LESSON 1 10. existence depends on his/her perception.

Rene Descartes stated that mind is the seat

of consciousness.
IDEAL SELF
11. This means that it is in the mind that we
1. Your ideal self is the self that you aspire
know everything about ourselves like our
to be.
identity, passion, interest, feelings, and/or
2. It is the one that you hope will possess
intellect, thus everything that we are
characteristics similar to that of a
comes from the mind.
mentor or some other worldly figure
Self-concept theory has a lot of suppositions
ACTUAL SELF regarding how people learn to judge
3. Your actual self, however, is the one themselves. Among these Sincero named three
that you actually see. aspects such as:
4. It is the self that has characteristics  Self-concept is learned. This explains that
that you were nurtured or, in some no individual is born with self-concept. A
cases, born to have. person will soon develop this as he/she
grows old. This means that self-concept
I. SELF CONCEPT can only be acquired as soon as the person
5. The actual self and the ideal self are learns how to mingle with others and so
two broad categories of self-concept. this indicates that self-concept is
influenced by the persons environment
The actual self is built on self-knowledge. and can be a product of the persons
6. Self-knowledge is derived from social socialization
interactions that provide insight into  Self-concept is organized. This stresses out
how others react to you. that one’s perception towards
The actual self is who we actually are. It is how himself/herself is firm. This means that
we think, how we feel, look, and act. The actual a person may hear other people’s point
self can be seen by others, but because we of view regarding himself/herself but will
have no way of truly knowing how others view keep on believing that what he/she thinks
us, the actual self is our self-image. of himself/herself is always the right
one. Change on one’s perceptions
The ideal self, on the other hand, is how we towards himself/herself, however, may
want to be. It is an idealized image that we also be possible but it takes time.
have developed over time, based on what we  Self-concept is dynamic. As an
have learned and experienced. individual grows older, he/she continues
The ideal self could include components of to encounter problems or challenges
what our parents have taught us, what we that may reveal his/her self-concept in
admire in others, what our society promotes, that particular time or situation.
and what we think is in our best interest.
A person will respond to the scenario
SELF CONCEPT based on his/her own insights and how
Self-concept refers to your awareness of he/she perceives himself/herself in the
yourself. It is the construct that negotiates situation.
these two selves
Thus, self-concept undergoes
7. This theory began as Rene development as the person goes through
Descartes, the Father of Modern different experiences
Philosophy, proposed his theory that a
 person's  The Superego. Freud believed that this
Sigmund Freud who is a well-known aspect of man begins to manifest as a
psychologist, neurologist and the creator child turns 5. This is the last component of
of Psychoanalysis Theory and the father personality which holds our moral
of psychoanalysis, proposed that there are judgments or concept of right and
three components of personality within us: wrong that are believed to be acquired
the Id, Ego and Superego that certainly from the family and the environment.
play a vital role of how we think of
ourselves. This personality is developed as man learns
the culture of distinguishing right from
8. The Id. Freud explained that man's wrong based on the set of guidelines and
personality is driven by pleasure standards that are known to people which
principle. This means that the nature of might have been probably imposed by
Id is to satisfy man's desire without the people in the community like
thinking much of the situation. This parents, teachers, elders or the community
nature is being developed at a young as a whole. Therefore, superego directs a
age or present from birth. man’s life for him to avoid hurting others
Example:
An infant cannot exactly explain
what he/she really wants. Also, __________________________________________
infants do grab things and would want
to get things on their hands not
minding if they hurt nor if they are II. PERSONAL EFFECTIVENESS
important or not. All they want is to Your knowledge of yourself and how you manage
get them for they want them. yourself impacts directly on your personal
This is the nature of Id, when the id effectiveness. Being self-aware, making the most of
wants it the rest are no longer your strengths, learning new skills and techniques
important. However, this instinct is and behavioral flexibility are all keys to improving
controlled by the ego and superego as your personal performance.
these aspects are developed in man’s
life later. Our personal effectiveness depends on our innate
characteristics – talent and experience
9. The Ego. This is the second component accumulated in the process of personal
of the personality that is developed at development. Talents first are needed to be
approximately the age of three. This identified and then developed to be used in a
operates according to reality which particular subject area (science, literature, sports,
makes it possible for the Id to work in a politics, etc.).
more proper and satisfactory ways. Experience includes knowledge and skills that we
acquire in the process of cognitive and practical
The ego will give a more socially activities.
accepted means of getting the desires
and wants of a person without getting Knowledge is required for setting goals, defining an
to hurt other’s feelings. action plan to achieve them and risk assessment.
Skills also determine whether real actions are
In other words, it is the job of the performed in accordance with the plan. If the same
ego to provide a man some ability is used many times in the same situation,
guidelines on how to behave then it becomes a habit that runs automatically,
accordingly while he fulfilled his subconsciously
 pleasure
Here are some skills that will greatly increase
the efficiency of any person who owns them: 6) Generating ideas
- It helps you achieve goals using new, original,
1) Determination. unconventional ideas. Idea is a mental image of an
- It allows you to focus only on achieving a object formed by the human mind, which can be
specific goal without being distracted by less changed before being implemented in the real
important things or spontaneous desires. It world.
may be developed with the help of self-
discipline exercise. For generating ideas, you can use a method of
mental maps, which allows you to materialize,
2) Self-confidence. visualize and scrutinize all your ideas, which in turn
- It appears in the process of personal contributes to the emergence of new ideas. These
development, as a result of getting aware of are just some, but the most important personal
yourself, your actions and their consequences. effectiveness skills which make the achievement of
Self-confidence is manifested in speech, any goal easier and less costly.
appearance, dressing, gait, and physical
condition
_________________________________________
3) Persistence
- It makes you keep moving forward regardless
of emerging obstacles – problems, laziness, bad III. YOU NEED TO TAKE CHARGE OF YOUR
emotional state, etc. It reduces the costs of FUTURE
overcoming obstacles. It can also be developed
with the help of self-discipline exercise The MOVIEGOER
This person watches the movie of their lives,
4) Managing stress admires some parts and criticizes others. Aside
- It helps combat stress that arises in daily life from that, they do nothing else. All she says the
from the environment and other people. Stress whole day is, “I like this thing and but I don’t like
arises from the uncertainty in an unknown that thing.”
situation when a lack of information creates The Moviegoer feels she has absolutely no control
the risk of negative consequences of your of their lives --- except to comment about it.
actions. It increases efficiency in the actively Moviegoers are the most pathetic, miserable
changing environment person in the world.

5) Problem-solving skills The ACTOR

- They help cope with the problems This person does not only watch the movie of her
encountered with a lack of experience. It life. She actually realizes she’s the Actor – and can
increases efficiency by adopting new ways of control a big part of her life. She can actually make
achieving goals when obtaining a new or break the movie – by how well she delivers her
experience. lines and how she portrays her character. Actors
are a happy bunch, realizing they’re the start of the
6. Creativity show and enjoy some level of control. But many
- It allows you to find extraordinary ways to times, they wish the movie would end in another
carry out a specific action that no one has tried way – but realize that they have no say in such
to use. It can lead to a decrease or an increase things.
of costs, but usually the speed of action is
greatly increased when using creative tools.
The SCRIPT WRITER Your features or own qualities that made you a
This person does not only watch, and she unique are characteristics; when you do something
doesn’t only act, but she actually creates the repeatedly and regularly it is a habit; and
entire movie from her mind. She determines experiences are the skills or knowledge you have
what she will say, what she will do, and how gained because you have done it already from the
the movie will end. She realizes she has past.
enormous control over her life, and sees to it
that the movie of her life will turn out
beautiful.
SELF ESTEEM
By the way, the Producer of the movie is God. is the period when a young individual develops
He tells you, “Make the movie beautiful, and I from a child into an adult.
will give you all that you need for success.”
Self-esteem is your evaluation of your own worth.
It may be positive or negative. Positive self-esteem
is the evaluation that is pleasing and acceptable
Developing the Whole Person according to your standard and that of others,
• As an adolescent, it is undeniable while negative self-esteem is the opposite which is
that during this year, you find it feeling distraught or down and unaccepted by
others.
most important to know yourselves
deeper.
According to Tafarodi & Swann(1995), there are
• You most of the time find yourself many factors to identify the level of self-esteem of
asking what do you really want or an individual and some of the major factors are:
why do you really like doing ➢ own appearance;
these things or being with these ➢ how satisfied you are in a relationship; and
people ➢ how you view your performance.

ADOLESCENCE Our self-esteem may change from time to time

 is the period when a young individual depending on the situation we encounter in our
develops from a child into an adult. daily life
 There are a lot of changes that happen
to an adolescent like you and some of Since it can be partly a trait that someone can
those are: possess, it depends on how you perceive the things
how you look, how you take your role coming your way.
in the community, how other people
expect you in making decisions on SELF-EFFICACY
your own, and how you perceive Self-efficacy is not considered as a trait. “It does
yourself. not refer to your abilities but rather to your beliefs
Although the "Self" is one of the determinants about what you can do with your abilities”
of what we thought about ourselves, it is also (Stajkovic & Luthans, 1998). It is your will to
the result of what we think and/or do. produce an effect on a specific thing.
It is your self-belief to effectively achieve your
Many people believe that we are the product most important goal. The stronger the belief, the
of our own experiences. Those experiences bigger the possibility to achieve a positive result.
shape our unique qualities and habits that For instance, you are aiming for a higher grade and
define who we as a person and differ from you are confidently believing it then, it will happen.
others. Judgement and Decision Making
Maddux and Kleiman (2000) define and explain As an individual, you are expected to
the five (5) different ways that influenced self act and decide on your own.
efficacy beliefs from the ideas of Albert Badura,
a professor and a psychologist. Most people tend to decide based on
the intuitions and available information that could
(a) Performance Experiences be a hindrance in making a wise decision
– if you are good at achieving your specific goal,
then you It can be a habit, when our decision is always based
probably think that you will achieve it again. on what is available or gathered data.
When the opposite happens, if you fail, There could be a “missing link”.
you will often think that you will
fail again. Six Steps on How to Make a Rational Decision:
1. Define the Problem (select your
(b) Vicarious Performances most desired course);
– if others achieved their goal or specific task, 2. Identify the criteria necessary to
then you'll come to judge the multiple options (list things
believe that you will also achieve your goal. to be considered like location,
facilities, prestige, etc.);
(c) Verbal Persuasion 3. Weight the criteria (rank the criteria based on its
– it is when people tell you whether they importance to you);
believe or not on what you can do or cannot 4. Generate alternatives (the schools
do. The effect of your self-efficacy will depend that accepted you)
on how that person matters to you. 5. Rate each alternative on each
criterion (rate each school on the
(d) Imaginal Performances criteria you have identified); and
– When you imagine yourself doing well, then it 6. Compute the optimal decision
will happen.
SELF DEVELOPMENT
(e) The Affective States & Physical Self-development is a process of discovering
Sensations oneself by realizing one's potentials and
– if your mood or emotion (e.g. shame) and capabilities that are shaped over time either by
physical state (e.g. shaking) come together, it studying in a formal school or through
will affect your self-efficacy. If negative mood environmental factors
connects with negative physical sensation, the
result will be Along this realization, an individual encounters
negative. gradual changes deep within him/her that may
help him/her overcome unacceptable practices or
And if it is positive, most likely the result will be traits which lead him towards positive change
positive. for his growth or self-fulfillment. It is also called
personal development
8 Different Aspects of SELF FIVE AREAS OF PERSONAL DEVELOPMENT

1. Physical Self. Describe yourself. Try not to censor PHYSIOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT

any thoughts which come to your mind. Include refers to physical changes in the body as well as
descriptions of your height, weight, facial the senses and changes in skills related to
appearance, and quality of skin, hair and movement
descriptions of body areas such as your neck,
chest, waist, legs.
2. Intellectual Self. Include here an assessment of Physical health is defined as the condition of your
how well you reason and solve problems, your body, taking into consideration everything from
capacity to learn and create, your general amount the absence of disease to fitness level.
of knowledge, your specific areas of knowledge,
wisdom you have acquired, and insights you have. Physical health is critical for overall well-being and
3. Emotional Self. Write as many words or phrase can be affected by:
about typical feelings you have, feelings you seldom  Lifestyle: diet, level of physical
have, feelings you try to avoid, feelings you activity, and behavior (eating unhealthy foods);
especially enjoy, feelings from your past and
 Human biology: a person’s genetics and
present, and feelings which are
physiology may make it easier or harder to
associated with each other.
4. Sensual Self. Write how you feel as a sensual achieve good physical health;
person. What sense do you use most – sight,  Environment: our surroundings and
hearing, speaking, smelling, touching? How do you exposure to factors such as sunlight or
feel about the different ways you take in toxic substances; and
information - through the eyes, ears, mouth, nose,  Healthcare service: good healthcare can
pores, and skin. In what ways do you let information help prevent illness, as well as to detect
in and out of your body? and treat illness.
5. Interactional Self. Include descriptions of your
strengths and weaknesses in intimate relationships
EMOTIONAL DEVELOPMENT
and relationships to friends, family, co-students and
It has something to do with the feelings that you
strangers in social settings. Describe the strengths
and weaknesses which your friends and family have experience.
noticed. Describe what kind of son or daughter,
brother or sister you are. Emotional health is an important part of overall
6. Nutritional Self. How do you nourish yourself? health. Emotionally healthy people are in control of
What foods do you like and dislike? What do you their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. They can
like and dislike about these? cope with life’s challenges. Emotions are responses
7. Contextual Self. Descriptors could be in the areas that generate biochemical reactions in our bodies,
of maintenance of your living environment: reaction changing the physical state.
to light, temperature, space, weather, colors, sound
and seasons and your impact on the environment.
8. Spiritual Self or Life Force. Write words or
There are many ways to improve or maintain good
phrases which tell about how you feel in this area. emotional health.
This could include your feelings about yourself and • Be aware of your emotions and reactions. Notice
organized religion, reactions about your spiritual what in your life makes you sad, frustrated, or
connections to others, feelings about your spiritual angry. Try to address or change those things.
development and history, and thought about your • Think before you act. Emotions can be powerful.
metaphysical self. Think about your inner peace and Give yourself time to think, and be calm before you
joy. Think about your spiritual regimen or routine. say or do something you might regret.
• Manage stress. Try to change situations, causing
you stress. Learn relaxation methods to cope with
stress.
COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
• Strive for balance. Find a healthy balance Refers to a person’s intellectual abilities as shown
between work and play and between activity in his/her thoughts, attitudes, beliefs and values.
and rest. Make time for things you enjoy. Focus
on positive things in your life. Cognitive development means how people think,
• Take care of your physical health. Your explore, and figure things out. It is the
physical health can affect your emotional development of knowledge, skills, problem-solving,
health. Exercise regularly, eat healthy meals and dispositions, which helps a person to think
and get enough sleep. Do not abuse drugs or about and understand the world around them.
alcohol. Brain development is part of cognitive
• Connect with others. We are social development. This aspect of the self is enhanced
creatures. We need positive connections with when one attends school to study and learn or
other people. engages in other mental endeavors.

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT Mental abilities are developed by engaging in

It is about our innate capacity to relate with intellectual pursuits such as studies, work, and
others, to connect, and to feel the sense of figuring out how best to deal with challenges—
belongingness. thinking, planning, organizing, evaluating, and
maximizing cognitive abilities. The more we study,
Social Development refers to how people the more we learn; while the more we learn, the
develop social and emotional skills across the more we can study better.
lifespan, with particular attention to childhood
and adolescence. Healthy social development SPIRITUAL DEVELOPMENT
allows us to form positive relationships with It is discovering oneself beyond the ego known as
family, friends, teachers, and the soul, spirit, or the “inner essence” that is often
other people in our lives. disregarded or taken for granted. It is experiencing
a glimpse of the “inner guide” of one’s beliefs and
As a person develop and perceive its values in discovering the meaning of life.
individuality within a community, he/she also
gains skills to communicate with other people It also allows people to connect with a Higher
and process his/her actions. Social Power that is called by many names like "God,
development most often refers Buddha, Allah.” “We are Christians, we are
to how a person develops committed to the poor, we value people, we are
friendships and other partners, and are responsive.” As we grow
relationships and how a person handles conflict spiritually, our attitude toward life also changes for
with peers. the better in many ways. Most of our problems
stem from our perceptions and expectations of
Why is social development important? ourselves and of the world. One will realize that
-Social development can impact many other this solves half the problems of our life.
forms of development a person experiences.
Healthy social development allows us to form Spiritual growth and development help us to
positive relationships with family, friends, imbibe humility. Spirituality and inner peace is a
teachers, and other people. way of life. It helps us to develop great strength
Healthy social development can help you: and courage.
• Develop Communication Skills Spiritual growth and development help to make
• Build self-esteem human beings better citizens.
• Strengthen learning skills
• Resolve conflicts
• Establish a positive attitude