PR1

- On the other hand, research can be also

L1: Importance of Research in Daily Lives viewed as the formation of new knowledge
and the employment of previous or
- The process that you have done is existing knowledge into a new and
research. You had a problem, you creative way (O'Donnell 2012). Imagine
established your methods on how to solve these two (2) scenarios: mother giving
your problem, you conducted a literature birth to a baby and a potter molding a pot.
review or an actual interview and survey,
then you came up with solutions. These Here are some leading outputs of the researches
requires you to search and to overcome that really changed the world and our
your problems. perspectives in lives.
1. Electricity 6. Computer
- Research flows in the same manner. 2. Engines 7. Internet
Doing research does not necessarily 3. Telephone 8. Vaccines for Viruses
mean creating extraordinary things. like 4. Rubber 9. Antibiotics
Mark Zuckerberg who developed 5. Modern Education 10. Modern Medicine
Facebook or even Zhang Yiming who
created TikTok. 5 Importance of research to our daily
lives.
- Research came from "re" and "search".
"Re" is a prefix that means again and 1. The research aims for truth.
"search" is a word which means to look - We crave truth for no one has the
for. Therefore, research is to look for desire to live in lies (Rasmussen
something (Chapman 1979). There are 2013). Research is about
two (2) things that we need to take note of establishing truth based on
in this definition. evidence or data. We conduct a
study to seek for truth.
- First, research is not only about the 2. Research improves the quality of
discovery of something unknown, it is human life.
coming up with a new explanation of - I believe that you often hear from
something that is known. your parents about their
experiences when they were
- Second, research is a process. It is a young. Though it sounds so boring,
process of searching for something to they live without television, without
solve an existing problem or difficulty to the internet, without a cellphone,
solve. without an air condition, without an
electric fan, without computer, or
- Research is also understood as a online games.
systematic investigation or entailing 3. Research saves a life.
inquiry collection of data, documentation - Through the course of human
of critical information, analysis, history, research has proven its
interpretation of information (Williams worth and roles in our lives. In the
2007). This highlights the manner how past, when penicillin was not yet
research is conducted. It is systematic. discovered, people just die without
proper medication. It was by the
- Research as systematic means it follows research of Fleming that the first
the structure or method. Therefore, generation antibiotics were
whenever collecting data, documenting discovered (Pandey et al. 2014).
information, analyzing, and interpreting 4. Research gathers the necessary
information are conducted, a particular information.
method is used.
 - Conducting implies research 4. Research should be empirical.
implies gathering necessary data - The researcher needs to employ
to explain your problem and to appropriate methods, either qualitatively or
answer your particular questions qualitatively, to produce evidence-based
for example, you want to information. They can be drawn from
understand students' perceptions concrete experimentation, direct or indirect
about modular learning, then, you observation, and verifiable experience.
conduct survey to the projected 5. Research should be clear.
respondents or direct interviews - The researcher needs to use
with the projected participants. comprehensible language to present
5. Research explores humanity. information and convey explanation
- Do you know that Bataeños have throughout the research process
developed distinct Tagalog
intonation and words? Do you The factors to be manipulated, measured or
know that the song "Ati Ku Pung described in the study, also known as variables,
Singsing" is about the culture of must be clarified using literature from
the Kapampangan? published and unpublished materials. They
should be explained well from the introductory
Research likewise deals with the investigation of part of the research paper to ensure a deeper
culture to understand and to appreciate others' understanding of the study to be conducted.
practices, and beliefs (Zion and Kozleski 2005).
THE RESEARCH PROCESS

L2: CHARACTERISTIC, PROCESSES AND Research process is a systematic manner in

ETHICS OF RESEARCH which the researcher approaches his/her area
of study to produce knowledge that the
Characteristics of Research (Cristobal & community will consider to be worthwhile within
Cristobal, 2017) the field (Rao, 2017).

1. Research should be systematic.

- The researcher needs to carry out a series
of interrelated steps in conducting the Research Definition
Phase
study. Such procedure must follow a
well-planned, sequential and organized Conceptual Identifying the problem,
structure from beginning to end. Phase reviewing the literature,
2. Research should be objective. formulating the hypothesis,
- The researcher needs to present developing the research |
information that are purely based on framework, and determining the
research purpose and objective
truths. It should always be anchored on
the factual basis in which the research Design and Selecting a research design,
work is founded, thus being free from any Planning developing study procedures,
Phase
bias or personal opinion. and determining the sampling
3. Research should be feasible. and data collection plan
- The researcher needs to consider the Empirical Collecting data, and preparing
possibility and practicality of conducting Phase data for analysis
the proposed study. All significant
factors like time, budget and access to
resources must be analyzed to
determine if the research can actually be Analytic Phase Analyzing data, interpreting the
done. results, and making conclusions

Dissemination
Communicating results to
 Phase - Resnik (2015), in his article, "What is
appropriate audience, and
utilizing the findings Ethics in Research & Why is it
important?", as cited by Cristobal &
Cristobal (2017), enumerates the following
reasons why it is important to follow
Now, here's the simplified flow of the significant ethical principles in writing and conducting
steps you need to take in conducting a study as a research:
presented by Rao (2017):
1.It promotes the aims of research.
1. Define the research problem. - Ethics guides the researchers in obtaining
- To begin your research, you must look at a knowledge, truth, and avoidance of error
significant real-life problem. by prohibiting fabrication, falsification and
2. Review the literature misrepresentation of research data.
- Read various publications or surf the 2. It upholds values that are essential to
internet to become aware of the previous collaborative work.
works already done about the chosen - Many researchers who are working in
topic. You may utilize different resources different disciplines and institutions
like science books, magazines, journals, cooperate and coordinate to accomplish a
newspapers, or even in the internet. particular research. With ethics in mind,
3. Formulate hypothesis they also maintain trust, accountability,
- A hypothesis is a theoretical statement in mutual respect, and fairness.
solving a logical relationship between 3. It ensures that researchers can be held
variables. It should be based on the accountable to the public.
problem being solved. - Ethical norms guarantee the public that
4. Prepare the research design. researchers are deemed responsible for
- Identify what is the best means to collect committing any form of research
and analyze data in the study to clarify misconduct.
and improve the research problem, 4. Prepare the research design.
purpose, and questions. Identify what is the best means to collect and
5. Collect data. analyze data in the study to clarify and improve
- Use an appropriate data collection method the research problem, purpose, and questions.
to elicit the needed information. 5. It promotes a variety of moral and social
- The researcher collects data through values.
interview discussion. and focus group - Ethical principles help the researcher
avoid practices that can adversely harm
the research subjects and the community.
Thus, it encourages social responsibility,
human rights, animal welfare, compliance
with the law, and public health and safety

Ethical Codes and Policies for Research

- Cristobal & Cristobal (2017), in their book,
"Practical Research 1 for Senior High School",
lists the following ethical codes and policies that
the researcher needs to consider in conducting a
Ethics in Research study.
- Ethics is a branch of knowledge that deals
with moral principles on governing a 1. Honesty
person's behavior in the conduct of any - The researcher should strive to truthfully
activity. report data in whatever form of
communication all throughout the study.
2. Objectivity
Importance of Ethics in Research
- The researcher should avoid being especially to new or less experienced
biased. The study should not be researchers.
influenced by his/her personal motives, 10. Respect for colleagues
beliefs and opinions. - The researcher should show courtesy to
3. Integrity his/her colleagues by treating them
- The researcher should establish credibility equally and fairly.
through the consistency of his/her thought 11. Social responsibility
and action. He/she should act with - The researcher should promote social
sincerity especially on keeping good by working for the best interests and
agreements. benefits of the environment and society as
4. Care a whole.
- The researcher should never neglect even 12. Non-discrimination
the smallest detail of the study. All - The researcher should not discriminate
information should be critically examined. based on sex, race, ethnicity, or any factor
Records of research activities should be relating to scientific competence and
properly and securely kept. integrity. Thus, research should be open to
5. Openness all people or entities who will participate in
- The researcher should be willing to accept research.
criticisms and new ideas for the 13. Competence
betterment of the study. Research results - The researcher should possess necessary
and findings should be shared to the knowledge and skills in conducting a
public. study. He/she should be equipped with a
6. Respect for intellectual property sense of professionalism and expertise to
- The researcher should not plagiarize. ensure competent results.
Credit should be given to who or where it 14. Legality
is due. All authors cited and sources used - The researcher should know and abide by
in the study should be properly relevant laws, institutional and government
acknowledged. policies concerning the legal conduct of
- Plagiarism refers to the act of illegally research.
using another person's ideas, works, 15. Human Subject Protection
processes, and results. Thus, it constitutes - The researcher should protect human
claiming an intellectual property as one's lives by preventing and minimizing harms
own that can be penalized through and risks. He/she should always uphold
Republic Act 8293 known as the the human dignity, privacy, and autonomy
Intellectual Property Code of the of human subjects to be used in the study.
Philippines.
7. Confidentiality Rights of Research Participants
- The researcher should take steps to - In every aspect of life, rights and
protect all confidential communications or responsibilities are inseparably linked to
documents from being discovered by one another. This means that both the
others. researcher and the participant have
8. Responsible publication necessary obligations to perform as a
- The researcher should ensure that his/her prerequisite of their privileges in
work is clear, honest, complete, accurate, conducting research.
and balanced, thus avoiding wasteful and - According to Trochim (2006), Smith (2003)
duplicate publication. It should likewise and Polit (2006), the following are some of
refrain from selective, misleading, or the rights of research participants, as cited
ambiguous reporting. by Cristobal & Cristobal (2017):
9. Responsible mentoring
- The researcher should teach responsible
conduct of research and share
professional knowledge and skills
1. Voluntary participation
- The research participants must be given
the privilege to exercise their free will
whether to participate or not. They have
the right to refuse involvement in the
study. Thus, any person should not be
forced to take part in any research
undertaking.
2. Informed consent
- The research participants must be
provided with sufficient information about
the procedures and risks involved in the
research. It serves as an initial guide on
why and how the study will be conducted.
Hence, the researcher must ensure that
they fully understood and agreed upon the
study.
3. Risk of harm
- The research participants must be
protected from any type of harm whether it
may be physical, psychological, social, or
economic. The researcher must avoid,
prevent, or minimize threats especially
when they are exposed and engaged in
invasive and risky procedures.
4. Confidentiality
- The research participants must be
assured of their privacy particularly on
personal information. The researcher must
secure that all information disclosed by
them will not be used without authorized
access.
5. Anonymity
- The research participants must remain
anonymous or unidentified throughout the
study even to the researchers themselves.
They have the right to keep their identities
secret as they participate especially in
case sensitive studies.