamental period 2 p

(B) f ( x ) = cos(sin x) is (Q) Periodic with fundamental period p

p
(C) f ( x ) = 3sin x is (R) Periodic with fundamental period
2

cos(3x )
(D) f ( x ) = is (S) Non periodic
sin(7 x)
23. Column-I Column-II

(A) f ( x) = cos(cos x ) + cos(sin x) is (P) Periodic with fundamental period 2 p

(B) f ( x) =| sin x | + | cos x | is (Q) Periodic with fundamental period p

p
(C) f ( x ) = sin 2 x + cos 4 x + 8 is (R) Periodic with fundamental period
2

(D) f ( x) = sin(4 x) cos(8 x ) is (S) Non periodic

24. Column-I Column-II

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

(A) f ( x ) = ln({x}) is (where {.} fractional part function) (P) Is periodic with fundamental period 2p

(B) f ( x ) = x - [ x ] + sin 2 px is (where [.] = G.I.F) (Q) Is periodic with fundamental period p

(C) f ( x ) = sin 3 x - cos3 x (R) Is periodic with fundamental period 1

(D) f ( x) =| tan x | (S) Is non periodic

17.0 GENERAL
If x, y are independent variables, then
(a) f(xy) = f(x) + f(y) Þ f(x) = kln x
(b) f(xy) = f(x) . f(y) Þ f(x) = xn, n Î R or f(x) = 0
(c) f(x + y) = f(x) . f(y) Þ f(x) = akx or f(x) = 0
(d) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) Þ f(x) = kx, where k is a constant.

75
JEE-Mathematics

9x æ 1 ö æ 2 ö æ 3 ö
1. Let f (x) = x then find the value of the sum f ç ÷+f ç ÷ +f ç ÷ + .............
9 +3 è 2006 ø è 2006 ø è 2006 ø

æ 2005 ö
+f ç ÷
è 2006 ø

f(x) - 1
2. Given that f(11) = 11 and f(x + 3) = for all x ÎR find f(2000).
f(x) + 1

3. Assume that ¦(1) = 0 and that for all integers m and n, ¦(m + n) = ¦(m) + ¦(n) + 3(4mn – 1) then
¦(19) =

(A) 2049 (B) 2098 (C) 1944 (D) 1998

4. If ƒ : R ® R satisfying ƒ (0) = 1, ƒ (1) = 2 and ƒ (x + 2) = 2 ƒ (x) + ƒ (x + 1) then ƒ (6) is -

(A) 8(B) 32 (C) 16 (D) 64

5. Let f be a linear function for which f (6) – f (2) = 12. The value of f (12) – f (2) is equal to -

(A) 12 (B) 18 (C) 24 (D) 30

6. A certain function ¦(x) satisfies ¦(x) + 2¦(6–x) = x for all real numbers x. The value of ¦(1), is -

(A) 3 (B) 2

(C) 1 (D) not possible to determine

7. If f(x) is a polynomial function satisfying the condition f(x). f(1/x) = f(x) + f(1/x) and f(2) = 9 then -

(A) 2 f(4) = 3f(6) (B) 14 f(1) = f(3) (C) 9 f(3) = f(5) (D) f(10)= f(11)

8. Which of the following is an onto function -

(A) f : [0, p] ® [– 1, 1], f (x) = sin x (B) f : [0, p] ® [– 1, 1], f (x) = cos x
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

(C) f : R ® R, f (x) = ex (D) f : Q ® Q, f (x) = x3

n
9. If f : R ® R satisfies f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y), for all x, y Î R and f(1) = 7, then å f(r) is -
r= 1

7n 7(n + 1) 7n(n + 1)
(A) (B) (C) 7n(n + 1) (D)
2 2 2

10. The number of linear functions ƒ satisfying ƒ (x + ƒ (x)) = x + ƒ (x), " x Î R is -

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

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 Set, Relation & Function

11. Number of polynomial functions satisfying ƒ (x) + ƒ (3x) = ƒ (2x) " x Î R is/are -

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3

12. Let a function ƒ (x) satisfying functional rule ƒ (x + y) = ƒ (x) ƒ (y) + 3ƒ (x – y) + 1 " x,y Î R, then -

A) ƒ (1) + ƒ (2) = –2 (B) ƒ (1) + ƒ (2) = 0 (C) ƒ (1) + ƒ (2) = 2 (D) ƒ (1) + ƒ (2) = 4

æ 1ö
13. Let ¦(x) is even and g(x) is an odd function which satisfies x 2¦(x) – 2¦ çè ÷ø = g(x),
x

then ¦(1) + ¦(2) + ¦(3) + ¦(4) =

(A) 10 (B) 0 (C) 24 (D) 4

14. If ƒ (x) is an even function defined for all x & satisfy ƒ (1) = 2, ƒ (x + 3) = ƒ (x) + x for x ³ 0, then ƒ (–4) is
equal to -

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) 5

15*. Which of the following is an odd function -

æ x 4 + x2 + 1 ö
ln
(A) ç 2 2 ÷
è (x + x + 1) ø

(B) sgn (sgn (x))

æ1ö æ1ö
(C) ƒ (x), where ƒ(x) + ƒ ç ÷ = ƒ(x)ƒ ç ÷ " x Î R – {0} & ƒ(2) = 33
èxø èxø

(D) ƒog(x), where ƒ(x) & g(x) both are odd function & fog(x) is defined.
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

77
JEE-Mathematics

SOME WORKED OUT ILLUSTRATIONS

Illustration 1. ABCD is a square of side l. A line parallel to the diagonal BD at a distance 'x' from the vertex
A cuts two adjacent sides. Express the area of the segment of the square with A at a vertex, as
a function of x. Find this area at x = 1/ 2 and at x = 2, when l = 2.
Solution There are two different situations D C

l
Case-I when x = AP £ OA, i.e., x £ O
2 F l

P
1 x
ar(DAEF) = x.2x = x2 (Q PE = PF = AP = x)
2 A
E
B

l
Case-II when x = AP > OA, i.e., x > but x £ 2l
2 D
F
C
2–lx
ar(ABEFDA) = ar(ABCD) – ar(DCFE)
P

= l -
2 1
2
( ) (
2l - x .2 2l - x ) [Q CP = 2l - x ]
O E

= ( )
l 2 - 2l2 + x 2 - 2 2lx = 2 2lx - x 2 - l 2 A B
\ the required function s(x) is as follows :
ì 2 l
ï x , 0£x£ ì 1 1
ï 2 ï 2 at x =
s(x) = í ; area of s(x) = í 2
ï2 2 lx – x2 – l2 , l < x £ 2l ï
ïî 2 î8( 2 – 1) at x = 2
Ans.
Illustration 2. If the function f(x) satisfies the functional rule, f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) " x,y Î R & f(1) = 5, then
m

find å f(n)
n =1
and also prove that f(x) is odd function.
Solution Here, f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y); put x = t – 1, y = 1
f(t) = f(t – 1) + f(1) ....(1)
\ f(t) = f(t – 1) + 5
Þ f(t) = {f(t – 2) + 5} + 5
Þ f(t) = f(t – 2) + 2(5)
Þ f(t) = f(t – 3) + 3(5)
.............................
.............................
Þ f(t) = f{t – (t –1)} + (t – 1)5
Þ f(t) = f(1)+ (t – 1)5
Þ f(t) = 5 + (t – 1)5
Þ f(t) = 5t
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

m m
5m(m + 1)
\ å
n =1
f(n) = å (5n) = 5[1 + 2 + 3 + ..... + m] =
n =1 2
m
5m(m + 1)
Hence, å f(n) = .....(i)
n =1 2
Now putting x=0, y=0 in the given function, we have
f(0 + 0) = f(0) + f(0)
\ f(0) = 0
Also putting (–x) for (y) in the given function.
f(x – x) = f(x) + f(– x)
Þ f(0) = f(x) + f(–x)
Þ 0 = f(x) + f(–x)
Þ f(–x) = –f(x) ....(ii)
m
5m(m + 1)
Thus, å f(n) =
n =1 2
and f(x) is odd function.

78
 Set, Relation & Function

x x
Illustration 3. Range of f(x) = 4 + 2 + 1 is
x x
Solution f(x) = 4 + 2 + 1
x
Let 2 = t > 0, " x Î R
2
\ f(x) = g(t) = t + t + 1 t>0
2
æ 1ö 3
g(t) = ç t + ÷ +
è 2ø 4
2 2
æ 1ö 1 æ 1ö 1 æ 1ö 3
çt + ÷ > Þ çt + ÷ > Þ çt + ÷ + >1
è 2ø 2 è 2ø 4 è 2ø 4
Range is (1, ¥)

x–1
Illustration 4. Let f : N ® N, where f(x) = x + ( – 1) , then the inverse of f is
x–1
Solution f(x) = x + (–1)

ì x + 1 , x is an odd natural number

y = f(x) = í x – 1 , x is an even natural number
î

ì y – 1 , y is an even natural number

x = í y + 1 , y is an odd natural number
î

–1 ì x – 1 , x is an even natural number

f (x) = í x + 1 , x is an odd natural number
î
–1 x–1
\ f (x) = x + (–1) ,xÎN

Illustration 5. The domain of f(x) = x 4 - x 3 + 1 is

Solution f(x) = x 4 – x 3 + 1
For f(x) to be defined.
4 3 4 3
x –x +1³0 i.e. (1 + x ) – x ³ 0, which is true " x Î R
\ Domain is (– ¥, ¥)

3 1 ù é3 2 ù é3 3 ù é 3 99 ù , where [ . ] represents greatest

Illustration 6. The value of éê + ú +ê + ú +ê + ú + ....... ê +
ë 4 100 û ë 4 100 û ë 4 100 û ë 4 100 úû
integer function:
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

é3 1 ù é3 2 ù é3 3 ù é 3 24 ù
Solution êë 4 + 100 úû + êë 4 + 100 úû + êë 4 + 100 úû + ....... êë 4 + 100 úû

é 3 25 ù é 3 26 ù é 3 27 ù é 3 99 ù
+ê + ú +ê + ú +ê + ú + ....... ê +
ë 4 100 û ë 4 100 û ë 4 100 û ë 4 100 úû
= 0 + 75 = 75

1
Illustration 7. Fundamental period of the function f(x) = + cos (cos6x) is
sin 4x - cos 4x

p
Solution As |sin 4x| – |cos 4x| has period
4

But on taking sin 4x - cos 4x as g(x)

79
JEE-Mathematics

æ pö æp ö æp ö
we get g ç x + 8 ÷ = sin ç 2 + 4x ÷ - cos ç 2 + 4x ÷
è ø è ø è ø

= cos 4x - sin 4x = g(x)

p
\ Fundamental period of g(x) is .
8
Now h(x) = cos (cos 6x)

æ pö
then h ç x + ÷ = cos(cos(p + 6x))
è 6ø

p
= cos (–cos 6x) = cos (cos 6x) \ Period is
6

p p p
Taking L.C.M. of , we get
6 8 2

Illustration 8. If f(x) = px + sinx is bijective function then complete set of values of p is

Solution f(x) is one-one Þ f(x) is monotonic function Þ p Î (-¥, - 1] È [1, ¥]
f(x) is onto Þ pÎ R – {0}
\ f(x) is bijective if p Î (-¥, - 1] È [1, ¥]

Illustration 9. If x, y Î [0, 10], then the number of solution (x, y) of the inequality 3sec
2
x -1
9y 2 - 6y + 2 £ 1
are
Solution If x, y Î [0, 10], then the.......

We have, 3 sec
2
x -1
9y 2 - 6y + 2 £ 1

2
2 æ 1ö 1
Þ 3sec x
çy - ÷ + £ 1
è 3 ø 9

2
æ 1ö 1 1
but 3 sec 2
³ 3 and çy - ÷ + ³
è 3 ø 9 3

1
So, using boundness we must have sec2 x = 1 and y - =0
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Th.

1
Þ x = 0, p 2p, 3p and y =
3
Þ There are 4 solution.

Illustration 10. Let f (x) and g (x) be bijective functions where f: {7, 8, 9, 10} ® {1, 2, 3, 4} and
g:{3, 4, 5, 6} ® {13, 14, 15, 16 } respectively then find the number of elements in domain and
range of gof(x) ?
Solution domain of gof is {x Î {7, 8, 9, 10} : f(x) Î {3,4}}
\ there are 2 elements in the domain of gof
Since gof is one-one, therefore, there are 2 elements in the range of gof.

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 Set, Relation & Function

SINGLE CORRECT
1. If f : R® R, which of the following rule is NOT a real function-
2 2 2
(A) y = 4 – x (B) y = 3x (C) y = x – |x| (D) y = 3x +5

log 2 ( x + 3)
2. The domain of definition of f (x) = is
x 2 + 3x + 2

(A) R - {-1, -2} (B) ( -2, ¥ ) (C) R – {–1, –2, –3} (D) ( -3, ¥ ) - {-1, -2}
3. The domain of f(x) = loge |logex| is-
(A) (0, ¥) (B) (1, ¥) (C) (0, 1) È (1, ¥) (D) (–¥, 1)
1
4. The domain of the function f(x) = + x + 2 , is -
log10 (1 - x)
(A) [– 2, 0) È (0, 1) (B) (–2, 0) È (0, 1] (C) (– 2, 0) È (0, 1] (D) (– 2, 0) È [0, 1]

5. The domain of definition of the function y(x) given by the equation 2x + 2y = 2 is

(A) 0 < x £ 1 (B) 0 £ x £ 1 (C) -¥ < x £ 0 (D) -¥ < x < 1

6. The domain of definition of ƒ(x) = {log10 (log10 x) – log10 (4 – log10 x) –log10 3}0.5

( 3
(A) 10 ,10
4
) (B) éë10 ,10 ùû
3 4
(C) [103 ,104 ) (D) (103 ,104 ]

1
7. The domain of the function f(x) = 2
is-
[x] - [x] - 6
(A) (–¥, –2) È [4, ¥) (B) (–¥, –2] È [4, ¥) (C) (–¥, –2) È (4, ¥) (D) none of these

x –x
8. The range of the function f (x) = e - e , is -
(A) [0, ¥) (B) (– ¥, 0) (C) (– ¥, ¥) (D) none

1
9. The range of the function f(x) = , is -
4 + 3cos x
(A) [1/ 7, 1] (B) ]1/ 7, 1] (C) (1/ 7, 1] (D) none
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Ex.

x2 + x + 2
10. The range of the function f (x) = x Î ( -¥, ¥ ) is
x2 + x +1
æ 11 ö æ 7ù é 7ù
(A) [1, ¥) (B) ç1, ÷ (C) ç1, ú (D) ê1, ú
è 7ø è û3 ë û5
16- x
11. Range of f (x) = C2 x -1 + 20-3 x C4 x -5 is
(A) [ 728, 1474] (B) {728, 1474} (C) {0 , 728} (D) {728, 1617}

x
ex - e
12. ( )
The range of the function f x = x x is
e +e
(A) ( -¥ , ¥ ) (B) [ 0, 1) (C) ( -1, 0] (D) ( -1, 1)

81
JEE-Mathematics

æ 1+ x ö æ 2x ö
13. If f(x) = ln ç ÷ , then f ç 1 + x 2 ÷ equals-
è 1- x ø è ø
2 3
(A) [f(x)] (B) {f(x)} (C) 2f(x) (D) 3f(x)

4x
14. If f(x) = , then f(x) + f(1 – x) is equal to-
4x + 2
(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) 4

1ì æ xö ü
15. If f(x) = cos (log x), then f ( x). f ( y ) - í f ç ÷ + f ( xy ) ý is equal to
2î è yø þ

(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) None of these

16. Which of the following function(s) is identical to g(x) = ½x - 2½

2
x-2 x2 - x + 2
(A) f(x) = x - 4 x + 4 (B) f(x) = ½x½ - ½2½
2 (C) f(x) =
x-2
(D) f(x) = x -1

3 6
17. Function f(x) = loge(x + 1 + x ) is-
(A) even (B) odd (C) neither even nor odd (D) none of these
18. Which of the following is odd function ?
2 x x 2
(A) sin x (B) (a + 1)/(a – 1) (C) x – |x| (D) None of these

sin4 x + cos4 x
19. The function f(x)= is-
x + tan x
(A) odd (B) even (C) neither even nor odd (D) odd and periodic

3
20. If f : R ® R, f(x) = x + x, then f is-
(A) one-one onto (B) one-one into (C) many-one onto (D) many-one into

21. Let f : {x, y, z} ® {a, b, c} be a one-one function and only one of the conditions

(i) f (x) ¹ b,. (ii) f (y) = b (iii) f (z) ¹ a is true then the function f is given by the set

(A) {( x,a ) , ( y,b ) , ( z,c )} (B) {( x,a ) , ( y,c ) , ( z, b )}

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Ex.

(C) {( x,b ) , ( y,a ) , ( z,c )} (D) {( x,c ) , ( y,b ) , ( z,a )}

22. Let f : R ® R be a function such that f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6. Then
(A) f is one-one and into (B) f is many-one and into
(C) f is one-one and onto (D) f is many-one and onto

e x
- e- x
23. Let f : R ® R be a function defined by f ( x ) = then
e x + e- x
(A) ‘f’ is one– one and onto (B) ‘f’ is one –one but not onto
(C) ‘f’ is not one–one but onto (D) ‘f’ is neither one – one nor onto

82
 Set, Relation & Function
2 2
24. If f : R ® R, f(x) = (x + 1) and g : R ® R, g(x) = x + 1 then (fog)(–3) is equal to-
(A) 121 (B) 144 (C) 112 (D) 11

sin101 x
f (x) =
25. Let é x ù 1 , where [x] denotes the integral part of x is
êpú + 2
ë û

(A) an odd function (B) an even function

(C) neither odd nor even function (D) both odd and even function

px px
26. Fundamental period of f ( x ) = sin + cos is (n Î N)
( n - 1) ! n!
(A) n ! (B) 2 (n !) (C) 2 ( n - 1) ! (D) None of these

27. Let f : R ® R be a periodic function such that f (T + x ) = 1 + [ 1 - 3 f ( x ) + 3( f ( x ))2 - ( f ( x ))3 ]1 / 3 where

T is a fixed positive number, then fundamental period of f(x) can be
(A) 10T (B) 2T (C) 3 T (D) 5 T

p px p
28. The fundamental period of sin [x] + cos + cot [x], where [x] denotes the integral part of x is
4 2 3
(A) 8 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 24

| sin x |-| cos x |

29. The fundamental period of the function f(x) = is-
|sin x + cos x |

p
(A) (B) 2p (C) p (D) none of these
2
30. The number of solution of 2 cos x = | sin x |, 0 £ x £ 4p is
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) infinite
31. The numer of solutions of the equation sin px = | ln | x | | is
(A) infinite (B) 6 (B) 8 (D) 0

ì -1 - 2 £ x £ 0
32. Let f(x) be defined on [–2, 2] and is given by f ( x ) = í and g(x) = f(|x|) + |f(x)|. Then g(x)
î x -1 0 < x £ 2
is equal to

ì-x - 2 £ x < 0 ì -x -2£ x<0

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Ex.

ï ï ì- x - 2 £ x < 0
0 0 £ x <1 0 0 £ x <1
(A) í (B) í (C) í (D) None of these
ï x -1 1 £ x £ 2
î
ï 2( x - 1) 1 £ x £ 2
î î x -1 0 £ x £ 2

33. The function ƒ(x) = max {(1 – x), (1 + x), 2}, x Î ( -¥, ¥ ) is equivalent to

ì1 - x x £ -1 ì1 + x x £ -1
ï ï
(A) f(x) = í 2 -1 < x < 1 (B) f(x) = í 2 -1 < x < 1
ï1 + x x ³1 ï1 - x x ³1
î î

ì1 - x x £ -1
ï
(C) f (x) = í1 -1 < x < 1 (D) None of these
ï1 + x x ³1
î
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JEE-Mathematics

æ1ö 2
34. If 2f(x) – 3f ç ÷ = x , x is not equal to zero, then f(2) is equal to-
èxø
7 5
(A) - (B) (C) –1 (D) none of these
4 2
2 2 2 2
35. If 2 f(x ) + 3 f(1/x ) = x – 1 " x Î R0 then f(x ) is -

1 - x4 1 - x2 5x2 3 - 2x 4 - x2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
5x2 5x 1 - x4 5x2
36. The graph of the function y = f(x) is as shown in the figure. Then which of the following could represent the
graph of the function y = f(x) ?

(–2, 1) (2, 1)

(–1, 0) (1, 0)

(0, –1)

y
y y
y 1
1 1 1

(A) (B) (C) (D)

x –2 0 1 2 x
–2 0 1 2 x –2 0 1 2
–2 –1 0 1 2

4x æ 1 ö æ 2 ö æ 1996 ö is equal to
37. If f(x) = x
4 +2
, then f ç ÷+ fç ÷ + .... + fç ÷
è 1997 ø è 1997 ø è 1997 ø
(A) 1997 (B) 998 (C) 0 (D) None of these

38. The value of the natural number a for which å f ( a + k ) = 16 ( 2

k =1
n
- 1) , where the function f satisfies the

relation f ( x + y ) = f ( x ) . f ( y ) for all natural numbers x, y and further ƒ(1) = 2, is

(A) 3 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) None of these

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Ex.

( fog ) ( x ) is equal
-1
39. Let f : R ® R, g : R ® R be two functions given by f (x) = 2x – 3, g(x) = x 3 + 5. Then

to

1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3 1/ 3
æ x-7ö æ x+7 ö æ 7ö æ x-2ö
(A) ç ÷ (B) ç ÷ (C) ç x - ÷ (D) ç ÷
è 2 ø è 2 ø è 2ø è 7 ø

2 f (n) +1
40. If f ( n + 1) = , n = 1, 2,.... and f (1) = 2 , then f (101) equals
2

(A) 52 (B) 49 (C) 48 (D) 51

x
41. If f(x) is defined on (0, 1) then the domain of definition of f(e ) + f(ln |x|) is -
(A) (–e, –1) (B) (–e, –1) È (1, e) (C) (–¥, –1) È (1, ¥) (D) (–e, e)

84
 Set, Relation & Function

42. The graph of f(x) is given then the number of positive solution of f(x) -1 = 1 are-

y
4

x
–4 –2 O 2 4

–4
(A) 5 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 1
43. If g(x) is a polynomial satisfying g(x) g(y) = g(x) + g(y) + g(xy) - 2 for all real x and y and g(2) = 5 then g(3)
is equal to -
(A) 10 (B) 24 (C) 21 (D) none of these
1
44. The graph of function f(x) is as shown, adjacently. Then the graph of is -
f(|x|)

y = f(x)

a b

y
y

ab x
o o a b x
(A) (B)

y y

(C) –b –a o a b 2 (D) –a a x
O
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Ex.

MORE THAN ONE OPTION CORRECT

45. Which of the following function is periodic (where, [x] denotes the greatest integer function)

( )
(A) sgn e
-x
(B) sin x + |sin x|

é 1ù é 1ù
(C) min {sin x,| x |} (D) ê x + ú + ê x - ú + 2 [ - x ]
ë 2 û ë 2 û

85
JEE-Mathematics

p
46. The equation sin x – + 1 = 0 has one root in interval.
2

æ pö æp ö æ 3p ö
(A) ç 0, ÷ (B) ç ,p÷ (C) ç p, ÷ (D) None of these
è 2ø è2 ø è 2 ø

47. Which of the following functions is not injective ?

(A) f (x) =| x + 1|, x Î [ -1,0 ] (B) f(x) = x +1/x,x Î(0, ¥)

(C) f (x) = x 2 + 4x - 5 (D) f (x) = e - x , x Î [0, ¥)

If f : R ® R is a real valued function given by, f (x) = x - 4 x + 12 , then f (x) = a has,

2
48.

(A) two distinct real roots if a > 12 (B) four distinct real roots if 8 < a < 12
(C) can have at most 4 real roots (D) have sum of real roots to be zero, if a > 8.

49. Which of the following functions are homogeneous ?

y/x x/y 2 –1
(A) x sin y + y sin x (B) x e + y e (C) x - xy (D) sin xy
50. Which of the following pairs of functions are identical ?
1
(A) f(x) = logxe, g(x) =
log e x
2 2 2
(B) sgn(x + 1) ; g(x) = sin x + cos x
2 2 2 2
(C) f(x) = sec x – tan x ; g(x) = cosec x – cot x
1
(D) f(x) = ; g(x) = x –2
|x|
51. A function whose graph is NOT symmetrical about the origin is given by -
x –x
(A) f(x) = e + e (B) f(x) = sin(sin(cos(sinx)))
(C) f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) (D) sinx + sin|x|
é 1 tan x ù
52. If A = ê - tan x 1 úû
then let us define a function f(x) = det (ATA–1) then which of the following can be the
ë
value of f(f(f(f...........f(x))))
14442444 3
(n ³ 2)
n times

n
(C) fn–1(x)
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Ex.

(A) f (x) (B) 1 (D) nf(x)

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 Set, Relation & Function

Comprehension Based Questions

Comprehension-1
The accompanying figure shows the graph of a function f(x) with domain [0, 2] and range [0, 1]

1 y = f(x)

0 2
(A)

1 y = f(x)

–1 0 1 –2 –1
(B) (C)
1. Figure B represents the graph of the function
(A) – f(x) (B) –f(x – 1) + 1 (C) – f(x + 1) – 1 (D) – f(x + 1) + 1
2. [1, 3] and [0, 1] are the domain and range (respectively) of the function
(A) –f(x) (B) f(x – 1) (C) –f(x + 1) + 1 (D) – f(x + 1)
3. Figure C represents the graph of function
(A) 2f(x) (B) f(x – 2) (C) f(x + 2) (D) f(x – 2) + 1
Comprehension-2
y
1

3p –p p p 3p
The graph of y = sin x is –2p -
2
-
2 0 2 2
2p x

–1

4. The graph of y = | sin x | is

y y
1 1
3p p
-
2 2
3p –p p p 3p –p p 3p
(A) –2p -
2
-
2 0 2 2
2p x (B) –2p -
2 0 p
2
2p x

–1 –1

y
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Ex.

3p –p p p 3p
(C) –2p -
2
-
2 0 2
p
2
2p x (D) None of these
–1

5. The graph of y = sin | x | is

y y
1 1
3p
-
(A) –2p
2
–p p p p 3p
2p
(B) 3p –p p p 3p
- 0 x –2p - - 0 2p x
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
–1 –1

y
1
3p p
-
2 2
p 3p
(C) –2p –p -
2 0 p
2
2p x (D) None of these
–1

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JEE-Mathematics

| sin x |
6. The graph of y = is
sin x
y
y 1
1

(A) (B) 3p p 0 p 5p x
0 x –2p -
2
–p -
2
p 3p 2p 3p
2 2 2
–1
–1

y 1

(C) 1 (D) 3p p 0 p 5p x
–2p - –p - 2 p 3p 2p 3p
0 x 2 2 2 2
–1

Comprehension-3

Consider the function y = 2|x + 2| – |3 – x| – 3x + 3.

7. Number of real solutions of the equation y = 0 is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) infinite

8. Number of real solutions of the equation y = 4 is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) infinite

9. Number of positive values of x satisfying the equation y = –1 is

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinite

10. Domain of given function is

(A) x Î R (B) x Î [0, ¥ ) (C) x Î (0, ¥ ) (D) x Î [–2, ¥ )

11. Range of given function is

(A) y Î [–2, ¥ ) (B) y Î (0, ¥ ) (C) y Î [0, ¥ ) (D) y Î R

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Ex.

Comprehension–4
ì x + 1, if x £1 ì x, if x £1
If ¦(x) = í & g(x) = í
2
î5 - x , if x >1 î2 - x, if x >1

On the basis of above information, answer the following questions

12. The range of ¦(x) is -
(A) (–¥, 4) (B) (–¥, 5) (C) R (D) (–¥, 4]

13. If x Î (1, 2), then g(¦(x)) is equal to -

2 2 2
(A) x + 3 (B) x – 3 (C) 5 – x (D) 1 – x

14. Number of negative integral solutions of g(¦(x)) + 2 = 0 are -

(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) 1 (D) 2

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 Set, Relation & Function
Match the column
Following question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with ONE OR MORE statement(s) in Column-II.
15. Column - I Column - I I

2
(A) If f(x) = x – 4x + 3, then graph of f(|x|) is (p) o x
1

1
1
(B) If g(x) = , then it's graph is (q)
ln x –2 –1 O 1 2 3 x

2
(C) If f(x) = x – 4x + 3, then graph of |f(x)| is (r)
–3 –1 1 3 x

1
(D) If k(x) = , then its graph is (s)
{ x} 1 3 x

16*. Column - I Column - I I

(A) ¦ : R ® R (p) one one
¦(x) = (x – 1)(x – 2)........(x – 11)
(B) ¦ : R – {–4/3} ® R (q) onto
2x + 1
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Ex.

¦(x) =
3x + 4
(C) ¦ : R ® R (r) many one
sinx –sinx
¦(x) = e + e
(D) ¦ : R ® R (s) into
2
¦(x) = log(x + 2x + 3)

INTEG ER/SU BJECTIVE TYPE QUEST IONS

17. Let f(x) = (x + 1)(x + 2)(x + 3)(x + 4) + 5 where x Î [–6, 6]. If the range of the function is [a, b] where
a, b Î N then find the value of (a + b).
é3ù é4ù
18. The set of real values of ‘x’ satisfying the equality ê ú + ê ú = 5 (where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function)
ëxû ëxû

æ bù b
belongs to the interval ç a, ú where a, b, c Î N and is in its lowest form. Find the value of a + b + c + abc.
è cû c
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JEE-Mathematics

19. Suppose p(x) is a polynomial with integer coefficients. The remainder when p(x) is divided by x – 1 is 1 and
the remainder when p(x) is divided by x – 4 is 10. If r(x) is the remainder when p(x) is divided by
(x –1)(x – 4), find the value of r(2006).
20. Find the domains of definitions of the following functions :
(Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers and fractional part functions respectively)
3 2
(a) f(x) = log7 log5 log3log2(2x + 5x – 14x)
1 2 x
(b) f(x) = + lnx(x – 1) (c) f(x) = log 1
2
4x2 - 1 2 x -1
(d) f(x) = logx sinx
f
(e) If f(x) = x2 - 5x + 4 & g(x) = x + 3, then find the domain of g (x)
21. Solve the following problems from (a) to (e) on functional equation.
(a) The function f(x) defined on the real numbers has the property that f(f(x)) . (1 + f(x)) = –f(x) for all x in the
domain of f. If the number 3 is in the domain and range of f, compute the value of f(3).
(b) Suppose f is a real functional satisfying f(x + f(x)) = 4f(x) and f(1) = 4. Find the value of f(21).
(c) Let’f’ be a function defined from R+ ® R+. If [f(xy)]2 = x(f(y))2 for all positive numbers x and y and f(2) = 6,
find the value of f(50).
(d) Let f(x) be a function with two properties
(i) For any two real number x and y, f(x + y) = x + f(y) and
(ii) f(0) = 2.
Find the value of f(100)
(e) Let f be a function such that f(3) = 1 and f(3x) = x + f(3x – 3) for all x. Then find the value of f(300).

é1 - x if x£0 é - x if x <1
22. f ( x) = ê 2 and g ( x) = ê find (fog)(x) and (gof) (x)
ë x if x >0 ë1 - x if x ³1

23. Compute the inverse of the functions:

(
(a) f(x) = ln x + x + 1
2
) (b) f(x) =
2
x
x-1 (c) y =
10 x - 10- x
10 x + 10- x

f ( x) - 5
24. Let f : R ® R – {3} be a function with the property that there exist T > 0 such that f(x + T) = for
f ( x) - 3
every x Î R. Prove that f(x) is periodic.

25. Let f(x) = x135 + x125 – x115 + x5 + 1. If f(x) is divided by x3 – x then the remainder is some function of x say
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Ex.

g(x). Find the value of g(10).

26. Let {x} & [x] denote the fractional and integral part of a real number x respectively. Solve 4{x} = x + [x]
9x 1 ö æ 2 ö æ 3 ö æ 2007 ö
27. Let f(x) = then find the value of the sum f æç + fç + fç + .......f ç
9x + 3 è 2008 ÷ø è 2008 ÷ø è 2008 ÷ø è 2008 ÷ø
28. Let f be a one-one function with domain {x, y, z} and range {1, 2, 3}. It is given that exactly one of the
following statements is true and the remaining two are false.
f(x) = 1; f(y) ¹ 1; f(z) ¹ 2. Determine f –1 (1)

æ 1- x ö
29. A function f : R ® R is such that f ç ÷ = x for all x ¹ -1 . Prove the following.
è1+ x ø
(a) f(f(x)) = x (b) f(1/x) = –f(x), x ¹ 0 (c) f(–x – 2) = –f(x) – 2.

90
 Set, Relation & Function

1. Find x and y, if (x + 3, 5) = (6, 2x + y).

æx 2ö æ 5 1ö
2. If ç + 1, y - ÷ = ç , ÷ , find the values of x and y.
è3 3 ø è 3 3ø

3. If the set A has 3 elements and the set B = {3, 4, 5}, then find the number of elements in (A ´ B).

4. If A ´ B = {(a, x), (a, y), (b, x), (b, y)}, find A and B.

1
5. Find the domain of the function f (x) defined by : f (x) = 4- x +
x2 - 1

1
6. Find the domain of the function f (x) defined by : f (x) =
x+ | x |

7. Let f : R ® R be defined by : f (x) = x + | x | Determine whether or not f is onto..

8. Find the domain and range of the real functions : f (x) = 9 - x 2

9. A function f is defined by f (x) = 2x - 5. Write down the values of :

(i) f (0) (ii) f (7) (iii) f (-3)

10. Find the range of the function : f (x) = 2 - 3x, x Î R, x > 0 .

11. Find the range of the function : f (x) = x 2 + 2, x is a real number..

Short Answer (4 Mark)

12. If A = {1, 2}, B = {3, 4} and C = {5}, verify that A ´ (B È C) = (A ´ B) È (A ´ C).

13. If G = {7, 8} and H = {5, 4, 2} find G × H and H × G.

14. If A = {–1, 1}, find A × A × A.

15. Let f : R ® R be given by f (x) = x 2 + 3. Find

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Ex.

(i) {x : f (x) = 28}

(ii) The pre-images of 39 and 2 under f.

16. Let f : R ® R be a function given by f (x) = x 2 + 1. Find :

(i) f -1{26}

(ii) f -1{10, 37}

17. Let f : R ® R be a function given by f (x) = x 2 + 1. Find :

f -1{-5}

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JEE-Mathematics

18. Find the domain and range of each of the following functions given by :

1
(i) f (x) = (ii) f (x) = 1 - | x - 3 |
x - [x]

ì x , 0 £ 0x £ 1
ï 3- x
ï
19. Draw the graphs of the function : f (x) = í , 1< x < 3
ï 2
ïî - x + 3 , 3 £ x £ 5

ì
ï x2 , x £ 0
ï
20. Draw the graphs of the function : f (x) = í x, 0 < x < 1
ï 1
ï , x ³1
î x

x 2 + 2x + 1
21. Find the domain of the function: f (x) = .
x 2 - 8x + 12

22. Find the domain and the range of the real function f defined by f (x) = (x - 1).

ìïæ x2 ö üï
23. Let f = íç x, 2÷
, : x Î R ý be a function from R into R. Determine the range of f.
ïîè 1 + x ø þï

f
24. Let f , g : R ® R be defined respectively by f (x) = x + 1, g(x) = 2x - 3. Find f + g, f - g and .
g

25. Let f = {(1,1), (2, 3), (0, - 1), (-1, - 3)} be a function from Z to Z defined by f (x) = ax + b, for some
integers a, b. Determine a, b.
26. Let A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 5, 9,11,15,16} and

f = {(1, 5), (2, 9), (3,1), (4, 5), (2,11)}. Are the following true?
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Ex.

(i) f is a relation from A to B

(ii) f is a function from A to B
Justify your answer in each case.

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 Set, Relation & Function

ANSWER KEY
BEGINNER'S BOX-1
1 (A) 2 (C) 3 (A) 4 (A) 5 (B) 6 (A)
7 (D) 8 (C) 9 (A) 10 (B)
11. Domain of f = {p, q, r, s}. Co-domain of f = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. Range of f = {1, 2, 3, 4}
12. (iii), (iv), (vi), (vii), (ix)
13. (iv, v)
14. Domain = {–2, –1, 0, 1, 2}, Range = {0, 1, 4}
15. (a) {–5, 5} (b) Pre-image of 39 are ± 6. Does not have any pre-image of 2 under f.

16. (a) f(1/2) = 1, f (p) = –1, f ( 2) = –1 (b) {1, –1}

(c) Pre-image of 1 are rational numbers, Pre-image of –1 are irrational numbers
17. f4 is the function in the given set. Range of f = {1, 2, 3, 4}
18. (a) f = {(x, f(x)): x Î A } Þ f = {(–1, 2), (0, 1), (2, 5), (4, 17)}; Range = {2, 1, 5, 17}

(b) Range of g = {(x, g(x)): x Î A }; Range of g = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20}
19. g is a function. a = 2, b = –1.
20. (b)

2
æ 1 ö 1+ x 2x + 1 æ1+ x ö 2 x2 + 1 æ x +1ö
21. fç ÷= , f (2x) = , 2f (x) = 2 ç ÷ , f (x ) = (f (x)) 2 = ç ÷
x
è ø 1 - x 2x - 1 è x - 1 ø 2
x -1 è x -1 ø

æpö æ 2p ö
24. f(–1) = 2, f ç ÷ = 1, f ç ÷ = 3 , f(4) = 2/7, f(6) = 3/17
è2ø è 3 ø

25. f ( 2) = 4 2 +1 , f ( 8) = 2 1
2 -2
, f ( )
log 2 1024 = 2 10 - 5

BEGINNER'S BOX-2
1. (A) x > -3 (B) x £5/2 (C) R – {1, - 1}
(D) R (E) R – {0, 1, - 1} (F) R – {1, 2}

2. (A) [–1, 1] (B) ( -¥,0 ) È ( 4, ¥ ) (C) (– ¥ , 1] È [3, ¥)

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Ex.

3. (A) [–1, 1] (B) x < 0 (C) nullset

4. (A) [ 1, 4] (B) (2n p , (2n +1) p ) (C) ( 0, 1) È (1, ¥ )
(D) ( 1, 0 ) È (0, -2] (E) {1}
5. (A) (– 1, 0) È (1,2) È (2, ¥ ) (B) ( 3 – p , 3 – 2 p ) È (3, 4]
(C) [–4, – p ] È [0, p ]
6. (A) nullset (B) (–1, 1] È [2, 3)
7. (A) R (B) [4, 6] (C) (2, 3) (D) 4 k 2p 2 £ x £ (2 k + 1)2 p 2
8. (C) 9. (C) 10. (B) 11. (A)
BEGINNER'S BOX-3
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (B) 5. (A) 6. (D)
7. (B) 8. (A) 9. (A) 10. (D) 11. (B) 12. (A)
13. (B) 14. (C) 15. (B) 16. (A) 17. (A) 18. (A)
19. (B) 20. (B) 21. (B) 22. (AC) 23. (12) 24. (11)

93
JEE-Mathematics

BEGINNER'S BOX-4
4. (2)
BEGINNER'S BOX-5
1. (a) No (b) No (c) No (d) Yes (e) No
2. (a) Yes (b) No (c) No
3. (a) (0, ¥) (b) [1, ¥)
4. (B,C)
5. (A,B,C)
6. (i) odd (ii) even (iii) neither even nor odd
(iv) even (v) odd (vi) even

5
7. m(m + 1)
2
8. (i) for even f(x) = – x|x| –1 < x £ 0 (ii) for odd f(x) = x|x| –1 £ x £ 0
– 2x x£–1 2x x£–1
9. Even 10. Odd 11. (B) 12. (B) 13. (C) 14. (B)
15. (A) 16. (C)
17. [(A)-Q ; (B)-Q ; (C)-R ; (D)-P,Q,S] 18. [(A)-R ; (B)-Q, S ; (C)-P ; (D)-Q, S]
BEGINNER'S BOX-6

2
1. (a) y = x - 1 (b) y = 4 - x (c) y = x2 – 2 x

y y y

(–2,0) o
(0, 1) x
(2, 0)
x
(–2,0) o
x
(–1, 0) (0, 0) (1, 0) (2, 0)

(d) y = e - x (e) y = loge x (f) y = – e–x

y y
y
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Ex.

(0, 1)

o x
o x o x
(–1, 0) (1, 0)

2. (i) y = f(x + 1) (ii) y = f(x/2) (iii) y = f ( x )

y y y
1 1
1 2 6 x
o x o o x
–1 4 2 3
–1

94
 Set, Relation & Function

f (x) + f (x) f (x) - f (x) f (x)

(iv) y = , y= (v) y =
2 2 f (x)

y
y
1
1
2 3 x
0
0 2 3 x 0 2 3 x
–1

y y

x
–2 –1 1 2
3. f(x) = 3| x | – x – 2 2
4. f(x) = | x2 – 2 | x | – 3 | o 3
x
–3

½ y

1
5. f (x) = e- | x | - x 6.| f (x) | = (x – 1) (x – 2) x
2 – ln 2 o o 1 2
ln 2

1
–1 o x
1 ½ | x - 1| 1
7. f(x) = 2- | x | –2 2 x 8. f(x) = | x | -1 –1
o

y
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Ex.

2
1
9. f(x) = -2 . 10. (B) 12. (i) 5, (ii) 2
x o x
–1/2 ½

BEGINNER'S BOX-7
1. (B D) 2. (BC) 3. (ABC) 4. (A D)
5. [(A)-P, R ; (B)-Q, R ; (C)-P, R ; (D)-Q, S]
6. [(A)-P, S ; (B)-Q,S ; (C)-P, S ; (D)-P, R]
7. (1) 8. (3) 9. (2) 10. (2)

95
JEE-Mathematics

BEGINNER'S BOX-8

ì4 - x; 2 < x £ 3
ï
1. fof ( x ) = í2 + x; 0 £ x £ 1 2. (1)
ï2 - x;1 £ x £ 2
î

3. (A) 4. (A) 5. (B) 6. (B D) 7. (BCD)

BEGINNER'S BOX-9
1. (B) 2. (C) 3 (B) 4. (B) 5. (A) 6. x=1
7. (i) [–3, 3] (ii) (– ¥ , –3] È [0, ¥ )
BEGINNER'S BOX-10
1. (D) 2. (C) 3. (A) 4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (B)
7. (D) 8. (B) 9. (C) 10. (D)

12. (i) p (ii) 2p (iii) Not periodic (iv) 2p 13. 6p 14. 2n p

p p p
15. (ACD) 16. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 2p
2 2 2

p 2p
17. 18. p 19. (i) (ii) 2p (iii) 24 (iv) does not exist (v) 2 n + 1
4 3
(vi) 2p 20. 8 21. 2l 22. [(A)-P ; (B)-Q ; (C)-P ; (D)-Q]
23. [(A)-R ; (B)-R ; (C)-R ; (D)-R] 24. [(A)-R ; (B)-R ; (C)-P ; (D)-Q]
BEGINNER'S BOX-11
1. 1002.5 2. –6/5 3. (D)
4. (D) 5. (D) 6. (A) 7. (B)
8. (B) 9. (D) 10. (C) 11. (B)
12. (A) 13. (B) 14. (B) 15. (A,B,D)
EXERC IS E-1
SINGLE CORR ECT & MORE THAN ONE OPTION CORR ECT
Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Ex.

Ans. C D C A D C A C A C
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. D C C C C A B B A A
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
Ans. C D D A B B B D C C
Que. 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Ans. B B A A D C B A A A
Que. 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
Ans. A B A C ABCD AB BC ABCD BC ABD
Que. 51 52
Ans. ABD ABC

96
 Set, Relation & Function
EXERCISE-2

l Comprehension Based Questions

Comprehension – 1 1. D 2. B 3. C

Comprehension – 2 4. C 5. A 6. B

Comprehension – 3 7. A 8. D 9. B 10. A 11. D

Comprehension – 4 12. A 13. B 14. C

l Match the Column 15.(A) ® (r); (B) ® (p); (C) ® (s); (D) ® (q)

16. (A) ® (r, q); (B) ® (p, s); (C) ® (r, s); (D) ® (r, s)

l INTEGER/SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS

17. (5049) 18. (20) 19. (6016)

æ 1ö
20. (a) ç - 4, - ÷ È (2, ¥)
è 2ø

é1 - 5 ö é1 + 5 ö
(b) (–1 < x < –1/2) U (x > 1) (c) ê 2 , 0 ÷÷ È ê 2 , ¥ ÷÷
êë ø êë ø

(d) 2Kp < x < (2K + 1)p but x ¹ 1 where K is non-negative integer

(e) (–¥, –3) È (–3, 1] È [4, ¥)

3
21. (a) - (b) 64 (c) 30 (d) 102 (e) 5050
4
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Ex.

ì x if x£0 ì x2 if x<0

22. ( gof )( x ) = íï -x 2 ï
if 0 < x < 1; ( fog )( x ) = í1 + x if 0 £ x < 1
ï1 - x 2 if x ³1 ï x if x ³1
î î

ex - e-x log 2 x 1 æ1+ xö

23. (A) ; (B) log x - 1 (C) log ç
2 2 2 è 1 - x ÷ø

5
25. (21) 26. 0, 27. 1003.5 28. y
3

97
JEE-Mathematics

NCERT CORNER
1. x = 3 and y = -1
2. x = 2 and y = 1.
3. 9
4. A = {a, b} and B = {x, y}.
5. Domain (f ) = ( -¥, - 1) È (1, 4].
6. Domain (f ) = (0, ¥).
7. f is not onto.
8. Domain of f = [-3, 3], Range = [0, 3]
9. (i) f (0) = 2 ´ 0 - 5 = -5 (ii) f (7) = 2 ´ 7 - 5 = 9 (iii) f ( -3) = 2 ´ (-3) - 5 = -11.
10. R f = (-¥, 2).
11. R f = [2, ¥).
13. G ´ H = {(7, 5), (7, 4), (7, 2), (8, 5), (8, 4), (8, 2)} , H ´ G = {(5, 7), (5, 8), (4, 7), (4, 8), (2, 7), (2, 8)}.
14. A ´ A ´ A = {( -1, - 1, - 1), (-1, - 1,1), ( -1,1, - 1), ( -1,1,1), (1, - 1, - 1), (1, - 1,1), (1,1, - 1), (1,1,1)}
15. (i) {-5, 5}. (ii) Pre-images of 39 are –6 and 6, 2 does not have any pre-image under f.
16. (i) Does not exist. (ii) Does not exist.
17. f
18. (i) Domain ( f ) = R - Z , Range (f ) = (1, ¥). (ii) Domain ( f ) = R , Range (f ) = ( -¥,1].

4 5

3 4

2
2

1 1
19. 20.
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5 -1
-1
-2
-2
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\17.Set, Relation & Function\Ex.

21. D f = R - {2, 6}
22. Df = [1, ¥) , R f = [0, ¥)
23. R f = [0,1). [Q y ¹ 1 ]

æf ö x +1
24. ( f + g ) = 3 x - 2 , ( f - g ) = 4 - x , ç ÷ ( x) =
ègø 2x - 3
25. a = 2, b = –1
26. (i) True (ii) False

****

98
 Inverse Trig onometric Fu nctions

INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

1. 0 INTRODUCTION
The inverse trigonometric functions, denoted by sin–1x or (arc sinx), cos–1x etc., denote the angles whose sine,
cosine etc, is equal to x. The angles are usually the numerically smallest angles, except in the case of cot–1x, and
if positive & negative angles have same numerical value, the positive angle has been chosen.

It is worthwhile noting that the functions sinx, cosx etc are in general not invertible. Their inverse is defined by
choosing an appropriate domain & co-domain so that they become invertible. For this reason the chosen value
is usually the simplest and easy to remember.

2. 0 DOMAIN & RANGE OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

S.No ƒ (x) Domain Range

é p pù
(1) sin–1x |x| £ 1 ê- 2 , 2 ú
ë û
(2) cos–1x |x| £ 1 éë0, pùû

æ p pö
(3) tan–1x xÎR ç- 2, 2 ÷
è ø
ìpü é pö æp ù
(4) sec–1x |x| ³ 1 ëé0, pûù - í 2 ý or ê0, ÷ È ç , pú
î þ ë 2ø è2 û
é p pù
(5) cosec–1x |x| ³ 1 ê - 2 , 2 ú - {0}
ë û
(6) cot–1x xÎR (0, p)

3. 0 GRAPH OF INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

é -p p ù
(a) f : ê , ú ® [-1, 1] f -1 : [-1, 1] ® [–p/2, p/2]
ë 2 2û

f(x) = sin x f–1(x) = sin–1(x)

y y
y=arcsinx y=arc sinx
p/2 y=x p/2
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

1 y=sinx

–p/2 –1 –1
x x
0 1 p/2 0 1

y=sinx –1

y=x –p/2 –p/2

y=arcsinx y=arc sinx

(Taking image of sin x about y = x to get sin–1x) (y = sin–1x)

99
JEE-Mathematics

(b) f : [0, p] ® [–1, 1] f -1 : [-1, 1] ® [0, p]

f(x) = cos x f -1 (x) = cos -1 x

y
y=arc cosx y=x y
p
p/2 p

1
p/2 p p/2
0 x
–1

–1
y=cosx –1 1 x
O
y=x

(Taking image of cos x about y = x) (y = cos–1x)

(c) f : (–p/2, p/2) ® R f -1 : R ® (–p/2, p/2)
f(x) = tan x f -1 (x) = tan -1 x

y
p y=tanx
y=x y

p/2
y=arc tanx
p/2
y=arc tanx

x x
–p/2 0 p/2 p 0
y=arc tanx y=arc tanx
p/2 –p/2

y=x
y=tanx –p
(Taking image of tan x about y = x) (y = tan–1x)
(d) f : (0, p) ® R f -1 : R ® (0, p )
f(x) = cot x f -1 (x) = cot -1 x
y
y=x y
p
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

p
y=arc cotx
y=arc cotx
p/2
y=arc cotx p/2
0 x y=arc cotx
0 x
–p/2

y=x –p
y=cotx

(Taking image of cot x about y = x) (y = cot–1x)

100
 Inverse Trig onometric Fu nctions
y
(e) f : [0, p/2) È (p/2, p] ® ( -¥, –1] È [1, ¥)
f(x) = sec x p

f -1 : ( -¥, –1] È [1, ¥) ® [0, p/2) È (p/2,p]

p/2

f -1 (x) = sec -1 x
x
–1 0
(f) f : [–p/2, 0) È (0, p/2] ® ( -¥, –1] È [1, ¥)
y
f(x) = cosec x
p/2

f -1 : ( -¥, –1] È [1, ¥ ) ® [–p/2, 0) È (0, p/2]

x
–1 0
f -1 (x) = cosec -1 x
–p/2

From the above discussions following IMPORTANT points can be concluded.

(i) All the inverse trigonometric functions represent an angle.
(ii) If x ³ 0, then all six inverse trigonometric functions viz sin–1 x, cos–1 x, tan–1 x, sec–1x, cosec–1x, cot–1x
represent an acute angle.
(iii) If x < 0, then sin–1x, tan–1x & cosec–1x represent an angle from -p/2 to 0 (IVth quadrant)
(iv) If x < 0, then cos–1 x, cot–1x & sec–1x represent an obtuse angle. (II nd quadrant)
(v) IIIrd quadrant is never used in inverse trigonometric function.

æ 1ö æ 1ö
Illustration 1. The value of tan–1(1) + cos–1 ç - ÷ + sin–1 çè - 2 ÷ø is equal to
è 2ø
p 5p 3p 13p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 12 4 12

1 1 p 2p p p p 3 p
Solution tan–1 ( 1) + cos–1 æç - ö÷ + sin–1 æç - ö÷ = + - = + = Ans.(C)
è 2ø è 2ø 4 3 6 4 2 4

2n 2n

Illustration 2 . If å cos -1
x i = 0 then find the value of åx i
i =1 i =1

Solution We know, 0 £ cos –1 x £ p

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

Hence, each value cos–1x1, cos–1x2,cos–1x3,......,cos–1x2n are non-negative their sum is zero only
when each value is zero.
i.e., cos–1xi = 0 for all i
Þ xi = 1 for all i
2n
= x1 + x2 + x3 + ...... + x2n = {1 + 1 + 1......... + 1}
43 = 2n
\ åx i
1444444444244444444
2n times
{using (i)}
i =1

2n

Þ åx i = 2n Ans.
i =1

101
JEE-Mathematics

1 1
1. cos-1 + 2sin -1 is equal to
2 2

p p p 2p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 6 3 3

é -1 æ 3 ö pù
2. The value of cos ê cos ç 2 ÷÷ + 6 ú is
ç -
ëê è ø ûú
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) None of these

é 1 æ - 1 öù
3. tan ê cos -1 + tan -1 ç ÷ ú is equal to
ë 2 è 3 øû

é -1 -1 æ 3 öù
4. The value of sin ê tan (- 3) + cos çç - ÷ú
ëê è 2 ÷ø ûú is

(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) 0 (D) None of these

5. If a, b are roots of the equation 6x + 11x + 3 = 0, then
2

(A) both cos –1a and cos –1b are real (B) both cosec –1a and cosec –1b are real
(C) both cot –1a and cot –1b are real (D) none of these
6. If sin x + sin y = p and x = ky, then find the value of 39 2k + 5 k .
–1 –1

æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
7. tan -1 ç 1 - x 2 - 2 ÷ + sin -1 ç x 2 + 2 - 1 ÷ (where x ¹ 0) is equal to
è x ø è x ø

p p 3p
(A) (B) (C) (D) p
2 4 4

8. Let f (x) = cot -1 x + cosec -1x. Then f(x) is real for

(A) x Î[ -1,1] (B) x Î( -¥, - 1] È[1, ¥) (C) x Î( -¥, ¥) (D) None of these

æ æ x öö
9. The domain of the function sin -1 ç log 2 ç ÷ ÷ is-
è è 3 øø
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

é1 ù é1 ù é3 ù é1 ù
(A) ê , 3ú (B) ê ,3ú (C) ê , 6 ú (D) ê , 2ú
ë2 û ë2 û ë2 û ë2 û

10. sec-1 (sin x) is real , if

p
(A) x Î (-¥, ¥) (B) x Î[ -1,1] (C) x = (2n + 1) ,n ÎI (D) x = np,n ÎZ
2

11. The domain of the function f (x) = cos -1 (x + [x]), where [ × ] denotes the greatest integer function, is

(A) [–1, 1] (B) [0, 1) (C) (–1, 0) (D) None of these

102
 Inverse Trig onometric Fu nctions

12. Domain of the function ƒ(x) = logecos–1 { x} is, where {.} represents fractional part function -

(A) x Î R (B) x Î [0, ¥) (C) x Î (0, ¥) (D) x Î R – {x | x Î I}

–1 2
13. The range of the function ƒ(x) = sin (log2(–x + 2x + 3)) is -

é p pù é p ù é pù
(A) ê - , ú (B) ê -, 0ú (C) ê 0, (D) [–1, 1]
ë 2 2û ë 2 û ë 2 úû
14. Range of ƒ(x) = cot–1(loge(1 – x2)) is -

æ pö ép ö æ pù
(A) (0,p) (B) ç 0, ÷ (C) ê , p ÷ (D) ç 0,
è 2ø ë2 ø è 2 úû
15. Find the domain and range of the following functions .
(Read the symbols [*] and {*} as greatest integers and fractional part functions respectively.)
(i) f (x) = cot-1(2x - x²) (ii) f (x) = sec-1 (log3 tan x + logtan x 3)

æ 2 x2 + 1 ö æ ö
(iii) f(x) = cos-1 ç
ç x +1 ÷
2
÷ -1
(
(iv) f (x) = tan çç log 4 5x - 8x + 4 ÷÷
è
2
)ø
è ø 5

4. 0 PROPERTIES OF INVERSE CIRCULAR FUNCTIONS

y
P-1 (i) y = sin (sin–1x) = x
1
x Î [–1,1], y Î [–1,1] x
y=
45°
–1 O +1 x

–1

y
(ii) y = cos (cos–1 x) = x
1
x Î [–1,1], y Î [–1,1]
x
y=
45°
–1 O +1 x

–1
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

(iii) y = tan(tan–1 x) = x
x Î R, y Î R
y

x
y=
45° x
O

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JEE-Mathematics

(iv) y = cot(cot–1 x) = x,
x ÎR; y ÎR
y

x
y=
x
O

(v) y = cosec (cosec–1 x) = x, y

x
=
y
1

–1 O 1 x

–1

x
=
y
|x| > 1, |y| > 1
(vi) y = sec(sec–1 x) = x |x| > 1 ; |y| > 1
y

x
=
y
1

–1 O 1 x

–1
x
=
y

Note – All the above functions are aperiodic.

Illustration 3. Evaluate the following :

æp 1 ö
(i) sin(cos–13/5) (ii) cos(tan–1 3/4) (iii) sin ç - sin -1 æç - ö÷ ÷
è2 è 2 øø
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

Solution (i) Let cos–1 3/5 = q. Then,

cosq = 3/5 Þ sinq = 4/5
–1
\ sin(cos 3/5) = sin q = 4/5
(ii) Let tan–1 3/4 = q. Then,
tanq = 3/4
4 ì 1 ü
íQ as cos q =
2
Þ cosq = 2 ý
5 î 1 + tan q þ
\ cos(tan–1 3/4) = cosq = 4/5

æp æ -1 ö ö æ p æ pöö 2p 3
(iii) sin ç - sin -1 ç ÷ ÷ = sin ç - ç - ÷ ÷ = sin = Ans.
è2 è 2 øø è 2 è 6ø ø 3 2
104
 Inverse Trig onometric Fu nctions

é p pù
P-2 (i) y = sin–1 (sin x), x Î R, y Î ê - , ú periodic with period 2p and it is an odd function.
ë 2 2û
y

p
ì p
ï -p - x , -p £ x £ -

y
x
2

2p
=
+

=
2

x
2p

x–
–(

y=

p–
ï p 3p

p+

=
=

x
–
ï p p

y
2

x)

y
45° 2
sin -1 (sin x) = í x , - <x< –2p
–
3p –p O p p 2p x
ï 2 2 2 2
ï p
ïp - x , £x£p
î 2 p
–
2
(ii) y = cos–1 (cos x), x Î R, y Î [0,p], periodic with period 2p and it is an even function.
y

p
x

y
2p
p =

=
– y
ì - x , -p £ x £ 0 + 2

2p
–x
x
cos -1 (cos x) = í

–x
=
y

îx , 0 < x £ p
x
– 2p –p p O p p 2p
– 2
2

(iii) y = tan–1 (tan x)

ì p ü æ p pö
x Î R – í(2n - 1) ,n Î I ý; y Î ç - , ÷ , periodic with period p and it is an odd function.
î 2 þ è 2 2ø
y

ì 3p p
ïx + p , -
2
<x<-
2
ï
p

p
x
x+

x–
y=

-1 ï p p
y=
tan (tan x) = í x - <x<
=

, 2p
y

ï 2 2 –2p 3p –p –p O x
ï p 3p 2 2
ïx - p , <x<
î 2 2
p
–
2
(iv) y = cot–1(cot x), x Î R – {n p, n Î I}, y Î (0, p), periodic with period p and neither even nor odd function.
y
p
p
2p

ì x + p , -p < x < 0
+

x–
x
+

ï
y=
y=

=
x

-1
cot (cot x) = í x , 0<x<p
=

y
y

ï x - p , p < x < 2p
î
–2p –p O p 2p
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

é p ö æ pù
(v) y = cosec–1 (cosec x), x Î R – {n p, n Î I} y Î ê - ,0÷ È ç 0, ú , is periodic with period 2p and it is an
ë 2 ø è 2û
odd function.
y

p
2p
y

2
=

=
x

x–
y=

p 3p
–(

p–

–
p+

2 45° 2
y
x)

3p –p O p p 2p x
–
2 2

p
–
2

105
JEE-Mathematics

(vi) y = sec–1 (sec x), y is periodic with period 2p

and it is an even function. y

p p x
2 =
+ p y

y
x –

=
2
y=

–x

2p
ì p ü é pö æ p ù
x Î R – í(2n - 1) n Î I ý , y Î ê0, ÷ È ç , p ú

–
x
î 2 þ ë 2ø è 2 û –2p –p O p 2p x
3p p p 3p
– –
2 2 2 2

Illustration 4. The value of sin–1 (– 3 /2) + cos–1 (cos (7p / 6)) is -

(A) 5p / 6 (B) p / 2 (C) 3p / 2 (D) none of these

Solution ( )
sin–1 - 3 / 2 = – sin–1 ( )
3 /2 = – p / 3

and cos–1 (cos (7p / 6) = cos–1 cos (2p – 5p / 6) = cos–1 cos ( 5 p / 6) = 5p/6
p 5p p
Hence sin–1 (– 3 / 2 ) + cos–1 (cos 7 p / 6) = - + = Ans.(B)
3 6 2

Illustration 5. Evaluate the following :

-1 æ 7p ö
(i) sin–1(sin(p/4)) (ii) cos çè cos ÷ø
6

p
Solution (i) sin–1(sin(p/4)) =
4

æ 7p ö 7p 7p
(ii) cos–1 ç cos ÷ ¹ , because does not lie between 0 and p.
è 6 ø 6 6

æ 7p ö æ æ 5p ö ö ì 7p 5p ü
Now, cos–1 çè cos ÷ø = cos–1 çè cos çè 2p - ÷÷ íQ = 2p - ý
6 6 øø î 6 6 þ

æ 5p ö 5p
= cos -1 ç cos ÷ = Ans.
è 6ø 6
Illustration 6. Evaluate the following :
(i) sin –1(sin10) (ii) tan–1(tan (– 6)) (iii) cot–1(cot 4)
–1
Solution (i) We know that sin (sinq) = q, if –p/2 £ q £ p/2
Here, q = 10 radians which does not lie between –p/2 and p/2
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

p p
But, 3p – q i.e., 3p – 10 lie between – and
2 2
Also, sin(3p – 10) = sin 10
\ sin–1(sin 10) = sin–1 (sin (3p – 10)) = (3p – 10)
(ii) We know that,
tan–1(tanq) = q, if –p/2 < q < p/2. Here, q = –6, radians which does not lie between
–p/2 and p/2. We find that 2p – 6 lies between –p/2 and p/2 such that;
tan (2p – 6) = –tan 6 = tan(–6)
\ tan–1(tan(–6)) = tan–1 (tan(2p – 6)) = (2p – 6)
(iii) cot–1(cot4) = cot–1(cot(p + (4 – p))) = cot–1(cot(4 – p)) = (4 – p) Ans.

106
 Inverse Trig onometric Fu nctions
Illustration 7. Prove that sec2(tan–12) + cosec2(cot–1 3) = 15
Solution We have,
sec2 (tan–12) + cosec2 (cot–13)
2 2
ì æ 2 öü ì æ 3 öü
{ ( )} + {cos ec ( cot 3)}
2 2
= sec tan 2-1 -1
= ísec ç tan -1 ÷ ý + ícos ec ç cot -1 ÷ ý
î è 1 øþ î è 1 øþ

{ ( )} + {cosec ( cosec )} = ( 5 ) + ( )
2 2 2 2
= sec sec -1 5 –1
10 10 = 15

Illustration 8. Find the number of solutions of (x, y) which satisfy |y| = cos x and y = sin–1(sin x), where
|x| £ 3p.
Solution Graphs of y = sin–1(sinx) and |y| = cosx meet exactly six times in [–3p, 3p].

5p p 3p
–3p 2 2 O 2 3p
x
–2p 3p p 2p 5p
2 2 2

1. Evaluate the following :

æ -1 æ 8 ö ö æ1 -1 æ 4 ö ö æ -1 æ 3 ö ö
(a) tan ç cos ç ÷ ÷ (b) sin ç cos ç ÷ ÷ (c) cos ç sin ç - ÷ ÷
è è 17 ø ø è2 è 5 øø è è 5 øø

æp -1 æ - 1 ö ö æ -1 1 ö æ -1 3 ö
(d) sin ç - sin ç ÷÷ (e) cos çè sin (f) sin ç cos
è 3 è 2 øø 2 ÷ø è 5 ÷ø

2. Evaluate the following

-1 æ 13p ö -1 æ æ 7p ö ö æ æ 5p ö ö
(a) cos ç cos (b) tan ç tan ç ÷ ÷ (c) sin –1(sin2) (d) sin -1 ç sin ç
è 6 ÷ø è è 6 øø è è 6 øø
÷÷

-1 æ 2p ö -1 æ 3p ö -1 æ 4p ö
(e) tan ç tan ÷ (f) tan ç tan (g) cos ç cos
è 3ø è 4 ÷ø è 3 ÷ø

æ æ 8p ö æ 8p ö ö
3. cosç cos -1 cosç ÷ + tan -1 tanç ÷ ÷ has the value equal to
è è 7ø è 7 øø
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

p
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) cos (D) 0
7

é æ 50 p ö æ 31p ö ù
4. The value of sec êsin -1 ç - sin -1
÷ + cos cos ç - ÷ is equal to
ë è 9 ø è 9 ø úû

10 p p
(A) sec (B) sec (C) 1 (D) –1
9 9

107
JEE-Mathematics

2æ -1 1ö 2æ -1 1 ö
5. The value of sin ç cos ÷ + cos ç sin ÷ is
è 2ø è 3ø

17 59 36
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
36 36 59

é1 æ æ 14 p ö ö ù
6*. The value of cos ê cos-1 ç cos ç - ÷ ÷ ú is :
ë2 è è 5 øø û

æ 7 pö æ pö æ 2pö æ 3p ö
(A) cos ç - ÷ (B) sin ç ÷ (C) cos ç ÷ (D) - cos ç ÷
è 5ø è 10 ø è 5ø è 5ø

-1
é 1 - sin x + 1 + sin x ù æ pö
7. The value of cot ê ú is ( x Î ç 0, ÷ )
ë 1 - sin x - 1 + sin x û è 2ø

x x
(A) p - x (B) 2 p - x (C) (D) p -
2 2

8. Find the value of:

æ 33p ö -1 æ 46p ö -1 æ 13p ö -1 æ æ - 19p ö ö

sin -1 ç sin ÷ + cos ç cos ÷ + tan ç - tan ÷ + cot ç cot ç ÷÷
è 7 ø è 7 ø è 8 ø è è 8 øø
9. Find the value of sin–1 (sin 5) + cos–1 (cos10) + tan–1 [tan(–6)] + cot–1 [cot(–10)]
10. Let y = sin –1 (sin 8) – tan –1 (ta n 10) + c os –1 (cos 12) – s ec –1 (se c 9)+ cot –1
(cot 6) – cosec–1(cosec 7). If y simplifies to ap + b then find (a – b).

11. If 2 £ a < 3, then the value of cos -1 cos[a] + cosec-1 cosec[a] + cot -1 cot[a] , (where [.] denotes greatest
integer less than equal to x) is equal to
(A) 2 – p (B) 2 + p (C) p (D) 6

12. If x takes negative permissible value, then sin -1 x =

(A) cos-1 1 - x 2 (B) - cos-1 1 - x 2 (C) cos-1 x 2 - 1 (D) p - cos -1 1 - x 2

13. tan (cos -1 x) is equal to

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

1 - x2 1 + x2 x 1- x2
(A) ± ,x ¹ 0 (B) ,x ¹ 0 (C) (D) ,x ¹ 0
x x 1 + x2 x

x2 +1
14. Prove that sin cot cos tan x =
–1 –1

x2 + 2

15. Prove that : sin cot–1 tan cos–1 x = sin cosec–1 cot tan–1x = x where x Î (0,1]

108
 Inverse Trig onometric Fu nctions

p
P-3 (i) sin–1 x + cos–1 x = –1 < x < 1
2

p
(ii) tan–1 x + cot–1 x = xÎR
2

p
(iii) cosec–1 x + sec–1 x = |x| > 1
2
P-4 (i) sin–1 (–x) = – sin–1 x , –1 < x < 1
(ii) cosec–1(–x) = – cosec–1 x, x < –1 or x > 1
(iii) tan–1 (–x) = – tan–1 x , xÎR
(iv) cot–1 (–x) = p – cot–1 x , xÎR
(v) cos–1 (–x) = p – cos–1 x , –1 < x < 1
(vi) sec–1 (–x) = p – sec–1 x , x <–1 or x > 1
1
P-5 (i) cosec–1 x = sin–1 ; x <–1, x >1
x

1
(ii) sec–1 x = cos–1 ; x <–1, x >1
x

ì -1 1
ï tan ; x>0
ï x
(iii) cot -1 x = í
ï p + tan -1 1 ; x < 0
ïî x

-1 -1 1 ì p / 2 , if x > 0
Illustration 9. Prove that tan x + tan =í
x î -p / 2 , if x < 0

æ 1 ö ì cot x
-1
, for x > 0
Solution We have , tan -1 ç ÷ = í
è x ø î -p + cot x , for x < 0
-1

æ1ö ì tan -1 x + cot -1 x = p / 2 , if x > 0

\ tan -1 x + tan -1 ç ÷ = í -1
è x ø î tan x + cot x - p = p / 2 - p = -p / 2 , if x < 0
-1

1. Prove that tan (tan–1 x + tan–1 y + tan–1 z) = cot ( cot–1 x + cot–1 y + cot–1 z)
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

1
2. Find the value of cos (2 cos-1 x + sin-1 x) at x =
5
1
3. Find the value of sin(tan –1a + tan –1 ); a ¹ 0
a

-1 -1 -1
4*. If range of f(x) = tan x + cot x + sin x is [a, b] then (x Î R)

p p
(A) a = 0 (B) b = (C) a = (D) b = p
2 4

109
JEE-Mathematics

æ a 2 a3 ö p
5. Number of integral ordered pairs (a,b) for which sin–1(1 + b + b2 +.... ¥) + cos -1 ç a - + - .....¥ ÷ = is -
è 3 9 ø 2
(A) 0 (B) 4 (C) 9 (D) Infinitely many
6. Prove the following

æ 5 ö æ 12 ö
(a) cos -1 ç ÷ = tan -1 ç ÷
è 13 ø è 5 ø
æ 4ö æ 4ö æ 3ö
(b) sin -1 ç - ÷ = tan -1 ç - ÷ = cos -1 ç - ÷ - p
è 5ø è 3ø è 5ø
7. Evaluate : sin [ cos–1 (3/5) + tan–1 (– 2 )]

8. Evaluate : tan [ sin–1 (– 3/5) + cot–1 3 ]

9. Evaluate : cos [ sin–1 (– 24/25) + tan–1 ( 5/12)]

If a is only real root of the equation x3 + (cos1) x2 + (sin1) x + 1 = 0, then æç tan -1 a + tan -1 ö÷ cannot
10*.
1
è aø
be equal to-

(A) 0 (B) p/2 (C) -p/2 (D) p

x+y
ì tan 1 - xy where x > 0, y > 0 & xy < 1
–1

ï
ïï x+y
P-6 (i) (a) tan–1 x + tan–1 y = í p +tan–1 where x > 0, y > 0 & xy > 1
1 - xy
ï
ï
ïî p , where x > 0, y > 0 & xy = 1
2

x-y
(b) tan–1 x – tan–1 y = tan–1 where x > 0, y > 0
1 + xy

é x + y + z - xyz ù
(c) tan–1x + tan–1y + tan–1 z = tan–1 ê ú if x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 & xy + yz + zx < 1
ë 1 - xy - yz - zx û

ìïsin -1 [x 1 - y 2 + y 1 - x 2 ] where x > 0, y > 0 & (x 2 + y 2 ) £ 1

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

(ii) (a) sin –1 x + sin –1 y = í

ïî p - sin -1 [x 1 - y 2 + y 1 - x 2 ] where x > 0, y > 0 & x 2 + y 2 > 1

(b) sin–1 x – sin–1 y = sin–1 [x 1 - y2 - y 1 - x2 ] where x > 0, y > 0

(iii) (a) cos–1 x + cos–1 y = cos–1 [xy - 1 - x2 1 - y2 ] where x > 0, y > 0

ì -1 ( 2
ïcos xy + 1 - x 1 - y
2
; ) x < y, x, y > 0
(b) cos x – cos y = í
–1 –1

(
ïî- cos -1 xy + 1 - x 2 1 - y 2 ; ) x > y, x, y > 0

110
 Inverse Trig onometric Fu nctions

Note – In the above results x & y are taken positive. In case if these are given as negative, we first apply P-4 and
then use above results.

Illustration 10. Prove that

1 1 2 1 1 1 1 p
(i) tan–1 +tan–1 = tan–1 (ii) tan -1 + tan -1 + tan -1 + tan -1 =
7 13 9 5 7 3 8 4
1 1
Solution (i) L.H.S. = tan–1 +tan–1
7 13
ì 1 1 ü
ïï + ïï ì -1 æ x + y ö ü
= tan í 7 13 ý íQ tan x + tan y = tan ç
-1 -1
-1
è 1 - xy ÷ø ; if xy < 1ý
ï1 - 1 ´ 1 ï î þï
ïî 7 13 ïþ
æ 20 ö æ 2ö
= tan -1 ç ÷ = tan -1 ç ÷ = R.H.S.
è 90 ø è 9ø

æ -1 1 1ö æ 1 1ö
(ii) çè tan + tan-1 ÷ + ç tan-1 + tan-1 ÷
5 7 ø è 3 8ø
æ 1 1 ö æ 1 1 ö
+ +
-1 ç 5 7 ÷ -1 ç 3 8 ÷ æ 6ö æ 11 ö
= tan ç + tan = tan-1 ç ÷ + tan-1 ç ÷
1 1÷ ç 1 1÷ è 17 ø è 23 ø
ç1- ´ ÷ ç1- ´ ÷
è 5 7ø è 3 8ø
æ 6 11 ö
ç + ÷ æ 325 ö p
= tan ç 17 23 ÷ = tan-1 ç
-1 -1
÷ = tan (1) = Ans.
çç 1 - 6 11 ÷÷ è 325 ø 4
´
è 17 23 ø
12 4 63
Illustration 11. Prove that sin -1 + cot -1 + tan -1 =p
13 3 16
Solution We have,
12 4 63
sin -1 + cos -1 + tan -1
13 5 16
12 3 63 é - 1 12 -1 12 -1 4 -1 3 ù
êQ sin 13 = tan 5 and cos 5 = tan 4 ú
-1
= tan + tan-1 + tan -1
5 4 16 ë û
ì 12 3 ü
ï + ï 63 é ù
p + tan-1 í 5 4 ý + tan-1 -1 æ x + y ö
êQ tan x + tan y = p + tan ç
-1 -1
= 12 3 16 ÷ ,if xy > 1ú
ï1 - ´ ï ë è 1 - xy ø û
î 5 4þ
-1 æ 63 ö æ 63 ö
= p + tan ç ÷ + tan -1 ç ÷
è -16 ø è 16 ø
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

63 63 éëQ tan -1 ( - x) = - tan -1 x ùû

= p - tan -1 + tan -1
16 16
= p
-1 12 3 56
Illustration 12. Prove that : cos + sin -1 = sin -1
13 5 65
12 3 -1 5 3 é -1 12 -1 5 ù
Solution We have, cos -1 + sin -1 = sin + sin -1 êQ cos 13 = sin 13 ú
13 5 13 5 ë û
ì 2 2ü
-1 ï 5 æ3ö 3 æ 5 ö ï -1 ì 5 4 3 12 ü - 1 56
= sin í ´ 1 - ç ÷ + ´ 1 - ç ÷ ý = sin í ´ + ´ ý = sin
13 è5ø 5 è 13 ø ï î 13 5 5 13 þ 65
îï þ

111
JEE-Mathematics

Illustration 13. If x = cosec(tan–1(cos(cot–1(sec(sin–1a))))) and y = sec(cot–1(sin(tan–1(cosec(cos–1a))))), where

a Î [0, 1). Find the relationship between x and y in terms of 'a'

Solution Here,

ì 1
x = cosec(tan–1(cos(cot–1(sec(sin–1a))))) í Let sinq = a Þ secq =
î 1 - a2

= cosec(tan–1(cos(cot–1(secq))))

æ æ æ æ 1 öööö ì -1 æ 1 ö 1
Þ x = cosec ç tan -1 ç cos ç cot -1 ÷ ï Let cot ç = f Þ cot f =
ç 2 ÷÷÷ 2 ÷
è 1-a ø
è è è è 1 - a øøøø 1 - a2
ïï
í
ï
ï
ïî 1
= cosec(tan–1(cosf)) therefore cos f =
2 - a2
ì
ï
æ æ 1 öö ïï
æ 1 ö 1
Þ x = cosec ç tan -1 ç í Let, tan -1 ç = y Þ tan y =
è è 2 - a 2 ÷ø ÷ø ï è 2 - a 2 ÷ø 2 - a2
ï
ïî

= cosec y therefore cosec y = 3 - a 2

Þ x = 3 - a2 ...... (i)

ì 1
and y = sec(cot–1(sin(tan–1(cosec(cos–1 a))))) í Let cos–1a = a Þ cosa = aÞ coseca =
î 1 - a2

= sec(cot–1(sin(tan–1(coseca))))

æ æ æ æ 1 öööö ì Let, tan -1 1 1

Þ y = sec ç cot -1 ç sin ç tan -1 ç ÷÷ = b Þ tan b =
è è è è 1 - a 2 ÷ø ÷ø ø ø ï 1-a 2
1 - a2
ïï
í
ï
ï
ïî 1
Þ sin b =
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

= sec(cot–1(sin(b)))
2 - a2

ìï 1 1
æ 1 öö
Þ y = sec cot -1 æ
-1
íLet cot = g Þ cot g = Þ sec g = 3 - a 2
ç çè ÷÷ ïî 2- a 2
2 - a2
è 2 - a2 ø ø

= sec g

Þ y = 3 - a2 ...... (ii)

from (i) and (ii), x = y = 3 - a2 . Ans.

112
 Inverse Trig onometric Fu nctions

5. 0 SIMPLIFIED INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

y
p/2
é 2 tan -1 x if |x|£ 1 I
2x ê D
-1 æ ö -1
(a) y = f(x) = sin ç = ê p - 2 tan x if x > 1
è 1 + x2 ÷ø ê
-1 x
êë -( p + 2 tan x) if x < -1 –1 0 1
D
I

–p/2

y
p

D p/2 I
-1
æ 1 - x2 ö é 2 tan -1 x if x ³ 0
(b) y = f(x) = cos ç ÷ =ê
è 1 + x2 ø êë -2 tan -1 x if x < 0

–1 0 1 X

y
p/2

I I

é 2 tan -1 x if |x|< 1 x
-1 2x
ê -1
–1 1
(c) y = f(x) = tan = ê p + 2 tan x if x < -1
1 - x2 ê I
-1 I
êë - (p - 2 tan x) if x > 1
–p/2

y
(d) y = f(x) = sin (3x – 4x )
–1 3 p/2

é -1 1
ê -(p + 3sin x) if -1 £ x < - 2 D I D
ê
1 1 – 3/2
= ê 3sin-1 x
–1/2 +1/2
if - £ x £ x
ê –1 3/2 1
2 2 I
ê 1
ê p - 3sin-1 x if < x£1
êë 2
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

–p/2
y
(e) y = f(x) = cos -1 (4x 3 - 3x) p

é -1 1
I
ê3cos x - 2p if -1 £ x < - 2 D D
ê
1 1 p/2
= ê2p - 3cos-1 x if - £ x £
ê 2 2
ê 1
ê 3cos x-1
if < x£1 I
êë 2 x
–1/2 +1/2
–1 – 3 /2 3/2 1

113
JEE-Mathematics

p/2

ì ( -1 ) 1 1
ï - p + 2sin x -1 £ x < -
2
– x
ï 2
-1 ( 2) ï -1 1 1 1
(f) sin 2x 1 - x = í2sin x - £x£
2
ï 2 2
ï -1 1
ï p - 2sin x < x£1 -p/2
î 2
y
p

x
–1

2c
s
co

os
–2

–1
-1
ïì2cos x 0 £ x £ 1
(g) cos ( 2x - 1) = í

x
2p
-1 2
-1
ïî2p - 2cos x -1 £ x < 0 –1 0 1 x

ì 1 pü ïì1 -1 5 ïü
Illustration 14. Evalulate : (i) tan í2 tan -1 - ý (ii) tan í cos ý
î 5 4þ ïî 2 3 ïþ

ì æ 1 ö ü
ì 1 pü ï ç 2´ 5 ÷ ï é -1 æ 2x ù
Solution (i) tan í2 tan -1 - ý = tan ïí tan -1 ç -1 ï
÷ - tan 1ý êQ2 tan x = tan ç
-1 ö
2 ÷
, if|x|< 1ú
î 5 4þ ï çç 1 - 1÷÷ ï ë è1- x ø û
ïî è 25 ø ïþ

ì æ 5 öü
ïï -1 ç 12 - 1 ÷ ïï ì -1 æ -7 ö ü -7
ì -1 5 ü ÷ ý = tan í tan ç ÷ý =
= tan í tan - tan -1 1ý = tan í tan ç 5
î 12 þ ï çç 1 + ÷÷ ï î è 17 ø þ 17
îï è 12 ø þï

5 5
(ii) Let cos-1 = q. Then, cosq = , 0 < q < p/2
3 3

æ1 5ö
Now, tan çç cos -1 ÷
è2 3 ÷ø
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

5
1-
q 1 - cos q 3
= tan = =
2 1 + cos q 5
1+
3

3- 5 (3 - 5 )2 (3 - 5)2 3 - 5
= = = =
3+ 5 (3 + 5)(3 - 5) 9-5 2

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 Inverse Trig onometric Fu nctions

1 1 31
Illustration 15. Prove that : 2 tan -1 + tan -1 = tan -1
2 7 17

-1 1 1
Solution We have, 2 tan + tan -1
2 7

ì ü
ï 2´ 1 ï
-1 ï 2 ï + tan -1 1 é -1 æ 2 x ö ù
êQ2 tan x = tan ç
-1
= tan í 2ý 2 ÷
,if - 1 < x < 1ú
ï1 - æ 1 ö ï 7 ë è1 - x ø û
ï ç2÷ ï
î è ø þ

ì 4 1 ü
ï +
tan
4-1
+ tan -1 1
= tan -1 ï 3 7 ïï = tan-1 31
= í ý
3 7 ï1 - 4 ´ 1 ï 17
ïî 3 7 ïþ

1 æ1- x ö
Illustration 16. Prove that tan -1 x = cos -1 ç ÷ , x Î éë0,1ùû
2 è1 + x ø

ì1 -
( x) ü
2

1 -1 æ 1 - x ö 1 -1 ï ï 1
Solution We have, cos ç ÷ = 2 cos í 2 ý
= ´ 2 tan-1 x = tan -1 x.
2 è1 + x ø ï1 +
î ( x) ï 2
þ

é pù
Alter : Putting x = tan q, we have Þ q Î ê0, ú
ë 4û
1 æ1 - x ö 1 æ 1 - tan2 q ö 1 æ é pù ö
RHS = cos -1 ç ÷ = cos -1 ç -1
÷ = cos (cos 2q) = q Q ç 2q Î ê0, ú ÷
2 è1 + x ø 2
2
è 1 + tan q ø 2 è ë 2û ø

= tan -1 x = LHS

1 1 1 p
Illustration 17. Prove that : (i) 4 tan -1 - tan -1 + tan -1 =
5 70 99 4

1 5 2 1 p
(ii) 2 tan -1 + sec -1 + 2 tan -1 =
5 7 8 4

1 1 1 ì 1ü 1 1
Solution (i) 4 tan -1 - tan -1 + tan -1 = 2 í2 tan -1 ý - tan -1 + tan -1
5 70 99 î 5þ 70 99

é Q2 tan -1 x ù
ì 2 ´1 / 5 ü 1 1 ê ú
= 2 í tan -1 2 ý
- tan -1 + tan -1 ê = tan -1 2x ,if|x|< 1ú
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

î 1 - (1 / 5) þ 70 99
ëê 1 - x2 úû

ì 1 1 ü
ì 2 ´ 5 /12 ü ïï 70 - 99 ïï
5 ì 1 1 ü = tan í
-1 -1
- tan . í
= 2 tan -1 - í tan -1 - tan -1 ý 2ý ý
12 î 70 99 þ î1 - (5 /12) þ ï1 + 1 ´ 1 ï
îï 70 99 þï

ì 120 1 ü
120 29 -
120 1 ïï ïï p
= tan-1 í 119 239 ý = tan -1 1 =
-1
= tan - tan -1 = tan-1 - tan-1
119 6931 119 239 ï 120 1 ï 4
1+ ´
îï 119 239 þï

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JEE-Mathematics

1 5 2 1 ì -1 1 1ü 5 2
(ii) 2 tan -1 + sec -1 + 2 tan -1 = 2 ítan + tan-1 ý + sec -1
5 7 8 î 5 8 þ 7

ì 1 1 ü
ïï 5 + 8 ïï
2
-1 -1
æ5 2 ö
= 2 tan í ý + tan çç ÷÷ - 1 éQsec -1 x = tan -1 x 2 - 1 ù
1 1
ï1 - ´ ï è 7 ø êë úû
îï 5 8 þï

13 1 1 1
= 2 tan -1 + tan -1 = 2 tan -1 + tan -1
39 7 3 7

ì 2´1/ 3 ü 1 é 2x ù
= tan -1 í + tan -1 êQ2 tan x = tan 1 - x 2 , if|x|< 1ú
-1 -1
2 ý
î1 - (1 / 3) þ 7 ë û

ì 3 1 ü
ï +
= tan -1 3
+ tan -1 1 -1 ï 4
= tan í 7 ïï = tan-1 1 = p
ý
4 7 ï1 - 3 ´ 1 ï 4
ïî 4 7þ ï

1. Prove that:

-1 3p 41 p
(i) tan 2 + tan -1 3 = (ii) cot
-1
9 + cos ec -1 =
4 4 4

2 6 +1 p
(iii) arc cos - arc cos = (iv) 4 tan–1 (1/5) – tan–1 (1/70) + tan–1 ( 1/99) = p /4.
3 2 3 6
(v) tan–1 1 + tan–1 2 + tan–1 3 = 2 [tan–1 1 + tan–1 1/2 + tan–1 1/3]

3 16 1 7
(vi) 2 cos -1 + cot -1 + cos -1 =p
13 63 2 25
2. Prove the following results

-1 æ 1 ö -1 æ 1 ö -1 æ 4 ö -1 æ 3 ö -1 æ 17 ö p
(a) 2 tan ç ÷ + tan ç ÷ = tan ç ÷ (b) 2 sin ç ÷ - tan ç ÷ =
5
è ø 8
è ø è 7ø è5ø è 31 ø 4
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

3. Prove the following

-1 æ 3 ö -1 æ 8 ö -1 æ 36 ö -1 æ 3 ö -1 æ 3 ö -1 æ 8 ö p
(a) sin ç 5 ÷ + sin ç 17 ÷ = cos ç 85 ÷ (b) tan ç ÷ + tan ç ÷ - tan ç ÷=4
è ø è ø è ø 4
è ø 5
è ø è 19 ø

-1 æ 2 ö -1 æ 7 ö æ1ö
(c) tan ç ÷ + tan ç ÷ = tan -1 ç ÷
è 11 ø è 24 ø è2ø

4. If tan -1 3 + tan -1 x = tan -1 8, then x =

(A) 5 (B) 1/5 (C) 5/14 (D) 14/5

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 Inverse Trig onometric Fu nctions

æxö x-y
5. tan -1 ç ÷ - tan -1 is
è yø x+y

p p p p 3p
(A) (B) (C) (D) or -
4 3 2 4 4

é 1 - ab ù
Prove the following : tan a + tan b = cos ê ú (where a,b>0)
6.
{(1 + )(1 + )}
–1 –1 –1
ê a 2
b 2 ú
ë û

é1 æ 2a ö 1 æ 1 - a 2 öù
7. Prove the following : tan ê sin -1 çç ÷÷ + cos -1 ç ÷ú = 2a
è1 + a 2 ø 2 ç1 + a 2 ÷ 1 - a 2
êë 2 è øúû

-1 é æa - bö 1 ù -1 æ a cos q + b ö
8. Prove that: 2 tan ê ç ÷ tan q ú = cos ç ÷.
êë è a + b ø 2 úû è a + b cos q ø

9. Prove the following : 2 tan–1 ( cosec tan–1 x – tan cot–1 x) = tan–1 x

10. If sin–1 x+ tan–1 x = p /2, prove that 2x2 + 1= 5
11. Prove that:

ìa ü ìb ü -1 ì c ü
tan -1 í ( a + b + c ) ý + tan -1 í ( a + b + c ) ý + tan í ( a + b + c )ý = p
î bc þ î ca þ î ab þ

-1 æyz ö -1 æ zx ö -1 æ xy ö p 2 2 2 2
12. Prove that: tan ç ÷ + tan çç ÷÷ + tan ç ÷ = , where r = x + y + z .
è xr ø è yr ø è zr ø 2
13. If cos–1 x + cos–1y + cos–1z= p , show that x2 + y2 + z2 +2 xyz =1.

6. 0 EQUATIONS INVOLVING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

11p
Illustration 18. The equation 2cos–1x + sin–1x = has
6
(A) no solution (B) only one solution
(C) two solutions (D) three solutions
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

11p
Solution Given equation is 2 cos–1 x + sin–1x =
6

11p p 11p
Þ cos–1x + ( cos–1 x + sin–1x ) = Þ cos–1 x + = Þ cos–1 x = 4p / 3
6 2 6

which is not possible as cos–1 x Î [ 0 , p ] Ans.(A)

–1 2 –1 2 2
Illustration 19. If (tan x) + (cot x ) = 5p / 8 , then x is equal to-
(A) –1 (B) 0
(C) 1 (D) none of these
Solution The given equation can be written as (tan x + cot–1 x )2 – 2 tan–1 x cot–1 x = 5p2 / 8
–1

Since tan–1 x + cot–1 x = p/2 we have

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JEE-Mathematics
(p/2)2 – 2tan–1 x (p/2 – tan–1 x ) = 5p2 / 8
Þ 2(tan–1 x)2 – 2 (p/2) tan–1 x – 3p2 / 8 = 0 Þ tan–1 x = – p / 4 Þ x = –1 Ans. (A)
x -1 x +1 p
Illustration 20. Solve the equation : tan-1 + tan -1 =
x-2 x+2 4
x -1 x +1 p
Solution tan-1 + tan -1 =
x-2 x+2 4
taking tangent on both sides
æ æ x - 1ö æ x + 1öö
Þ tan ç tan -1 ç + tan -1 ç =1
è è x - 2 ÷ø è x + 2 ÷ø ÷ø

æ æ x - 1ö ö æ æ x + 1ö ö
tan ç tan-1 ç + tan ç tan -1 ç
è è x - 2 ÷ø ÷ø è è x + 2 ÷ø ÷ø
Þ =1
æ æ x - 1öö æ æ x + 1öö
1 - tan ç tan -1 ç tan ç tan-1 ç
è è x - 2 ÷ø ÷ø è è x + 2 ÷ø ÷ø
x -1 x +1
+
x -2 x + 2 =1
Þ
x -1 x +1
1- .
x-2 x+2

(x - 1)(x + 2) + (x - 2)(x + 1)
Þ =1
x2 - 4 - (x 2 - 1)

1
Þ 2x2 – 4 = – 3 Þ x=±
2
1
Now verify x=
2

æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
-1 +1
ç 2 ÷ ç 2 ÷ æ 2 -1 ö æ 2 +1 ö
= tan -1 ç -1
÷ + tan ç ÷ = tan -1 ç ÷ + tan -1 ç
ç 1
- 2 ÷÷ ç 1
+ 2 ÷÷ è 2 2 - 1ø è 2 2 + 1÷ø
çè ø çè ø
2 2

æ (2 2 + 1)( 2 - 1) + ( 2 2 - 1)( 2 + 1) ö æ 6ö p
= tan-1 ç ÷ = tan -1 ç ÷ = tan-1 (1) =
è (2 2 - 1)( 2 2 + 1) - ( 2 - 1)( 2 + 1) ø è 6ø 4
1
x=–
2
æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
- -1 - +1
ç 2 ÷ ç 2 ÷
= tan -1 ç -1
÷ + tan ç ÷
ç- 1 1
çè - 2 ÷÷ ç-
çè + 2 ÷÷
2 ø 2 ø
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

-1
æ 2 +1 ö æ 2 -1 ö
= tan ç ÷ + tan -1 ç {same as above}
è 2 2 + 1ø è 2 2 - 1 ÷ø

p
= tan -1 (1) =
4
1
\ x =± are solutions Ans.
2
Illustration 21. Solve the equation : 2 tan–1(2x + 1) = cos–1x.
Solution Here, 2 tan–1(2x + 1) = cos–1x
ì 1 - tan2 q ü
or cos(2tan–1(2x +1)) = x í We know cos2q = ý
î 1 + tan2 q þï
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 Inverse Trig onometric Fu nctions

1 - (2x + 1)2
\ = x
1 + (2x + 1)2
Þ (1 – 2x – 1)(1 + 2x + 1) = x(4x2 + 4x + 2)
Þ – 2x . 2(x + 1) = 2x(2x2 + 2x + 1) Þ 2x(2x2 + 2x + 1 + 2x + 2) = 0
Þ 2x(2x2 + 4x + 3) = 0 Þ x= 0 or 2x2 + 4x + 3 = 0 {No solution}
Verify x = 0
p p
2tan–1(1) = cos–1(1) Þ =
2 2
\ x = 0 is only the solution Ans.

7. 0 INEQUALITIES INVOLVING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTION

Illustration 22. Find the complete solution set of sin–1(sin5) > x2 – 4x.
Solution sin–1(sin5) > x2 – 4x Þ sin–1[sin(5 – 2p)] > x2 – 4x
Þ x2 – 4x < 5 – 2p Þ x2 – 4x + (2p – 5) < 0

Þ 2 - 9 - 2p < x < 2 + 9 - 2 p Þ x Î (2 - 9 - 2p, 2 + 9 - 2p ) Ans.

Illustration 23. Find the complete solution set of [cot–1x]2 – 6[cot–1x] + 9 £ 0, where [.] denotes the greatest
integer function.
Solution [cot–1x]2 – 6[cot–1x] + 9 £ 0
Þ ([cot–1x] – 3)2 £ 0 Þ [cot–1x] = 3 Þ 3 £ cot–1x < 4 Þ x Î (–¥, cot3]
n p
Illustration 24. If cot –1 > , n Î N , then the maximum value of n is -
p 6
(A) 1 (B) 5 (C) 9 (D) None of these
n p
Solution cot –1 >
p 6
æ æ n öö æ pö n
Þ cot ç cot -1 ç ÷ ÷ < cot ç ÷ Þ < 3
è p
è øø 6
è ø p
Þ n<p 3 Þ n < 5.5 (approx)
Þ n=5 Q (n Î N) Ans. ( B)

8. 0 SUMMATION OF SERIES

Illustration 25. Prove that :

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

æc x-yö -1 æ c 2 - c1 ö -1 æ c 3 - c 2 ö -1 æ c n - c n -1 ö -1 æ 1 ö -1 æ x ö
tan-1 ç 1 ÷ + tan ç ÷ + tan ç ÷ + ... + tan ç ÷ + tan ç ÷ = tan ç ÷
è c1 y + x ø è 1 + c 2 c1 ø è 1 + c 3 c2 ø è 1 + c n c n -1 ø è cn ø èyø
Solution L.H.S.
æc x-yö -1 æ c2 - c1 ö -1 æ c 3 - c 2 ö -1 æ c n - c n -1 ö -1 æ 1 ö
tan-1 ç 1 ÷ + tan ç ÷ + tan ç ÷ + ... + tan ç ÷ + tan ç ÷
c
è 1 y + x ø è 1 + c c
2 1 ø è 1 + c c
3 2 ø è 1 + c c
n n -1 ø è cn ø

æ x 1 ö æ 1 1 ö æ 1 1 ö æ 1 1 ö
ç y-c ÷ ç c -c ÷ ç c -c ÷ ç c -c ÷ æ1ö
= tan ç -1 1 ÷ + tan ç 1
-1 2 ÷ + tan ç 2
-1 3 ÷ + ... + tan ç
-1 n -1 n ÷ + tan -1 ç ÷
ç1 + x . 1 ÷ ç1 + 1 . 1 ÷ ç1+ 1 . 1 ÷ ç1 + 1 . 1 ÷ è cn ø
ç y c1 ÷ ç c1 c 2 ÷ ç c2 c 3 ÷ ç c n -1 c n ÷
è ø è ø è ø è ø

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JEE-Mathematics

æ -1 x 1ö æ 1 1ö æ 1 1ö
= ç tan - tan -1 ÷ + ç tan-1 - tan -1 ÷ + ç tan -1 tan -1 ÷ +......
è y c1 ø è c1 c2 ø è c2 c3 ø

æ 1 1ö æ1 ö
+ ç tan -1 - tan-1 ÷ + tan -1 ç ÷ = tan -1 æç x ö÷ = R.H.S.
è c n-1 cn ø è cn ø èyø

1. Solve the following equation for x

x p
(a) sin ésin -1 æ 1 ö + cos -1 x ù = 1
-1 -1
(b) cos x + sin =
ê ç5÷ ú 2 6
ë è ø û

-1 -1 p
(c) cot x - cot (x + 2) = , where x > 0.
12
2. Solve the following equations / system of equations :

-1 -1 p
(i) sin x + sin 2 x =
3
-1 1 1 2
(ii) tan + tan -1 = tan -1
1 + 2x 1 + 4x x2
(iii) tan–1 ( x –1 ) + tan–1 ( x )+ tan–1 ( x+1)= tan–1 ( 3x )

-1 1 p
(iv) sin + cos -1 x =
5 4

-1 -1 2p p
(v) sin x + sin y = & cos -1 x - cos -1 y =
3 3
3. Solve the following equations / system of equations:
(a) tan–1 ( x + 1)+ tan–1 (x – 1) = tan–1 (8/31).
(b) sin [ 2cos–1 {cot (2 tan–1 x )}] = 0

æ x + 1ö -1 æ x - 1 ö
÷ = tan (- 7 ).
-1 -1
(c) tan ç ÷ + tan ç
è x - 1ø è x ø

-1 5p2
4. If (sin x) 2 + (cos -1 x) 2 = , then x is equal to
8

1 1
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) (D) –

2 2

5. tan -1 x > cot -1 x holds for

(A) x > 1 (B) x < 1 (C) x = 1 (D) all values of x

-1 x p
6. If tan < , x Î N , then the maximum value of x is
p 3

(A) 2 (B) 5 (C) 7 (D) None of these

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 Inverse Trig onometric Fu nctions

¥
æ 2 ö
7. Evaluate : å tan-1 çè 1 + (2r + 1)(2r - 1) ÷ø
r =1

æ ab + 1 ö æ bc + 1 ö æ ca + 1 ö
8. If a > b > c > 0 then find the value of : cot–1 ç ÷ + cot–1 ç ÷ + cot–1 ç ÷.
è a-b ø è b-c ø è c-a ø
¥
1
å tan -1
9. Evaluate:
1 (n 2
+ n +1 ).
10. Find the sum of the series:

1 2 2 n -1
(a) tan-1 + tan-1 + ..... + tan-1 1 + 2 2 n - 1 + ..... ¥
3 9
1 1 1 1
(b) tan-1 + tan-1 + tan-1 + tan-1 + ..... ¥
2 8 18 32
11. If a1, a2, a3, ….. form an A. P. with a common difference d, a i > 0, d > 0.

-1 d d d -1 nd
Prove that tan + tan-1 + tan-1 +…to n terms = tan .
1 + a1 a2 1 + a 2 a3 1 + a3a4 1 + a 1 a n +1

Hence find the sum upto infinity.

1 1 1 1
12. Evaluate: tan-1 + tan-1 2 + tan-1 2 + tan-1 2 to n terms.
x2 + x + 1 x + 3x + 3 x + 5x + 7 x + 7 x + 13

1 2 -1 n - n-1
13. Evaluate: sin-1 + sin-1 + ..... + sin-1 + ...... ¥
2 6 n (n + 1)

14. Evaluate: cot-17 + cot-113 + cot-121 + cot-131 + ...... to n terms.

SOME WORKED OUT ILLUSTRATIONS

p
Illustration 1. If tan–1 y = 4 tan–1 x, æç|x|< tan ö÷ , find y as an algebraic function of x and hence prove that
è 8ø
p
tan is a root of the equation x4 – 6x2 + 1 = 0.
8
Solution We have tan–1 y = 4 tan–1 x
2x
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

Þ tan–1 y = 2 tan–1 (as |x| < 1)

1 - x2

4x
1 - x2
-1 4x(1 - x2 ) æ 2x ö
= tan = tan -1 çè as < 1÷
4x 2 x 4 - 6x2 + 1 1 - x2 ø
1-
(1 - x 2 )2

4x(1 - x2 )
Þ y=
x 4 - 6x2 + 1
p -1 -1 p
If x = tan Þ tan y = 4 tan x = Þy is not defined Þ x4 – 6x2 + 1 = 0 Ans.
8 2

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JEE-Mathematics

Illustration 2. If A = 2 tan–1 ( 2 2 - 1) and B = 3 sin–1(1/3) + sin–1(3/5), then show A > B.

Solution We have, A = 2tan–1 ( 2 2 - 1) = 2tan–1(1.828)

2p
Þ A > 2tan–1 ( 3 ) Þ A> ..... (i)
3

æ 1ö æ 1ö æ 1ö p
also we have, sin -1 ç ÷ < sin -1 ç ÷ Þ sin -1 ç ÷ <
è 3ø è 2ø è 3ø 6

Þ æ 1ö p
3 sin -1 ç ÷ <
è 3ø 2

æ 1 æ 1ö ö -1 æ 23 ö
3
æ 1ö –1
also, 3 sin -1 ç ÷ = sin -1 ç 3. - 4 ç ÷ ÷ = sin çè ÷ø = sin (0.852)
è 3ø è 3 è 3ø ø 27

Þ 3sin–1(1/3) < sin–1 ( 3 / 2) Þ 3sin–1(1/3) < p/3

also, sin–1(3/5) = sin–1 (0.6) < sin–1 ( 3 / 2) Þ sin–1(3/5) < p/3

2p
Hence, B = 3sin–1 (1/3) + sin–1 (3/5) < ........ (ii)
3
From (i) and (ii), we have A > B.

Illustration 3. Solve for x : If [sin–1cos–1sin–1tan–1x] = 1, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
Solution We have, [sin–1cos–1sin–1tan–1x] = 1

p
Þ 1 £ sin–1 . cos–1 . sin–1 . tan–1x £ Þ sin1 £ cos–1 . sin–1 . tan–1x £ 1
2
Þ cos sin1 ³ sin–1 . tan–1x ³ cos1 Þ sin cos sin1 ³ tan–1x ³ sin cos1
Þ tan sin cos sin1 ³ x ³ tan sin cos1
Hence, x Î [tan sin cos 1, tan sin cos sin1] Ans.

1 æ 3sin 2q ö
Illustration 4. If q = tan–1(2 tan2q) - sin -1 ç then find the sum of all possible values of tanq.
2 è 5 + 4cos2q ÷ø

1 æ 3sin 2q ö
Solution q = tan–1(2 tan2q) - sin -1 ç Þ q = tan–1(2 tan2q)
2 è 5 + 4 cos 2q ÷ø

1 æ 6 tan q ö
- sin -1 ç
2 è 9 + tan2 q ÷ø
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

é æ1 ö ù
2 tan q÷ ú
1 -1 ê çè 3 ø
Þ q = tan (2 tan q) - sin ê
–1 2
2
ú Þ q = tan–1(2 tan2q)
2 ê æ1 ö ú
ê1 + çè 3 tan q÷ø ú
ë û

2 æ1 ö
- tan-1 ç tan q÷
2 è 3 ø

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 Inverse Trig onometric Fu nctions

-1 æ 1 ö
Þ q = tan–1(2 tan2q) - tan çè tan q÷ø ........ (i)
3
taking tangent on both sides

6 tan2 q - tan q
Þ tan q =
3 + 2 tan3 q

Þ 2tan4q – 6tan2q + 4tanq = 0

Þ 2tanq(tan3q –3 tanq + 2) = 0

Þ 2tanq(tanq –1)2 (tanq + 2) = 0

Þ tanq = 0, 1, – 2 which satisfy equation (i)

\ sum = 0 + 1 – 2 = –1 Ans.

Illustration 5. Transform sin–1x in other inverse trigonometric functions, where x Î (–1, 1) – {0}
Solution Case -I : 0 < x < 1

æ pö
Let sin–1x = q, q Î ç 0, ÷
è 2ø
1
Now, cos q = 1 - sin2 q Þ q = cos -1 1 - x2 x
q
æ 1 ö
Þ -1 -1 2 -1 2
sin x = cos 1 - x = sec ç ÷ 1– x
ç 2 ÷
è 1- x ø
x
tan q =
1 - x2
x x
Þ q = tan -1 Þ sin -1 x = tan -1
1 - x2 1 - x2

x æ 1 - x2 ö
Þ sin -1 x = tan -1 = cot -1 ç ÷
1 - x2 ç x ÷
è ø

Hence, sin -1 x = cos -1 1 - x 2

1 æ x ö æ 1 - x2 ö 1
= sec -1 = tan -1 ç -1
÷÷ = cot ç ÷ = cosec -1 æç ö÷ , 0 < x < 1
ç ç x ÷ èxø
1 - x2 è 1-x
2
ø è ø

Case-II : -1 < x < 0

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

æ p ö
Let sin -1 x = q q Î ç - , 0 ÷ , Then x = sinq
è 2 ø

Þ cos q = 1 - x2 Þ cos ( -q ) = 1 - x 2

æ 1 ö
Þ q = - cos -1 1 - x2 Þ sin-1 x = - cos-1 1 - x2 = - sec -1 ç ÷
ç 2 ÷
è 1- x ø
x x x
Again, tan q = Þ q = tan -1 Þ sin -1 x = tan -1
1 - x2 1 - x2 1 - x2

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JEE-Mathematics

x æ 1 - x2 ö é -1 -1 æ 1 ö ù
Þ sin -1 x = tan -1 = -p + cot -1 ç ÷ êQ tan x = -p + cot ç ÷ , x < 0ú
1 - x2 ç x ÷ ë èxø û
è ø

Hence, sin -1 x = - cos -1 1 - x 2

1 æ x ö æ 1 - x2 ö 1
= - sec
-1
= tan-1 ç -1
÷÷ = -p + cot ç ÷ = cosec -1 æç ö÷ , - 1 < x < 0
2 ç 2 ç x ÷ èxø
1- x è 1- x ø è ø

æ 5p ö æ æ - 3 öö
Illustration 6. Find the value of cos–1 ç - sin ÷ + sin–1 ç cos çç sin 1 ÷÷
è 6 ø ç
è è 2 ÷ø ÷ø ?

æ 1ö 1 2p p 5p
Solution Given expression = cos–1 ç - ÷ + sin–1 = + =
è 2 ø 2 3 6 6

æ 5 -1 ö
Illustration 7. Find the value of cos–1 (cos(2 tan–1 çç ÷ )) ?
÷
è 10 + 2 5 ø

5 -1 p
5 -1 sin p
4 10
Solution = = = tan
10 + 2 5 10 + 2 5 p 10
cos
4 10

æ p ö æ pö p
\ Given expression = cos–1 ç cos 2 . ÷ = cos–1 ç cos . ÷ =
è 10 ø è 5ø 5

x æ 4x ö
Illustration 8. Solution of 2 tan–1 + sin–1 ç ÷ = p is
2 è 4 + x2 ø

ì -1 x
æ ö ï-p - 2 tan 2 : x < -2
ç 2x ÷ ï
ï -1 x
ç 2 ÷ í 2 tan : -2 £ x £ 2
Solution sin–1 ç 2 ÷
= ï 2
x
çç 1 + æç ö÷ ÷÷ ï -1 x
è è 2ø ø ï p - 2 tan 2 : x>2
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

x < – 2 will not satisfy

x x
If – 2 £ x £ 2, then 4 tan–1 =p i.e. = 1 i.e. x=2
2 2
If x > 2, then p = p

\ x Î [2, ¥)

124
 Inverse Trig onometric Fu nctions
Illustration 9. Number of solutions of the equation sin –1 |x| = |cos–1 x|, is

Solution sin–1 |x| = |cos–1 x| = cos–1 x

y
p

p
2

\ 1 solution
O x

p
–
2

Illustration 10. The number of real solution of the equation 1 + cos 2x = 2 sin (sinx), –p £ x £ p is
–1

Solution 1 + cos 2x = 2 sin (sinx), – p £ x £ p

–1

Þ 2 | cosx | = 2 sin (sin x)

–1

Þ | cos x | = sin–1 (sinx)

y= |cos x|

y=sin–1(sinx)
–p
–p/2 p/2 p

æ 3 x2 ö b
Illustration 11. The range of the function f(x) = cot -1 çç 2 ÷
÷ is (a, b], then the value of is
a
è 1+ x ø

3 x2 p æ 3x2 ö p
Solution 0£ < 3 Þ < cot -1 çç ÷£
2÷
1+ x2 6 è 1+ x ø 2

Illustration 12. If the sum of n terms of the series

Sn = cosec-1 10 + cosec-1 50 + cos ec-1 170 + ......... + cosec-1 ( n2 + 1)( n2 + 2n + 2) .

é ù
The value of ê lim sn ú is ...... ([.] is G.I.F)
ë x®¥ û

Solution cos ec-1 (n2 + 1)(n2 + 2n + 2) = tan-1 (n + 1) - tan-1 n

-1 p
So Sn = tan (n + 1) -
4
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

p
lim Sn =
n®¥ 4
Illustration 13. No. of solution of the equstion 2(sin-1 x)2 - (sin-1 x) - 6 = 0 is ...
Solution sin–1x = y
2y2 – y – 6 = 0
y = – 1.5, 2
sin–1x = – 1.5, 2
Hence, sin–1 x = –1.5 (rejecting 2)
Only one solution

125
JEE-Mathematics

p
Illustration 14. The range of the function y = is
sin-1 x
-p p
Solution £ sin-1 x £
2 2
1 æ -2 ù é 2 ö
Þ -1
Î ç -¥, ú È ê , ¥ ÷
sin x è p û ëp ø
p
Þ Î ( -¥, -2] È [ 2, ¥ )
sin-1 x

Illustration 15. The number of integral roots of the equaiton. sin -1 sin x = cos -1 ( cos x ) in x Î [ 0, 4 p ] are

–1
cos (cos x)
sin -1 sin x

p p
Solution 2

p x
x 2p 3p 4p
p p 3p 2p
2 2

Clearly, sin -1 sin x = cos -1(cos x)

for x Î é0, p ù È é 3p , 2pù È æç 2p, 5p ö÷ È é 7p , 4 pù

êë 2 úû êë 2 úû è 2 ø êë 2 úû

so, integral roots are x = {0,1,5,6,7,11, 12}

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Th.

126
 Inverse Trig onometric Fu nctions

SINGLE CORRECT

é æ 3ö æ 1 öù
1. tan -1 ê cos ç 2 tan -1 ÷ + sin ç 2cot -1 ÷ ú is
ë è 4ø è 2 øû

(A) not real (B) equal to p / 4 (C) greater then p / 4 (D) less than p / 4

æ1 4ö
2. ( -1
)
If x = sin 2 tan 2 and y = sin ç tan
-1
÷ , then
è2 3ø

(A) x = y2 (B) y 2 = 1 - x (C) x 2 = y / 2 (D) x < y

æ 1ö
3. The three angles given by a = 2 tan
-1
( )
2 - 1 , b = 3sin
-1 1
2
1
+ sin -1 ç - ÷ and g = cos-1 .
è 2ø 3

(A) a > b (B) b > g > a (C) a > g (D) None of these

4. Let f (x) = a + b cos-1 x (b > 0). If domain and range of f(x) are the same set then (b – a) is equal to

1 2 2
(A) 1- (B) +1 (C) 1- (D) 2
p p p

5. Range of f(x) = sin -1 x + tan -1 x + sec -1 x , is

æ p 3p ö é p 3p ù ìp 3p ü
(A) ç , ÷ (B) ê , (C) í , ý (D) None of these
è4 4 ø ë 4 4 úû î4 4 þ

If ëé sin x ûù + ëé cos x ûù = 0 , where ‘x’ is a non-negative real number and [.] denotes the greatest integer
-1 -1
6.

function, then complete set of values of x is

(A) ( cos1,1) (B) ( -1, cos1) (C) ( sin1,1) (D) ( cos1,sin1)

-
( -
) ( )
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Ex.

The set of values of a for which x + ax + sin x - 4 x + 5 + cos x - 4 x + 5 = 0 has at least one solution
2 1 2 1 2
7.

is

(A) (-¥ , - 2p ] È [ 2p , ¥) (
(B) -¥, - 2p È ) ( 2p , ¥ )
(C) R (D) None of these

8. The complete solution set of sin -1 ( sin 5) > x 2 - 4 x , is

(A) x - 2 < 9 - 2p (B) x - 2 > 9 - 2p (C) x < 9 - 2p (D) x > 9 - 2p

127
JEE-Mathematics
9. Which one of the following quantities is negative ?

-1
(
(A) cos tan (tan 4) ) (
-1
(B) sin cot (cot 4) )
-1
(
(C) tan cos (cos 5) ) (
-1
(D) cot sin (sin 4) )

5p 2
( ) + ( cot x )
-1 2 -1 2
10. If tan x = , then x equals
8

(A) –1 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) None of these

( ) + ( cos ec x )
-1 2 -1 2
11. The maximum value of sec x is equal to

p2 p2 5p 2
(A) (B) (C) p 2 (D)
2 4 4

æ æ -2 ö ö
12. tan ç arc tan ç ÷ + arc tan ( 5 ) ÷ equals
è è 3 ø ø

(A) - 3 (B) –1 (C) 1 (D) 3

-1 2 6 +1
13. The value of cos - cos -1 is equal to
3 2 3

p p p p
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 4 2 6

14.
-1 -1
If 3 sin x = -p - sin 3 x - 4 x , then
3
( )

é 1ù é1 ù 1
(A) x Î ê -1, - ú (B) x Î ê ,1ú (C) x £ (D) None of these
2 ë û ë2 û 2

15. The value of x satisfying the equation sin(tan -1 x) = cos(cot -1 (x + 1)) is

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Ex.

1 1
(A) (B) – (C) 2 -1 (D) no finite value
2 2

-1 æ 2r -1 ö
n

16. å tan ç 2 r -1 ÷ is equal to

r =1 è1+ 2 ø

p p
-1
(A) tan 2
n
( ) -1
(B) tan 2 -
n
( ) 4
-1
(C) tan 2
n+1
( ) -1
(D) tan 2
n+1
(
- ) 4

128
 Inverse Trig onometric Fu nctions

n æ r - r -1 ö
17. å sin -1
ç ÷
ç r ( r + 1) ÷ is equal to
r= 1
è ø

(A) tan
-1
( n ) - p4 (B) tan
-1
( )
n +1 -
p
4
(C) tan
-1
( n) (D) tan
- 1
( n +1 )
p
Point P(x, y) satisfying the equation sin x + cos y + cos ( 2xy ) =
-1 -1 -1
18. lies on
2
(A) the bisector of the first and third quadrant
(B) bisector of the second and fourth quadrant

(C) the rectangle formed by the lines x = ±1 and y = ±1

(D) lies on a unit circle with centre at the origin.

19. (sin -1 x)2 + (sin -1 y)2 + 2(sin -1 x)(sin -1 y) = p2 , then x2+y2 is equal to -
(A) 1 (B) 3/2 (C) 2 (D) 1/2
1 2
20. If sin–1 + sin–1 = sin–1x, then the value of x is-
3 3

( 5 - 4 2) ( 5 + 4 2) p
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
9 9 2
21. The solution of the inequality (tan -1 x)2 - 3 tan -1 x + 2 ³ 0 is -

(A) ( -¥, tan1] È [ tan 2, ¥ ) (B) ( -¥, tan1] (C) ( -¥, - tan1] È [ tan2, ¥) (D) [ tan2, ¥)
22. If a1,a2,a3........an is in A.P. with common difference d, then
é d d d ù
tan ê tan-1 + tan-1 + .... + tan -1 ú
ë 1 + a1a 2 1 + a 2a 3 1 + a n -1a n û is equal to-

(n - 1)d (n - 1)d nd a n - a1
(A) a a (B) 1 a a (C) 1 + a a (D) a
1 + n + 1 n 1 n n + a1

n
2r + 1
23. lim å tan -1 is equal to -
n ®¥
r =1 r + 2r 3 + r 2 + 1
4

p 3p p p
(A) (B) (C) (D) –
4 4 2 8
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Ex.

¥
æ r((r + 1)!) ö
24. å tan -1
ç 2 ÷ is equal to -
r =0 è (r + 1) + ((r + 1)!) ø

p p
(A) (B) (C) cot–13 (D) tan–12
2 4

-1 æ 1 ö -1 -1 3
25. The value of tan çè tan2A÷ø + tan (cot A) + tan (cot A) for 0 < A < (p/4) is -
2
(A) 4 tan–1(1) (B) 2 tan–1(2) (C) 0 (D) none

129
JEE-Mathematics

-1
é ì p 1 -1 æ a ö ü ì p 1 -1 æ a ö üù
26. The value of ê tan í + sin çè ÷ø ý + tan í - sin çè ÷ø ýú , where ( 0 < a < b), is -
ë î 4 2 b þ î4 2 b þû

b a b2 - a 2 b2 - a 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2a 2b 2b 2a

27. Value of k for which the point (a, sin–1a)(a > 0) lies inside the triangle formed by x + y = k with co-ordinate axes is -

æ p ö æ æ pö æ pöö æ p ö
(A) ç 1 + , ¥÷
è ø
(B) ç - çè 1 + ÷ø , çè 1 + 2 ÷ø ÷ø (C) çè -¥ , 1 + ÷ø (D) (–1–sin1, 1+sin1)
2 è 2 2

æ 2x2 + 3 ö 5
28. Solution set of the inequality sin -1 ç sin ÷ £ p - 2 is -
2
è x +1 ø
(A) (-¥ , 1) È (1 , ¥) (B) [–1, 1] (C) (–1, 1) (D) (-¥ , -1] È [1 , ¥)

MORE THAN ONE OPTION CORRECT

29. sin -1 x > cos -1 x holds for

æ 1 ö æ 1 ö
(A) all values of x (B) x Î ç 0, ÷ (C) x Î ç ,1÷ (D) x = 0.75
è 2ø è 2 ø

ì-1 æ4ö
-1 æ 2 öü a
30. If the numerical value of tan ícos ç ÷ + tan ç ÷ ý is , then (where a and b are coprime number)
î è5ø è 3 øþ b

(A) a + b = 23 (B) a – b = 11 (C) 3b = a + 1 (D) 2a = 3b

31. cos x = tan x then -
–1 –1

æ 5 - 1ö æ 5 + 1ö
(A) x 2 = çè ÷ (B) x 2 = çè ÷
2 ø 2 ø

æ 5 - 1ö æ 5 - 1ö
(C) sin(cos -1 x) = çè ÷ (D) tan(cos -1 x) = çè ÷
2 ø 2 ø
32. Identify the pair(s) of functions which are identical -

1 - x2 1
(A) y = tan (cos–1x) ; y = (B) y = tan (cot–1x) ; y =
x x
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Ex.

x
(C) y = sin (arc tan x) ; y = (D) y = cos (arc tan x) ; y = sin (arc cot x)
1 + x2
33. The sum of the infinite terms of the series -

æ 3ö æ 3ö æ 3ö
cot -1 ç 12 + ÷ + cot -1 ç 22 + ÷ + cot -1 ç 32 + ÷ + ........... is equal to -
è 4ø è 4ø è 4ø

3p
(A) tan–1(1) (B) tan–1(2) (C) tan–1(3) (D) - tan -1 3
4

130
 Inverse Trig onometric Fu nctions

Comprehension Based Questions

Comprehension – 1

æ cos-1 x ö æ sin -1 x ö
Consider the two equations in x ; (i) sin ç ÷ =1 (ii) cos ç ÷ =0
è y ø è y ø

The sets X1 , X 2 Í [-1, 1] ; Y1, Y2 Í I - {0} are such that

X1 : the solution set of equation (i)
X2 : the solution set of equation (ii)
Y1 : the set of all integral values of y for which equation (i) possess a solution
Y2 : the set of all intergral values of y for which equation (ii) possess a solution
Let : C1 be the correspondence : X1 ® Y1 such that x C1y for x Î X1, y Î Y1 & (x, y) satisfy (i).
C2 be the correspondence : X2 ® Y2 such that x C2y for x Î X2, y Î Y2 & (x, y) satisfy (ii).

On the basis of above information, answer the following questions

1. The number of ordered pair (x, y) satisfying correspondence C1 is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

2. The number of ordered pair (x, y) satisfying correspondence C2 is

(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

3*. C1 : X1 ® Y1 is a function which is -

(A) one-one (B) many-one (C) onto (D) into

Comprehension – 2
Let h1(x) = sin–1(3x – 4x3) ; h2(x) = cos–1(4x3 – 3x) & f(x) = h1(x) + h2(x)

-1
when x Î [–1, ] ; let f(x) = a cos–1x + bp ; a, b Î Q
2
h1(x) = p sin–1x + qp ; p, q Î Q
h2(x) = r cos–1x + sp ; r, s Î Q
Let C1 be the circle with centre (p, q) & radius 1 & C2 be the circle with centre (r, s) & radius 1.

On the basis of above information, answer the following questions

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Ex.

4. p + r + 2q – s =
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 4

5. If b.log|s||p + q|= k.a, then value of k is -

9 -3
(A) (B) 6 (C) (D) none of these
2 2

6. Radical axis of circle C1 & C2 is -

(A) 12x – 2y – 3 = 0 (B) 12x + 2y – 3 = 0 (C) –12x + 2y – 3 = 0 (D) none of these

131
JEE-Mathematics
Match the Column
Following questions contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with ONE statement in Column-II.
7. Column-I Column-II

æ 33p ö
(A) sin–1 çè sin ÷ (p) –2p/7
7 ø

æ 46p ö
(B) cos–1 çè cos ÷ (q) 2p/7
7 ø

æ æ -33p ö ö
(C) tan–1 çè tan çè ÷÷ (r) 3p/7
7 øø

æ æ -46p ö ö
(D) cot–1 ç cot çè ÷÷ (s) 4p/7
è 7 øø

8. Column-I Column-II
(A) sin(tan x)–1
(p) x

x
(B) cos(tan–1x) (q)
x2 + 1

1
(C) sin(cot–1(tan(cos–1x))); x Î(0,1] (r) 2
x +1

(D) sin(cosec–1(cot(tan–1x))) ; x Î(0,1] (s) 1 - x2

Following question contains statements given in two columns, which have to be matched. The statements in
Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s. Any given
statement in Column-I can have correct matching with ONE OR MORE statement(s) in Column-II.

9*. x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 and tan–1x + tan–1y + tan –1

z = k, the possible value(s) of k, if
Column-I Column-II

p
(A) xy + yz + zx = 1, then (p) k =
2
(B) x + y + z = xyz, then (q) k=p
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Ex.

(C) x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 and x + y + z = 3 , then (r) k = 0

7p
(D) x = y = z and xyz ³ 3 3 , then k can be equal to (s) k =
6

132
 Inverse Trig onometric Fu nctions
INTEGER/SUBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
10. Find the domain of definition the following functions.
(Read the symbols [ * ] and { * } as greatest integers and fractional part functions respectively)

2 1 1
(a) f(x) = cos -1 (b) f(x) = + 2arc sin x +
2 + sin x x x-2

-1 éx ù 1 æ x - 3ö
(c) ecos x
+ cot -1 ê - 1ú + ln{x} (d) f(x) = sin -1 ç - log10 ( 4 - x )
ë 2 û 2 è 2 ÷ø

1 - sin x
(e) f(x) = + cos -1 (1 - {x} )
log5 (1 - 4x2 )

æ 3 - 2x ö
(f) f(x) = 3 - x + cos -1 ç + log6 ( 2|x|-3 ) + sin -1 (log2 x )
è 5 ÷ø
11. Draw the graph of the following functions :
(a) f(x) = sin–1(x + 2) (b) g(x) = [cos–1x], where [ ] denotes greatest integer function.
(c) h(x) = –|tan–1(3x)|
æx 1 ö
12. Express f(x) = arc cos x + arc cos ç + 3 - 3x2 ÷ in simplest form and hence find the values of
è2 2 ø

æ 2ö æ 1ö
(a) fç ÷ (b) fç ÷
è 3ø è 3ø

1 1 p 1
13. Prove that : 3 tan -1 + tan -1 = - tan -1
4 20 4 1985
14. If a and b are the root of the equation x2 + 5x – 49 = 0, then find the value of cot(cot–1a + cot–1b).
15. Let cos–1x + cos–1(2x) + cos–1(3x) = p. If x satisfies the cubic ax3 + bx2 + cx – 1 = 0, then find the value of
a + b + c.
16. Solve the following equations
(a) sin -1 x = cos -1 x + sin -1 ( 3x - 2) (b) sin -1 x + sin -1 (1 - x ) = cos -1 x

1 - a2 1 - b2 x2 - 1 2x 2p
(c) 2 tan -1 x = cos -1 2
- cos -1 2 a > 0, b > 0 (d) cos -1 + tan -1 =
1+ a 1+ b 2
x +1 2
x -1 3

Find all values of k for which there is a triangle whose angles have measure tan -1 ç ÷ , tan -1 ç
æ1ö æ1 ö
17. + k ÷ and
è 2ø è2 ø

æ1 ö
tan -1 ç + 2k ÷ .
è2 ø
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Ex.

æ 10
ö a
18. The value of tan ç
è
å cot
k =1
-1
(1 + k + k 2 ) ÷ = where a and b are coprime, find the value of (a + b).
ø b

19. If the total area between the curves f (x) = cos –1(sin x) and g(x) = sin–1(cos x) on the interval [–7p, 7p] is A, find
the value of 49A. (Take p = 22/7)
20. Solve the following system of inequations
4 (tan–1 x)2 – 8 tan–1 x + 3 < 0 and 4 cot–1 x – (cot–1 x)2 – 3 > 0
21. Find the set of values of ‘a’ for which the equation 2 cos –1 x = a + a2(cos–1 x)–1 posses a solution.

133
JEE-Mathematics

-1 æ 1ö
1. Find the principal value of : cos çè - ÷ø
2

-1 æ 2p ö
2. Find the principal value of : sin ç sin ÷
è 3ø

-1 æ 7p ö
3. Find the principal value of : tan çè tan ÷ø
6

æ -1 5 ö
4. Evaluate: cos çè sec ÷
3ø

æ
-1 æ 3 öö
5. Evaluate: sin ç 2cos ç - ÷ ÷
è è 5 øø

6. Evaluate : tan(sec -1 ( -1)) .

-1 -1 æ 1ö -1 æ 1ö
7. Find the value of: tan (1) + cos çè - ÷ø + sin çè - ÷ø
2 2

-1 1 1 31
8. Prove that : 2 tan + tan-1 = tan -1
2 7 17

æ - 1 ö
9. If sin ç sin
1
+ cos-1 x ÷ = 1 , then find the value of x .
è 5 ø

-1 x -1 x +1 p
10. If tan + tan -1 = , then find the value of x .
x-2 x+2 4

11. Find the value of sin -1 (cos(sin -1 x)) + cos -1 (sin(cos-1 x)).

-1 -1 1- x 1+ x
12. Prove that cos x = 2sin = 2cos -1 .
2 2

-1 é æ -1 1ö ù
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Ex.

Find the value of: tan ê 2cos çè 2sin ÷

2 ø úû
13.
ë
14. Prove that

ìï 1 + cos x + 1 - cos x üï p x
tan -1 í ý= -
îï 1 + cos x - 1 - cos x ïþ 4 2

3p
if p < x < .
2

x
If y = cot -1 ( cos x ) - tan -1 ( cos x ), prove that sin y = tan
2
15. .
2
134
 Inverse Trig onometric Fu nctions

ANSWER KEY
BE GINNER 'S BOX-1

1
1. (D) 2. (B) 3. 4. (A) 5. (C) 6. (1526)
3
7. (B) 8. (B) 9. (C) 10. (C) 11. (B) 12. (B)
13. (A) 14. (C)
15. (i) D : x e R R : [p/4 , p)

æ pö ì pü é p 2p ù épù
(ii) D: x Î ç np, np + ÷- íx x = np + ý n Î I ; R: ê , ú - ê2ú
è 2ø î 4þ ë3 3 û ë û

é pö æ p pù
(iii) D: xÎR R : ê0 , ÷ (iv) D: xÎR R : ç- , ú
ë 2ø è
2 4 û

BE GINNER 'S BOX-2

15 1 4 3 4
1. (a) (b) (c) (d) 1 (e) (f)
8 10 5 2 5
p p p p -p
2. (a) (b) (c) p – 2 (d) (e) - (f)
6 6 6 3 4
2p
(g)
3
13p
3. (B) 4. (D) 5. (B) 6. (B,C,D) 7. (D) 8.
7
9. 8p - 21 10. (53) 11. (B) 12. (B) 13. (D)
BE GINNER 'S BOX-3

2 6 ì1, if a >0 -2
2. - 3. í 4. (A,D) 5. (A ) 7.
5 î-1, if a<0 5 5
8. –1/3 9. 204/325 10. (ABD)
BE GINNER 'S BOX-4

4. B 5. D
BE GINNER 'S BOX-5
1
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Ex.

1. (a ) (b) 1 (c) 3
5

1 3 1 1 3 1
2. (i) x = (ii) x =3 (iii) x = 0, ,- (iv) x = (v) x = , y =1
2 7 2 2 10 2
3. (a) 1/4 (b) ± 1, –1 ± 2,1± 2 (c) no solution
4. (D) 5. (A) 6. (B) 7. p/4 8. p 9. p /4
p p
10. (a) (b) 11. cot–1 (a1) 12. arc tan (x + n) - arc tan x
4 4
p é2n + 5ù
13. 14. arc cot ê ú
2 ë n û
135
JEE-Mathematics

EXERCISE-1

SINGLE CORRECT & MORE THAN ONE CORRECT

Que. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
A ns. C B B B C D D A D A
Que. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
A ns. D C D A D B C D C C
Que. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
A ns. B B A B A C A B CD ABC
Que. 31 32 33
A ns. AC ABCD BD

EXERCISE-2

l Comprehension Based Questions

Comprehe nsion # 1 : 1. B 2. D 3. A,C

Comprehe nsion # 2 : 4. A 5. C 6. A

l Match the Column 7. (A) ® (q), (B) ® (s), (C) ® (q), (D) ® (r)

8. (A) ® (q), (B) ® (r), (C) ® (p), (D) ® (p)

9. (A) ® (p), (B) ® (q,r), (C) ® (p), (D) ® (q,s)

l IN TEGE R/SU BJECTIVE TYPE QUESTI NS

1 0 . (a) [ 2np ,(2n + 1) p ] ; n Î I (b) f (not defined for any real x)

(c) ( –1, 1) –{0} (d) 1 £ x < 4

æ3 ù
(e) x Î (–1/2, 1/2), x ¹ 0 (f) ç , 2ú
è2 û
Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Ex.

y
p/2 p y
3

2 0 x
p/2
12. (a) –3 –2 –1 0 x (b) 1
(c)

-p/2 - p/2
–1 cos3 cos2 0 cos1 1 x

p æ 1ö p
1 3 . (a) (b) 2cos –1 çè ÷ø –
3 3 3

14. (10) 15. (26)

136
 Inverse Trig onometric Fu nctions

1 1 a-b
1 6 . (a) x = 1, (b) x = 0, (c) x = (d) x = 2 – 3 OR 3
2 2 1 + ab

11
17. k= 18. 0011 19. 3388
4

æ 1 ö
20. x = ç tan , cot 1 ÷ 21. a Î [ -2p, p ] - { 0}
è 2 ø

NCERT CORNER

2p p p 3 24
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. -
3 3 6 5 25

3p 1 1 p p
6. (0) 7. 9. 10. ± 11. 13.
4 5 2 2 4

******
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137
138
JEE-Mathematics

IMPORTANT NOTES

Node-1\Target-2020-21\1.JEE(M+A)\Module\Enthusiast\English\Maths\EM-1\18.ITF\Ex.