Module 14: Transport Layer

Introduction to Networks v7.0

(ITN)
 INFO-1280
Test Reminder:
The final grade is based on several assessments:

 Theory Component (on campus)

 Test #1 Monday October 7th 11am-1pm on-campus (10%)
• You will be assigned a room (TBD)

 Test #2 Monday November 18th 11am-1pm on campus (20%)

• You will be assigned a room (TBD)

 Final Exam Week 15 which is exam week (20%)

• Date/time TBD (to be determined)

 Tests/exams are on campus, not online

 Room booking will be posted when available
2

Michael McNorgan 2020

 INFO-1280
Lab Assignment Reminder:
The final grade is based on several assessments:

 Practical (in-class lab assignments) Component

 Lab Assignment #1 (5%)
• Week of Sept. 23rd

 Lab Assignment #2 (10%)

• Week of Oct. 14th

 Lab Assignment #3 (15%)

• Week of Nov. 11th

 Lab Assignment #4 (20%)

• Week of Dec. 2nd

 The actual day/time is your regular lab day/time for that week.
 This is not a take home assignment; it is completed in lab on the equipment.
3

Michael McNorgan 2020

Module Objectives
Module Title: Transport Layer

Module Objective: Compare the operations of transport layer protocols in supporting end-to-
end communication.
Topic Title Topic Objective
Transportation of Data Explain the purpose of the transport layer in managing the transportation of data
in end-to-end communication.

TCP Overview Explain characteristics of TCP.

UDP Overview Explain characteristics of UDP.

Port Numbers Explain how TCP and UDP use port numbers.
TCP Communication Process Explain how TCP session establishment and termination processes facilitate
reliable communication.

Reliability and Flow Control Explain how TCP protocol data units are transmitted and acknowledged to
guarantee delivery.
UDP Communication Compare the operations of transport layer protocols in supporting end-to-end
communication.
© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 4
14.1 Transportation of Data

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Transportation of Data
Role of the Transport Layer
Discuss the role of the transport
layer.

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Transportation of Data
Transport Layer Responsibilities
Discuss the responsibilities of the transport layer.

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Transportation of Data
Transport Layer Protocols

• The transport layer includes the TCP and UDP protocols.

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Transportation of Data
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

General observations of TCP 14.1.4

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Transportation of Data
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

General observation of UDP 14.1.5

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Transportation of Data
The Right Transport Layer Protocol for the Right Application

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14.2 TCP Overview

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TCP Overview
TCP Features
Discuss the features of TCP

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TCP Overview
TCP Header
Discuss the information and purpose of common fields in the TCP header

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TCP Overview
Applications that use TCP
Do these applications need TCP? Is UDP with less overhead sufficient?

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14.3 UDP Overview

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UDP Overview
UDP Features
Discuss UDP features

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UDP Overview
UDP Header
Compare and discuss the fields in the UDP header to the TCP header

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UDP Overview
Applications that use UDP
Why can some of these applications use UDP instead of TCP?

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14.4 Port Numbers

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Port Numbers
Multiple Separate Communications

Both protocols use port numbers or port addresses, but for the same reason?

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Port numbers
Socket Pairs
Describe a socket address

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Port Numbers
Port Number & Socket Addresses

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Port Numbers
Port Number Groups
Port Group Number Range Description

•These port numbers are reserved for common or popular services and
applications such as web browsers, email clients, and remote access
Well-known
0 to 1,023 clients.
Ports
•Defined well-known ports for common server applications enables clients
to easily identify the associated service required.
•These port numbers are assigned by IANA to a requesting entity to use
with specific processes or applications.
•These processes are primarily individual applications that a user has
Registered
1,024 to 49,151 chosen to install, rather than common applications that would receive a
Ports
well-known port number.
•For example, Cisco has registered port 1812 for its RADIUS server
authentication process.
•These ports are also known as ephemeral ports.
Private and/or •The client’s OS usually assign port numbers dynamically when a
Dynamic 49,152 to 65,535 connection to a service is initiated.
Ports •The dynamic port is then used to identify the client application during
communication.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 24
Port Numbers
Port Number Groups (Cont.)
Well-Known Port Numbers
Port Number Protocol Application
20 TCP File Transfer Protocol (FTP) - Data
21 TCP File Transfer Protocol (FTP) - Control
22 TCP Secure Shell (SSH)
23 TCP Telnet
25 TCP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
53 UDP, TCP Domain Name Service (DNS)
67 UDP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) - Server
68 UDP Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol - Client
69 UDP Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP)
80 TCP Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)
110 TCP Post Office Protocol version 3 (POP3)
143 TCP Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP)
161 UDP Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)
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443 TCP Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS)
14.5 TCP Communication
Process

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TCP Communication Process
TCP Server Processes

Observe port numbers in this example 14.5.1

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TCP Communication Process
TCP Session Establishment
 TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, describe the 3-way handshake

System A System B
SEQ# = 76 received
ACK# = ?
FLAGS = SYN
Src Port = 53,000
Dst Port = 80
SEQ# = 1492
ACK# = ?
received
FLAGS = SYN/ACK
Src Port = ?
Dst Port = ?
SEQ# = 77
ACK# = ?
FLAGS = ACK
Src Port = ? received
Dst Port = ? © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 29
TCP Communication Process
TCP Session Establishment
 TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, describe the 3-way handshake

System A System B
SEQ# = 14 received
ACK# = ?
FLAGS = SYN
Src Port = 43,638
Dst Port = 25
SEQ# = 88
ACK# = ?
received
FLAGS = SYN/ACK
Src Port = ?
Dst Port = ?
SEQ# = 15
ACK# = ?
FLAGS = ACK
Src Port = ? received
Dst Port = ? © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 30
TCP Communication Process
Session Termination
TCP is a connection-oriented protocol, describe the session termination process

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14.6 Reliability and Flow
Control

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Reliability and Flow Control
TCP Reliability- Guaranteed and Ordered Delivery

Discuss the reliability of TCP

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Reliability and Flow Control
TCP Reliability- Sequence Numbers and Acknowledgments

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Reliability and Flow Control
TCP Reliability – Data Loss and Retransmission

Earlier implementations of TCP

could not selectively
acknowledge a segment in the
middle of a data stream.
In this example system A would
need to retransmit starting at
segment 3.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 35
Reliability and Flow Control
TCP Reliability – Data Loss and Retransmission (Cont.)

Host operating systems today typically

employ an optional TCP feature called
selective acknowledgment (SACK),
negotiated during the three-way
handshake.
If both hosts support SACK, the receiver
can explicitly acknowledge which
segments (bytes) were received
including any discontinuous segments.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 36
Reliability and Flow Control
TCP Reliability – Data Loss and Retransmission (Cont.)

Host operating systems today typically

employ an optional TCP feature called
selective acknowledgment (SACK),
negotiated during the three-way
handshake.
If both hosts support SACK, the receiver
can explicitly acknowledge which
segments (bytes) were received
including any discontinuous segments.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 37
Reliability and Flow Control
TCP Flow Control – Window Size and Acknowledgments

Discuss TCP flow control measures

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Reliability and Flow Control
TCP Flow Control – Congestion Avoidance
When congestion occurs on a
network, it results in packets being
discarded by the overloaded router.

To avoid and control congestion,

TCP employs several congestion
handling mechanisms, timers, and
algorithms.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 39
14.7 UDP Communication

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UDP Communication
UDP Low Overhead versus Reliability
UDP does not establish a connection. UDP provides low overhead data transport because
it has a small datagram header and no network management traffic.

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UDP Communication
UDP Datagram Reassembly

• UDP does not track

sequence numbers the way
TCP does.
• UDP has no way to reorder
the datagrams into their
transmission order.
• UDP simply reassembles the
data in the order that it was
received and forwards it to
the application.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 42
UDP Communication
UDP Server Processes and Requests

UDP-based server applications

are assigned well-known or
registered port numbers.

UDP receives a datagram

destined for one of these ports, it
forwards the application data to
the appropriate application based
on its port number.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 43
UDP Communication
UDP Client Processes

• The UDP client process

dynamically selects a port number
from the range of port numbers
and uses this as the source port
for the conversation.
• The destination port is usually the
well-known or registered port
number assigned to the server
process.
• After a client has selected the
source and destination ports, the
same pair of ports are used in the
header of all datagrams in the
transaction.

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14.8 Module Practice and Quiz

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Module Practice and Quiz
What did I learn in this module?
• The transport layer is the link between the application layer and the lower layers that are
responsible for network transmission.
• The transport layer includes TCP and UDP.
• TCP establishes sessions, ensures reliability, provides same-order delivery, and supports flow
control.
• UDP is a simple protocol that provides the basic transport layer functions.
• UDP reconstructs data in the order it is received, lost segments are not resent, no session
establishment, and UPD does not inform the sender of resource availability.
• The TCP and UDP transport layer protocols use port numbers to manage multiple simultaneous
conversations.
• Each application process running on a server is configured to use a port number.
• The port number is either automatically assigned or configured manually by a system administrator.
• For the original message to be understood by the recipient, all the data must be received and the
data in these segments must be reassembled into the original order.

© 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential 47
Module Practice and Quiz
What did I learn in this module (Cont.)?
• Sequence numbers are assigned in the header of each packet.
• Flow control helps maintain the reliability of TCP transmission by adjusting the rate of data
flow between source and destination.
• A source might be transmitting 1,460 bytes of data within each TCP segment. This is the
typical MSS that a destination device can receive.
• The process of the destination sending acknowledgments as it processes bytes received and
the continual adjustment of the source’s send window is known as sliding windows.
• To avoid and control congestion, TCP employs several congestion handling mechanisms.

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 INFO-1280

Assigned Reading

BEFORE next lecture please read:

Module 15 (last module for us!)

From your Account on the Cisco Networking Academy Website.

(You do not have to purchase the book it is free on-line using
your account)

50

Michael McNorgan 2020

 INFO-1280
Test Reminder:
The final grade is based on several assessments:

 Theory Component (on campus)

 Test #1 Monday October 7th 11am-1pm on-campus (10%)
• You will be assigned a room (TBD)

 Test #2 Monday November 18th 11am-1pm on campus (20%)

• You will be assigned a room (TBD)

 Final Exam Week 15 which is exam week (20%)

• Date/time TBD (to be determined)

 Tests/exams are on campus, not online

 Room booking will be posted when available
51

Michael McNorgan 2020

 INFO-1280
Lab Assignment Reminder:
The final grade is based on several assessments:

 Practical (in-class lab assignments) Component

 Lab Assignment #1 (5%)
• Week of Sept. 23rd

 Lab Assignment #2 (10%)

• Week of Oct. 14th

 Lab Assignment #3 (15%)

• Week of Nov. 11th

 Lab Assignment #4 (20%)

• Week of Dec. 2nd

 The actual day/time is your regular lab day/time for that week.
 This is not a take home assignment; it is completed in lab on the equipment.
52

Michael McNorgan 2020