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The document discusses the principles and design of differentiator and integrator circuits using operational amplifiers (op-amps). It highlights the behavior of these circuits at different frequencies, their limitations, and practical solutions to mitigate issues such as noise and instability. The document also outlines design steps for creating a differentiator and integrator, including example problems and solutions.

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vmsrinithi19
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25 views14 pages

Up 5

The document discusses the principles and design of differentiator and integrator circuits using operational amplifiers (op-amps). It highlights the behavior of these circuits at different frequencies, their limitations, and practical solutions to mitigate issues such as noise and instability. The document also outlines design steps for creating a differentiator and integrator, including example problems and solutions.

Uploaded by

vmsrinithi19
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Differentiator and Integrator

Differentiator:- It is a circuit in which the output voltage is


directly proportional to the rate of change of input voltage

• Apply KCL at
Node ‘x’
• Take Laplace transformation of the output voltage equation

• At f=fa |A|= 1 and 0 dB, gain increases when the frequency


Increases
• Hence, at high frequencies, differentiator become unstable and
break into oscillation
• The input impedance (1/ 𝜔𝐶𝑓 ) decreases with increasing
frequency
• The above differentiator circuit has two drawbacks
1. issues with high-frequency noises due to input capacitor
2. Instabilities at high frequency due to a rise in gain
• The above drawbacks can be mitigated by choosing a
practical differentiator circuit

• The above circuit acts like a differentiator at low frequencies and


an amplifier with resistive feedback at high frequencies, giving
much better noise rejection.
𝒅𝒗𝒊
• 𝒗𝒐 = −𝑹𝒇 𝑪𝟏
𝒅𝒕

• Gain increases at the rate of +20 dB/dec up to f ˂ fb and


decreases at the rate of f ˃ fb
• The value of fb should be selected such that fa ˂ fb ˂ fc
• fc = unity gain bandwidth of op-amp in open loop configuration
• For good differentiation time period of the i/p signal T ≥ RfC1
• Examples
Design Steps:-
• Choose fa equal to the highest frequency of the input signal.
• Assume practical value of C1 (˂ 1µF) and then calculate Rf.
• Choose fb = 10fa and calculate the values of R1 and Cf so that R1C1 =
RfC f .
➢ Design an op-amp differentiator to differentiate an input signal
with fmax = 100 Hz. Draw the o/p waveform for a sinewave of 1V
peak at 100 Hz applied to the differentiator. Repeat the above
problem for square wave i/p?
Solution:-
Op-amp Integrator:-
• Fig shows the circuit of op-amp integrator

• Node B is at virtual ground and the current I is flowing through R


• Integrating both sides yield,
• Take Laplace transform of the above equation

• fb is the frequency at which gain of the integrator is 0 dB.


• At ω = 0 , The magnitude of the integrator T.F is ∞ and
capacitor Cf behaves as open circuit. At dc signal there won’t
be any –ve feedback hence, practical integrator is considered
Practical Integrator
• Gain of the integrator is limited at low frequency by shunting
the feedback capacitor Cf by resistance Rf

• Parallel combination of Rf and Cf acts as a practical capacitor. It is


called lossy integrator
• The resistance Rf limits the low frequency gain Rf /R1
• Nodal equation at the inverting input terminal is given by
• For s = jω gain of the integrator becomes,

• If ω = 0 now,
• The feedback resistor Rf limits the gain and prevents it from
becoming infinite for dc signals.
• The output signal of integrator is linear not like an ordinary
RC circuit (Exponential for normal RC network)
• It is explained as follows
• Charge on the capacitor

• In terms of voltage

• So

• The above equation resembles straight line equation y=mx


• Here,
• Ic = Iin , so Iin is constant so Ic charges the capacitor linearly
➢ obtain Vo for the circuit shown in Fig

➢ Solution:-

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