 MORALITY

It is a standard of individual or a group has about what is right and wrong, or

good or evil. A set of ideas about what constitutes appropriate and inappropriate behavior is
known as morality. According to Thiroux and Krasemann (2009), morality is concerned with
how a person interacts with the world and other people to uphold morality. Dr. James Rachels,
an ethics expert and university professor, claimed in his book Elements of Moral Philosophy
that, at the very least, morality is the attempt to use reason to guide one's conduct—acting on the
best reasons for doing so while giving equal weight to the interests of everyone affected by one's
decision.
It is also described as a specific set of values, a principle of conduct among individuals or
society, and according to the Oxford Dictionary, "it is a principle concerning the distinction
between right and wrong or good and bad behavior."

A collection of norms that enable people to live in harmony with their group or the society to
which they belong is sometimes referred to as morality. It's what societies or a particular
population finds to be proper and appropriate (Morin A., 2024)

 IMPORTANCE

Morality is a crucial idea that influences how people behave and make decisions within a
community. It serves as the cornerstone of moral behavior, enabling us to discriminate between
good and bad. Without it, we wouldn't care about what's right or fair; instead, our relationships
with others would be determined only by our own interests or goals. Morality is fundamentally
about acting morally—that is, choosing courses of action and decisions that will benefit society.
When we behave morally, we uphold virtues like respect and compassion.

 MAN, AS A MORAL AGENT

A moral agent is any individual or group that possesses the capacity to exercise moral
agency. Any actor needs to possess the capacity for deliberate and logical thought. In keeping
with this theory. In this way, moral agents can discriminate between right and wrong and are
subject to accountability for their deeds. The phrase "Man is a moral agent" highlights the idea
that people can distinguish between good and wrong and that it is our duty to protect others from
harm. A person's capacity to "make moral decisions and judgements based on internal principles
and to behave in accordance with those moral standards" is known as their moral competency,
which enables them to make ethical decisions based on right and wrong.

Moral competence leads to accurate moral judgments when it is combined with the right
normative framework and a supportive situational context. In the concept of morality, this
typically applies to humans because of our ability to think rationally and refer to our moral
principles in making decisions. Reasoning, recognition, reaction, discernment, accountability,
character, motivation, and leadership are examples of moral skills. A moral agent is a person
who possesses the capacity to distinguish between good and wrong, making them accountable
for their actions. A moral agent is someone who lives their life according to moral principles.
They could rise above one's emotions and passions and act morally should be possessed by a
moral agent. A moral actor possesses the ability to behave morally, that is, for the purpose of
moral law, and to comply to moral standards. Janeoy.'s study from n.d. claims that the word
"moral" comes from the Latin word "mores," which denotes social norms, standards, and
behavioral guidelines.

 MORAL STANDARDS
It is a standard by which we judge what is good or bad and right or wrong in a
moral way. Moral standards are guidelines on what behaviors people or organizations consider
to be morally correct or immoral, as well as the moral merits of what we consider to be good or
evil. The welfare and well-being of people, animals, and the environment are all considered to be
aspects of "the good" those moral standards typically advance. Therefore, moral standards
outline the rights and obligations that humans should have.

 NON-MORAL STANDARDS
Standards by which we judge what is good or bad and right or wrong in a
non-moral way. Non-moral standards are those that we use to make immoral judgments about
what is right or wrong and good or terrible. Non-moral criteria include, for example, etiquette
standards, which determine whether manners are good or terrible, legal standards, which
determine whether something is lawful or illegal, and aesthetic standards, which determine
whether art is good or garbage. Therefore, morality should not be confused with manners, the
law, art, or even religion. Non-moral criteria, as we can see, are personal preferences or tastes.
Therefore, rigorous adherence to these kinds of rules does not automatically translate into
morality. The safety of people is not in danger when these rules are broken.

 MORAL DILEMMAS
A moral dilemma is a situation in which a person faces a difficult decision that involves a
conflict between moral values or ethical principles. When a person must choose between two
possibilities, neither of which is totally acceptable from an ethical point of view, they are faced
with a moral dilemma. Another name for this is an ethical conundrum. An ethical dilemma is a
"decision-making problem between two possible moral imperatives, neither of which is
unambiguously acceptable or preferable," according to the Oxford Dictionary. In moral
philosophy. It's also known as an ethical paradox at times. Moral dilemmas arise when a
decision-maker is faced with demands from many moral ideals or duties. The decision-maker can
only fulfill one of these obligations, which means that their choice will ultimately violate at least
one significant moral concern. Situations when there is conflict between moral principles and
obligations that are essentially equal are known as moral dilemmas. The decision-maker is forced
to select between two wrongs. There is no decision-maker.

 THREE LEVELS OF MORAL DILEMMAS

A. INDIVIDUAL
This refers to inner disputes. It's an illustration of damn if you do and damn if you don't for
the person. One of Kohlberg's most well-known individual dilemmas is the one with Heinz,
which is presented in the lesson's Activity section (1958). The following was one of Kohlberg's
dilemma questions: "Should Heinz have stolen the drugBecause if he hadn't, his wife would have
died. He struggled to decide between saving his wife and stealing the medicine. An individual is
faced with a predicament wherein they must choose between two obligations: saving their wife
or following the law. Thus, this is an illustration of a personal conundrum. Personal conundrums
are problems that certain people encounter.

B. ORGANIZATIONAL
A puzzle that arises from the conflicting demands of individuals' self-interest and social
organization requirements is known as an organizational dilemma. It could be between an
individual's interests and the welfare of the organization or between a group's interests and the
health of the organization. Organizational dilemmas are those that present a choice between the
welfare of the organization and its members. During the lesson's Activity phase, the Catholic
school serves as an example to illustrate the conflict between the school's mission to provide
good education for the underprivileged, so the lowest fees are necessary tuition fees are feasible
while maintaining the school's top-notch faculty must increase their pay, which will require an
increase in tuition.
C. STRUCTURAL
Conflicts between various groups, sectors, and viewpoints lead to structural challenges.
organizations that could be impacted by the decisions. A situation in which a person or group of
people with high social rank faces an ethical quandary that affects society is known as a
structural moral dilemma.