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Class-Notes-30 03 24

The document discusses the concepts of elevation in boiling point and depression in freezing point due to the presence of non-volatile solutes. It explains how these phenomena can be quantified using specific constants (Kb and Kf) and provides formulas for determining the molar mass of solutes based on these changes in temperature. Applications of these principles include cooking and antifreeze solutions in vehicles.

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26 views12 pages

Class-Notes-30 03 24

The document discusses the concepts of elevation in boiling point and depression in freezing point due to the presence of non-volatile solutes. It explains how these phenomena can be quantified using specific constants (Kb and Kf) and provides formulas for determining the molar mass of solutes based on these changes in temperature. Applications of these principles include cooking and antifreeze solutions in vehicles.

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© © All Rights Reserved
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Date:30.03.

2024

UNIT – 1: SOLUTIONS
Elevation in boiling point:

➢ The boiling point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the


vapour pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the atmospheric
pressure. 2

➢ The increase in the boiling point of a solution due to presence of a non-


volatile solute is known as elevation of boiling point (ΔTb).

➢ The boiling point of a solution (𝑇𝑏 ) containing a non volatile solute is


always greater than that of the pure solvent ( 𝑇𝑏𝑂 ).

➢ The effect of adding a non volatile solute on the boiling point and vapour
pressure is represented graphically.
3
▪ The BP of solution is more than the pure solvent.

▪ Let 𝑇𝑏𝑂 is BP of pure solvent and

▪ 𝑇𝑏 is BP of solution. 4

▪ Increase in the BP , ∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝑇𝑏 − 𝑇𝑏𝑂 is known as elevation of BP (𝑇𝑏 > 𝑇𝑏𝑂 ).

▪ For dilute solution……


∆𝑇𝑏 ∝ 𝑚
∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏 𝑚

▪ Where 𝐾𝑏 is BP elevation constant or molal elevation constant or


ebullioscopic constant.
Determination of molar mass from Elevation of Boiling point:
∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏 𝑚

𝑀𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑔
5
𝑊𝐵
ൗ𝑀
𝐵
∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏
𝑊𝐴ൗ
1000

𝑊𝐵 × 1000
∆𝑇𝑏 = 𝐾𝑏
𝑀𝐵 × 𝑊𝐴
𝑊𝐵 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
𝐾𝑏 × 𝑊𝐵 × 1000 𝑀𝐵 = Molecular mass of solute
𝑀𝐵 = 𝑊𝐴 = Mass of solvent
∆𝑇𝑏 × 𝑊𝐴
Which is the required expression for molar mass of non-volatile solute from elevation of
boiling point.
Application:
▪ To get boiled eggs, sodium chloride is added
to water.
6
▪ Addition of salt or other non-volatile solid
reduces the vapour pressure of the liquid and
consequently the boiling point increases and
the water can attain a temperature higher
than 100°𝐶 before starting to boil.

▪ This helps cook and hard boil the egg quicker.

▪ Addition of salt to water before or while


heating will increase its boiling point.
Depression of freezing point:

7
➢ The freezing point of a liquid is defined as the temperature at which the
liquid and solid states of the substance have the same vapour pressure.

➢ The effect of adding a non volatile solute on the freezing point and vapour
pressure is represented graphically.
8
➢ The decrease in the freezing point of a solution due to presence of a non-
volatile solute is known as depression of freezing point (ΔTf).

➢ The freezing point of a solution (𝑇𝑓 ) containing a non volatile solute is


always less than that of the pure solvent (𝑇𝑓𝑜 ).
9

➢ Decrease in FP, Δ𝑇𝑓 = 𝑇𝑓𝑜 − 𝑇𝑓 is known as depression in FP

➢ For dilute solution……..


∆𝑇𝑓 ∝ 𝑚
∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 𝑚

Where 𝐾𝑓 is FP depression constant or Molal depression constant


(cryoscopic constant).
Determination of molar mass from Depression of Freezing point:
∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓 𝑚

𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒
∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝐾𝑔

𝑊𝐵 10
ൗ𝑀
𝐵
∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓
𝑊𝐴ൗ
1000

𝑊𝐵 × 1000
∆𝑇𝑓 = 𝐾𝑓
𝑀𝐵 × 𝑊𝐴

𝐾𝑓 × 𝑊𝐵 × 1000
𝑀𝐵 =
∆𝑇𝑓 × 𝑊𝐴

Which is the required expression for molar mass of non-volatile solute from depression of
freezing point.
Application:

▪ In cold climate, ethylene glycol


is added to water in the car 11

radiator as antifreeze.

▪ During winter, salt is sprinkled


on the road to lower the
freezing point.
THANK
YOU
ZEIITIANS

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