PRELIM

ACADEMIC YEAR 2024 – 2025

2nd Semester
Learning Outcomes

At the end of this topics the student, should be able to;

 Explain the following main features and characteristics of the structural members of the ship:
1. Location
2. Functions and Contributions to the maintenance of the ship’s seaworthiness
 Locate the following principal dimensions of all types of ships:
1. LOA 2. LPP/LBP 3. Breadth 4. Depth
 Draw the principal structure of each type of ship and properly label the parts with corresponding
functions.
 Explain the concept of minimum safe manning in terms of its importance to safe operation of a ship.
 Explain the working departments of a cargo ship in terms of their functions relevant to ensuring safety
of operation and life at sea

DIAGNOSTIC ASSESSMENT

Instruction: Write the word TRUE if the statement is correct and the word FALSE if the
statement is incorrect. Write your answer on the space provided before the number.

______1. The keel is the backbone of the ship, providing structural support.

______2. The superstructure is the part of the ship above the main deck, including
accommodations and bridges.
______3. Displacement is the weight of the water displaced by the ship when floating.
______4. Deadweight tonnage refers to the weight of the cargo a ship can carry.

______5. The breadth of a ship is measured at the widest point of the hull.

______6 Minimum Safe Manning is determined by the ship's flag state and international
regulations.

______7. The engine room is typically located in the aft (rear) section of the ship.

______8. The bridge is the central control point of the ship, where navigation and ship
handling operations are coordinated.

_______9. The bilge is the lowest part of the ship's hull, where water can accumulate.

______10. The crew's accommodation must meet minimum standards for safety, comfort,
and hygiene.

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 INTRODUCTION

In the maritime industry, the design and construction of ships are

governed by a structured framework that ensures safety, functionality, and
environmental protection. This module will explore the various parts and
principal structural members of a ship, their characteristics, functions, and
how they contribute to the ship's seaworthiness, alongside the roles of ship
classification societies and the International Maritime Organization (IMO).

Understanding Ship Structure:

Components and Their Functions
Unit 1: Introduction to Ship Structure

Principal Parts of Ship

Poop Deck: The poop deck is located on the vessel’s stern. The poop deck is one deck
above main deck and part (Roof) of accommodation.

Main Deck: As the name suggests, the main deck is the primary deck in any vessel.
The main deck however is not the topmost deck in a vessel which is referred to as
the weather deck. On most of Merchant ships Main deck and Weather deck is
same.

Upper Deck: The deck that covers the hull of the vessel from its fore to its aft is the
upper deck. It is the topmost deck on a ship. In all vessels, the upper deck is the
biggest deck amongst all other decks. Again, on most of Merchant ships it is same
as Main deck.

Lower Deck: The deck located below the main deck is the lower deck. Generally, the
lower deck comprises of more than one deck.

Promenade Deck: Promenade refers to taking a lazy stroll in a feasible place like a
beach or a park. In a vessel, the promenade deck serves as a place for the
voyagers to take a calming and enjoyable walk on the ship, while enjoying the
beauty of the oceanic vista. It is generally the area around the superstructure. It can
have open railings or can be enclosed in a glass. This is found on Passenger
ships.

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 Tween Deck: ‘’Tween’ means ‘between’. In a ship, the tween deck is between bottom
and Main deck. It is used for loading cargo on General cargo ships and Reefer
ships.

Weather Deck: A deck that is not roofed and thus is open to the ever-changing weather
conditions of the sea is referred to as the weather deck. It is the upper most deck
on the ship which is exposed to environment.

Bridge Deck: Bridge deck is the deck on which the navigational equipment of the ship is
housed.

Quarter Deck: The deck located near stern of a vessel is referred to as the quarter
deck. The quarter deck is a part of the upper deck. Term comes from Sailing and
Naval ships as this part housed senior most officers and was control station of the
ship.

Bow or Stem: Forward part of a ship, shaped for aero dynamics, hydrodynamics and
operational reasons.

Forecastle: Raised area on bow to house store and small operational equipment.
Forecastle deck: Rooftop deck of Forecastle
Bulbous bow: Spherical part of underwater bow, helps in reducing resistance of water.
Double Bottom: All ships have it, houses strength members of ship and gives clean
deck for loading.

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 Cargo holds: Place where cargo is loaded.
Superstructure or accommodation: Place for ship’s staff and offices
Engine room or Machinery space: Place where propelling and associated machinery
is located.
Propeller: A fan like structure designed to move ship when rotated.
Rudder: A vertical plate placed behind the propeller that guides ship when moving by
diverting water.
Stern: Rear or Aft end of a ship.
Anchor: Hook like device used to hold ships position in shallow water.
Anchor chain locker: Place used to store anchor chain.
Fore Peak Tank: Ballast tank at the forward end of the ship forward of Collision
bulkhead.
Collision bulkhead: Foremost transverse bulk head. Strong bulkhead to protect ship in
case of collision.
Forecastle or Fore peak store: An enclosed area on main deck below forecastle deck
used as store.

Fore mast: A vertical pole used for placing Navigation lights, Whistle or Horn and
antennas (Aerials).
Jack staff: small pole used for hoisting Jack flag.
Hatch covers: Weather proof lids covering holds, placed on hatches.
Hatch: Opening on deck for accessing under deck areas.

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 Transverse bulkheads: Wall like watertight structure placed from keel to main deck
and sides connecting ship side. They create watertight compartments for cargoes
and give transverse strength to ship.
Tank top: Smooth deck on top of double bottom tanks for loading cargo.
Mast house or Deck house: small weather tight rooms on deck used as stores or
equipment rooms. Earlier they were part of mast structure, hence known as Mast
house.
After Peak Tank: Aftermost ballast tank, normally propeller shaft goes through it. May
be used for storing Fresh water.
After Peak Store: Store placed at the end of the ship below main deck or Quarter deck.
Normally used for storing mooring ropes.
Steering Gear Compartment: Also known as Steering Flat. Steering gear equipment to
operate Rudder is located here. It is on top of Rudder.
Ensign Staff: Small pole at the rear most end of the ship for displaying “Ensign flag”.
Funnel: All exhaust pipes from engine room go through it for releasing exhaust gases to
atmosphere. Also, company logo is displayed here.
Main mast or Radar Mast: A Pole structure on top of Navigation bridge used for
displaying flags, locating whistle or horn, Radar scanners, Navigation lights and
various Antennas.
Navigation bridge: This is command center at sea. Navigation is done from here.
Officer’s accommodation: Officer’s residential quarters.
Crew’s accommodation: Crew’s residential quarters.
Galley: Area for cooking food.
Laundry room: Place for washing clothes.
Provision stores: Place to store provisions.
Cold stores: Place to store frozen / chilled food stuff.
Bonded locker/store: Place to store “duty free” goods like alcohol, beer, chocolates
etc.
Misc. stores: Place to store various small stores.
Mess rooms: Place to eat food
Recreation room: Place for recreational activities.
Gymnasium: Place to do physical exercises.
Pantry: Place where food is handled before serving.
Ballast tanks: Tanks that are used to fill seawater for purpose of adding weight to the
ship for sinkage.
Fresh Water tanks: Tanks that store Fresh water.
Fuel oil tanks: Tanks that store fuel oil.
Lube oil tanks: Tanks that store lubricating oils.

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 Diesel oil tanks: Tanks that store diesel oil.
Waste oil / slop tanks: Tanks used for storing Dirty oil for disposal in ports.
Deck plating: Plating covering the deck.
Hatch coaming: Vertical plating making hatch.
Bulwark: Railing or half height plate partition around ship side for protection of crew.
Rounded gunwale: where deck plates join shell plates. This may be without rounded
part.
Shear strake: Topmost strake of shell plating.
Shell plating: Plating covering ships frames on shell (ship side and keel).
Bilge Keel: A longitudinal plate running fore and aft fixed on rounded bilge strake to
reduce rolling.
Garboard strake: Strake adjoining KEEL strake.
Duct keel: Duct running fore and aft made over keel strake. Used for placing pipelines,
remote valves and cables.
Top side tanks: Tanks placed below deck plating along ship side.
Lower side tanks: Tanks placed above double bottom tanks along ship side.
Keel strake: Centre strake of ship.
Bilge strake: Strake joining Side shell plating with Bottom shell plating.

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 Rounded bilge: Bilge strake is rounded plate for smooth underwater surface. Radius of
rounding is known as “radius of bilge”.
Tween deck opening: Opening in Tween deck for accessing lower hold.
Vegetable oil tanks or Deep Tanks: Tanks for purpose of loading non-inflammable
liquid cargoes.

Cofferdams: Areas INTENTIONALLY left vacant for purpose of inspections.

Void spaces: Unusable areas of a ship resulting due to designing.
Double bottom Tanks: Tanks normally used for ballasting to give stability to ship.

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 Upper wing tanks: Internal tanks along upper ship side used for ballast or Fresh water.
Lower wing tanks: Internal tanks along lower ship side (Above double bottom tanks)
used for ballast or Fresh water.

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 Cargo Gear
Cargo gears depend on ship’s requirements. Earlier days, when ports were not
developed ships had cargo gear to handle cargoes. Traditionally they were
DERRICK (BOOM) system with few variations. Preparing gear was complex part
and needed lot of man power. Over long period Derrick system lost to “CRANE”
system. Today we rarely see derrick system but Cranes have become very
common. Cranes do have variations in designs and capacities. Smaller and
Medium size bulk carriers have crane systems to handle cargoes in smaller ports.
Container feeders may have Cranes to handle containers in smaller ports.

Crane system: Cranes became popular as they do not need manpower for rigging.
They are simple to operate and can work around 3600. Cranes can handle cargoes
efficiently and do not need support from masts.

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 Derrick system: Along with booms they have MAST system for support. Masts may be
of different types like “T” or “Goal post” or Stulken (Sort of angular). Masts may be
supported by STEEL WIRE STAYS (A method to tie down top of mast with deck).

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 Anchoring and Mooring Equipment

It consists of :

Windlass: It is designed to handle anchors. Most of the time it also has attachment for
handling mooring ropes. Handling means Pulling (Heaving) or Slacking anchor
chain or mooring ropes. Clutch links/delinks various drums. Always placed on
Forecastle deck where Anchors are.

Mooring Winches: They are specifically designed to handle mooring ropes. They
consist of Rope/Wire rope drum as well as warping drum. They are placed on
Forecastle deck and Quarter decks.

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 Fairleads: These are sort of rollers for guiding ropes. They avoid chafing of ropes.

Panama leads or chocks: These are sort of strengthened holes and ropes/wire ropes
are passed through them.

Pedestal fairlead: These are raised fairleads to guide rope to warping drum. Also
known as “Old man” or “Dead man”.

Bollards or Bitts: A pair of cylindrical steel pieces where mooring ropes and wires are
made fast (Tied).

Great Lake leads: This is arrangement of horizontal and vertical rollers. Wore ropes are
passed through them.
Capstan: It is a winch on vertical axis. Rarely seen today.

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 Hull: The hull is the main body of the ship, designed to provide buoyancy and stability. It
can be constructed from various materials, including steel, aluminum, or fiberglass,
and its shape is crucial for hydrodynamics, influencing the vessel's performance in
water.

Superstructure: This term refers to the part of the ship that is built above the hull. The
superstructure includes the bridge, accommodation areas, and any other
structures above the main deck. It plays a vital role in providing operational spaces
and housing crew members.

Deck: The deck is a flat surface that covers the hull and provides areas for various
activities, such as cargo handling, navigation, and recreation. Different decks may
serve distinct purposes, such as the main deck or the lower deck.

Bulkhead: Bulkheads are vertical partitions within a ship that divide the interior spaces
into compartments. They enhance structural integrity and provide safety by
containing flooding in case of a breach in the hull.

Frame: Frames are the structural components of the hull, resembling ribs in a skeleton.
They provide shape and support to the vessel, ensuring that it can withstand the
stresses encountered during navigation.

Girder: A girder is a large horizontal beam that supports the frames and deck of the
ship. It plays a crucial role in distributing loads and maintaining the overall strength
of the vessel's structure.

Keel: The keel is the backbone of the ship, running along the bottom from the bow to
the stern. It provides stability and helps to maintain the vessel's balance,
preventing it from capsizing.

Ship Classification Societies

Classification societies play a vital role in ensuring the safety and reliability of ships.
They set standards for ship construction and maintenance, conducting inspections
and surveys. Major classification societies include:

1. American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)

2. Det Norske Veritas (DNV)
3. Lloyd's Register (LR)
4. China Classification Society (CCS)

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 Unit 2: Main Structural Members

A. Hull Structure

The hull of a ship is designed to withstand the forces of the sea while providing
buoyancy, stability, and strength. It is essential for maintaining the vessel's
seaworthiness, which refers to its ability to operate safely and efficiently in
marine environments.

Longitudinal and Transverse Framing Systems

The hull structure is supported by two primary framing systems: longitudinal and
transverse.

 Longitudinal Framing: This system consists of frames that run parallel to the
length of the ship. Longitudinal frames provide strength to resist bending and
shear forces, which are
critical during navigation
and rough sea
conditions. The
alignment of these
frames contributes to
the ship's structural
integrity, helping to
maintain its shape and
minimize deformation.

 Transverse Framing: In
contrast, transverse framing
consists of frames that run
perpendicular to the length of the
ship. This system is essential for
providing stability and rigidity,
particularly at the ship's midsection.
Transverse frames help to
distribute loads evenly across the
hull, enhancing overall strength and
preventing structural failure.

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 Platings

Plating forms a significant part of the hull structure, typically categorized into three
types: shell plating, deck plating, and bulkhead plating.

 Shell Plating: This is the

outer layer of the hull, providing a
waterproof barrier and protecting
the internal structure from seawater.
Shell plating is crucial for
maintaining buoyancy and overall
vessel integrity. The thickness and
material used can vary depending
on the ship's intended use and the
marine environment.
 Deck Plating: The deck of a
ship serves as a working surface
and is integral to the overall
strength of the hull. Deck plating
provides support for equipment and
crew activities while contributing to
the vessel's structural stability.

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  Bulkhead Plating: Bulkheads are vertical partitions within the ship that divide the
internal space into compartments. They play a vital role in enhancing the ship's
structural integrity and ensuring safety by containing flooding in case of damage.
Bulkheads also contribute to the vessel's overall stability and buoyancy.

Stiffeners

Stiffeners are structural elements that reinforce the hull and enhance its strength. They
come in various forms, including flanges, brackets, and beams.
 Flanges: These are flat surfaces that extend from the edges of plates, increasing their
strength and rigidity. Flanges are often used in conjunction with shell and deck plating
to resist bending and shear forces.

 Brackets: Brackets are L-

shaped supports that connect different
structural members, providing additional
strength at critical junctions. They help
distribute loads and reduce stress
concentrations, thereby enhancing the
overall safety of the ship.

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  Beams: Beams are robust structural members that provide support across longer
spans within the vessel. They are essential for maintaining the hull's shape and
providing overall stability. Beams are typically placed in areas of high stress, such as
under decks or between bulkheads

B. Superstructure

Superstructures can be categorized into several types based on their design and
function:

1. Bridge: This is the command center of the vessel where navigational and operational
controls are located. Its height and position allow for optimal visibility of the surrounding
waters.
2. Deckhouses: These are enclosed structures on the deck that provide space for crew
accommodations, machinery, and storage. They are vital for the operational efficiency
of the ship.
3. Funnel: This structure is used to expel smoke and gases from the ship's engines. It is
typically located centrally on the superstructure to ensure proper exhaust clearance.
4. Forecastle: The forecastle is located at the front (bow) of the ship. It typically storage
for equipment, and sometimes operational areas for handling cargo. This structure
plays a critical role in reducing the impact of waves on the ship during voyages,
contributing to overall stability and seaworthiness.
5. Poop: The poop deck is situated at the stern (back) of the ship. Functionally, the poop
deck acts as a working area for crew members. It is typically equipped with essential
equipment such as steering mechanisms and communication devices, allowing for
effective maneuvering and coordination.

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 Functions of Superstructures

The superstructure serves multiple functions that are integral to the ship's operations:

 Safety and Navigation: The bridge, being the control center, is critical for navigation
and safety management. It houses the ship's navigation instruments and serves as a
lookout point.
 Crew Welfare: Areas such as deckhouses provide living and working spaces for the
crew, ensuring their comfort and well-being during voyages.
 Structural Integrity: The superstructure contributes to the overall structural integrity
of the vessel. It helps distribute weight and forces acting on the ship, particularly
during rough sea conditions.
 Aesthetic Appeal: Beyond functional aspects, superstructures contribute to the
ship's aesthetic design, impacting its visual appeal and marketability.

Contribution to Seaworthiness

Seaworthiness refers to a ship's ability to safely navigate sea conditions. The

superstructure significantly influences this aspect through:

 Weight Distribution: The placement and design of superstructures affect how

weight is distributed across the ship. Proper weight distribution is crucial for
maintaining stability and preventing capsizing.
 Vulnerability to Weather: Structures such as the funnel and bridge are designed to
withstand harsh weather conditions, ensuring that the ship remains operational and
safe during storms.
 Emergency Access: Well-designed superstructures facilitate quick access to critical
areas of the ship during emergencies, enhancing safety for crew members.

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 C. Deck Structures

The main types of decks found on a ship include the main deck, weather deck, and
various internal decks. Each of these decks plays a unique role in the ship's
architecture and operation.

Main Deck

The main deck is the uppermost continuous deck extending from bow (front) to stern
(back). It is the primary working area for crew operations and cargo handling.
The main deck contributes significantly to the ship's strength and stability, as it
supports various equipment, such as lifeboats, cargo holds, and machinery
spaces.

Weather Deck

The weather deck is an exposed deck that is subject to environmental conditions. It is

designed to withstand weather impacts, such as rain, snow, and waves. The
weather deck's primary function is to provide safe passage and working space
for crew members during operations in rough seas.

Internal Decks

Internal decks refer to the decks located below the main deck. These decks include
various compartments for living quarters, cargo holds, engine rooms, and
storage areas. Each internal deck is designed to serve specific functions,
contributing to the ship's overall operational efficiency and safety.

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 Functions of Decks

The primary functions of the decks on a ship include:

1. Structural Integrity: Decks provide essential support and distribute loads across
the ship. They contribute to the overall strength of the vessel, ensuring its durability
and seaworthiness.
2. Safety and Accessibility: Decks offer safe access to different parts of the ship.
They are designed with safety features, such as railings and non-slip surfaces, to
prevent accidents during operations.
3. Operational Space: Decks serve as working areas for crew members. They
facilitate various operations, including loading and unloading cargo, conducting
maintenance, and performing safety drills.
4. Stability and Buoyancy: The arrangement and design of deck structures play a
vital role in maintaining the ship’s stability and buoyancy. Proper deck design helps
to lower the center of gravity, enhancing the vessel's performance in various sea
conditions.

D. Bulkhead Structures

Bulkheads are essential components in ship design, serving as vertical partitions

that divide the interior space of a vessel. They play a critical role in maintaining the
structural integrity and seaworthiness of a ship. There are two primary types of
bulkheads: watertight and non-watertight. Each type has distinct characteristics and
functions that contribute to the overall safety and efficiency of maritime operations.

Watertight
Bulkheads are
designed to prevent
water from passing
through. They are
constructed from
robust materials,
ensuring that if one
section of the ship is
compromised by
flooding, the watertight
bulkheads will contain the water within that compartment. This containment is
crucial for maintaining the vessel's buoyancy and stability, allowing it to remain
afloat even in adverse conditions. Watertight bulkheads are strategically placed
throughout the ship to create separate compartments, which can significantly
reduce the risk of sinking.

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 Non-Watertight Bulkheads, in contrast, do not serve to prevent water
ingress. Instead, they are primarily used for structural support, space division,
and organization within the ship. Non-watertight bulkheads can be made from
lighter materials and are often employed in areas where water exposure is not a
concern, such as crew quarters or cargo holds. Although they do not offer the
same level of flooding protection, they contribute to the ship's overall structural
integrity and help distribute loads evenly across the vessel.

The functions of bulkheads extend beyond mere separation of spaces.

They provide essential support for the ship's deck and hull, contributing to the
overall strength of the vessel. Additionally, bulkheads enhance the ship’s stability
by preventing excessive movement of cargo and personnel during transit. In
emergency situations, watertight bulkheads can significantly enhance a ship's
survivability, giving crew members valuable time to respond to potential hazards

E. Keel and Stern Frame

Keel
The keel is often referred to as the backbone of the ship. It runs longitudinally
along the bottom of the hull and is one of the first parts to be constructed. The
primary function of the keel is to provide structural integrity and stability to the ship.
It helps to distribute the weight of the vessel evenly and resists lateral forces
encountered while sailing. By doing so, the keel ensures that the ship maintains its
upright position and minimizes the risk of capsizing.

Additionally, the keel can also enhance the vessel's performance by facilitating
smoother movement through water. There are various types of keels, such as full
keels, fin keels, and bulbous bows, each designed to meet specific navigational
needs. The choice of keel type affects the ship's speed, maneuverability, and
overall seaworthiness.

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 Stern Frame
The stern frame is located at the rear end of the ship and plays a significant role in
defining the vessel's shape and design. It supports the transom, which is the flat
surface at the back of the hull, and houses critical components like the rudder and
propeller. The stern frame contributes to the ship's hydrodynamic properties,
influencing how water flows around the hull, thus affecting resistance and speed.

The primary function of the stern frame is to provide structural support, ensuring
that the aft part of the ship remains intact during operations. It also aids in the
efficient maneuvering of the ship by allowing for effective rudder placement, which
is essential for steering and controlling the vessel’s direction.

Contribution to Seaworthiness
Both the keel and stern frame are vital for maintaining the seaworthiness of a ship.
The keel's role in stability prevents excessive rolling and pitching, which can lead
to dangerous conditions at sea. Meanwhile, the stern frame's support for the
propeller and rudder enables precise handling, ensuring that the ship can navigate
safely through various marine environments.

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 F. Rudder and Propeller
Rudders

The rudder is a flat piece of material, typically made of metal or fiberglass, located
at the stern (rear) of the ship. It is pivotal for steering and maintaining directional
control. There are several types of rudders, each with unique characteristics:

1. Balanced Rudder: This type has a

portion of the rudder area forward of the
rudder stock (the vertical post). It reduces
the steering effort required and enhances
maneuverability, especially at higher
speeds.

2. Semi-Balanced Rudder: Combining

features of both balanced and unbalanced
rudders, this type has some area forward of
the stock and offers a compromise between
control and simplicity.

3. Unbalanced Rudder: This rudder

type has all its area behind the rudder stock.
It is simpler and cheaper to manufacture but
requires more force to operate, making it
less effective in high-speed situations.

Functions of the Rudder

The primary function of the rudder is to redirect the flow of water, allowing the ship
to change direction. When the helm (steering wheel) is turned, the rudder pivots,
creating a pressure differential that results in lateral movement. A well-designed
rudder is essential for maintaining stability and control, significantly affecting the
ship's maneuverability in various sea conditions.

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 Propellers

The propeller is a crucial component responsible for propelling the ship forward. It
consists of blades that rotate, generating thrust through the movement of water.
Various types of propellers are utilized based on the vessel's design and intended
use:

1. Fixed Pitch Propeller: The angle of the blades is set and cannot be altered
while in operation. It is simple, cost-effective, and commonly used in smaller
vessels.
2. Controllable Pitch Propeller: This type allows for adjustment of the blade angle
while the propeller is in motion. It enhances maneuverability and efficiency,
particularly in larger ships or those requiring frequent speed changes.
3. Ducted Propeller: Enclosed within a duct, this propeller type minimizes
turbulence and increases thrust efficiency. It is often used in tugboats and
specialized vessels.
4. Azimuth Thrusters: These are propellers mounted on a rotating drive, allowing
for 360-degree movement. They provide excellent maneuverability and are
commonly found in dynamic positioning systems.

Functions of the Propeller

The primary function of the propeller is to convert rotational energy from the
engine into thrust, propelling the ship through the water. The efficiency of a
propeller directly impacts fuel consumption and speed. An optimal propeller design
is crucial for enhancing the ship's performance, ensuring it can navigate efficiently
under various conditions.

Contribution to Ship Seaworthiness

Both the rudder and propeller play vital roles in maintaining a ship's
seaworthiness. A well-designed rudder enhances a vessel's ability to respond to
steering commands, ensuring safe navigation. Similarly, a propeller that is suited
to the ship's specifications will maximize thrust and minimize drag, contributing
positively to overall performance and safety at sea.

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 Unit 3: Maintenance of Ship's Seaworthiness
A. Corrosion and its Prevention

Types of corrosion:

1. Galvanic Corrosion: Occurs when two different metals are in contact.

2. Pitting Corrosion: Localized areas of corrosion.
3. Crevice Corrosion: Occurs in confined spaces.

Corrosion Control Methods:

 Protective Coatings: Paints or coatings that protect metal surfaces.

 Cathodic Protection: A system that reduces corrosion by applying an electrical
current.

B. Structural Inspections and Surveys

Types of inspections include:

1. Visual Inspections: Basic checks for visible damage.

2. Ultrasonic Inspections: Uses sound waves to detect flaws.
3. Magnetic Particle Inspections: Detects surface and near-surface
discontinuities.

C. Repair and Renewal

Common repair techniques include:

 Welding: Joining metal parts together.

 Cutting: Removing damaged sections.
 Patching: Covering holes with new material.

Renewal of Structural Members: Involves replacing worn or damaged

components.

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 SUMMARY

Understanding the components of a ship's hull structure is essential for

ensuring its seaworthiness. The interplay of longitudinal and transverse
framing systems, various types of plating, and the application of stiffeners
collectively contribute to the ship's strength, stability, and resilience against
the harsh conditions of the sea.

Understanding the different parts of a ship's deck structures and their

functions is essential for maintaining the vessel's seaworthiness. Each deck
contributes uniquely to the ship's operational capabilities, safety, and
structural integrity.

Understanding the characteristics and functions of both watertight and non-

watertight bulkheads is vital for maritime students. These structural
members not only maintain the seaworthiness of the ship but also ensure
safe and efficient operations at sea. Recognizing their importance in ship
design will aid future maritime professionals in making informed decisions
regarding vessel construction and maintenance.

Understanding the different types and functions of rudders and propellers is

essential for evaluating a ship's structural integrity and operational
efficiency. These components must work harmoniously to ensure that a
vessel remains seaworthy, capable of enduring the challenges of maritime
environments.

COURSE CODE: SEAM 1 Page 26 of 44 A.Y. 2024-2025 / 2nd Semester

 ASSESSMENT: LESSON 1

Fill in the Blank: Fill in the blank with the correct words.

1. The ______ deck is located on the vessel’s stern and is one deck above the
main deck.
2. ______ are vertical partitions within a ship that divide the interior spaces into
compartments.
3. The ______ is the backbone of the ship, running along the bottom from the
bow to the stern.
4. ______ is the outer layer of the hull, providing a waterproof barrier and
protecting the internal structure.
5. ______ is a flat surface that covers the hull and provides areas for various
activities.

Word bank: Deck, Bulkheads, Keel, Shell Plating, Poop Deck

Multiple Choice Questions: Choose the correct answer from the choices for each
question.

1. It is the primary function of the rudder on a ship.

 A) To provide buoyancy
 B) To steer the ship
 C) To house the crew
 D) To store cargo
2. A part of the ship is responsible for expelling smoke and gases from the
engines.
 A) Bridge
 B) Keel
 C) Funnel
 D) Poop Deck
3. The type of framing system provides strength to resist bending and shear
forces in a ship.
 A) Transverse Framing
 B) Longitudinal Framing
 C) Diagonal Framing
 D) Vertical Framing
4. The following which is NOT a type of corrosion prevention method.
 A) Protective Coatings
 B) Cathodic Protection
 C) Galvanization
 D) Ultrasonic Inspection

COURSE CODE: SEAM 1 Page 27 of 44 A.Y. 2024-2025 / 2nd Semester

 5. It is the primary role of classification societies in the maritime industry?
 A) To build ships
 B) To set standards and conduct inspections
 C) To navigate ships
 D) To design ship interiors

Open Ended Questions: Answer the following questions in complete sentences:

1. Explain the difference between watertight and non-watertight bulkheads and

their functions on a ship.

2. Describe the contribution of the superstructure to the seaworthiness of a ship.

3. Discuss the importance of regular structural inspections and surveys in

maintaining a ship's seaworthiness.

COURSE CODE: SEAM 1 Page 28 of 44 A.Y. 2024-2025 / 2nd Semester

 DISCUSSION OF LESSON 2

Understanding the
Principal Dimensions of Ships

In the field of maritime studies, comprehending the principal dimensions of

ships is essential for students preparing for careers in naval architecture, marine
engineering, and ship operation. This module will focus on four key dimensions:
Length Overall (LOA), Length Between Perpendiculars (LPP) or Length Between
Beam (LBP), Breadth, and Depth. Each of these dimensions plays a critical role
in the design, stability, and functionality of vessels.

1. Introduction to Ship Principal Dimensions

Definition of Principal Dimensions

Principal dimensions refer to the key measurements that define the size and
shape of a ship. These dimensions serve as essential parameters for ship design
and classification, influencing how a vessel operates in different maritime
environments.

Importance of Understanding Principal Dimensions

Understanding principal dimensions is crucial for several reasons. Firstly, these
dimensions are foundational in ship classification, which determines the vessel's
type and regulatory requirements. Secondly, ship design is directly influenced by
these dimensions, as they dictate the ship's structural integrity and operational
capabilities. Lastly, knowledge of principal dimensions is vital for safe navigation
and operation, affecting how a ship performs in various sea conditions.

Impact on Ship Performance and Stability

The principal dimensions of a ship significantly affect its performance and
stability. For example, a longer ship (Length Overall) may have better speed and
efficiency but can be more challenging to maneuver. Conversely, broader
vessels may offer greater stability but can also present challenges in navigating
tight spaces. Understanding these impacts enables maritime professionals to
make informed decisions regarding ship design and operation.

COURSE CODE: SEAM 1 Page 29 of 44 A.Y. 2024-2025 / 2nd Semester

 2. Key Principal Dimension

Length Overall (LOA)

 Definition: Length Overall is the total length of the ship, measured from the
foremost point of the bow to the aftermost point of the stern, including any
protruding structures.

 Significance: LOA affects a ship's maneuverability, stability, and structural

strength. A ship with an appropriate LOA can achieve better hydrodynamics,
leading to improved fuel efficiency and performance.

Length Between Perpendiculars (LBP)

 Definition: This is the length measured between the forward and aft
perpendiculars, which are vertical lines drawn from the waterline to the ship's
bow and stern, respectively.

 Significance: LBP is crucial for calculating the ship's displacement, speed,

and resistance through water, providing essential insights into the vessel's
operational capabilities.

COURSE CODE: SEAM 1 Page 30 of 44 A.Y. 2024-2025 / 2nd Semester

 Breadth (B)

 Definition: Breadth is the maximum width of the ship, measured at its widest
point.

 Significance: The breadth of a ship influences its stability, cargo capacity, and
resistance. A wider vessel can carry more cargo but may also face increased
resistance while navigating through water.

Depth (D)

 Definition: Depth is the vertical distance from the ship's baseline (the bottom
of the hull) to the top of the uppermost continuous deck at the side.

 Significance: Depth impacts the ship's stability, cargo capacity, and structural
strength. Adequate depth ensures that the vessel can support the weight of
cargo and withstand environmental forces.

3. Other Important Dimensions

Draft

 Definition: Draft is the vertical distance from the waterline to the bottom of the
ship's hull (keel).

 Significance: Draft is essential for determining a ship's stability and cargo

capacity. It also affects the vessel's ability to navigate in shallow waters, as a
ship with a deep draft may run aground in areas with limited water depth.

Freeboard

 Definition: Freeboard is the vertical distance from the waterline to the top of
the bulkhead deck (the deck that forms the top of the ship’s watertight
compartments).

 Significance: Freeboard is critical for assessing a ship's stability and safety.

Ships with adequate freeboard have better resistance to waves and flooding,
contributing to overall safety at sea.

COURSE CODE: SEAM 1 Page 31 of 44 A.Y. 2024-2025 / 2nd Semester

 Block Coefficient

 Definition: The block coefficient (Cb) is a dimensionless number calculated as

the ratio of the ship's volume (V) to the volume of a rectangular block with the
same length (L), breadth (B), and draft (T). It is expressed
as ��=��⋅�⋅�Cb=L⋅B⋅TV.

 Significance: The block coefficient affects a ship's resistance and propulsion

efficiency. A higher block coefficient indicates a fuller hull shape, which can
increase resistance but may also improve stability and cargo capacity.

COURSE CODE: SEAM 1 Page 32 of 44 A.Y. 2024-2025 / 2nd Semester

 SUMMARY

By understanding these key principal dimension, maritime students will be

better prepared to engage with the complexities of ship design and operation,
leading to safer maritime practices and improved vessel performance.

In conclusion, these principal dimensions—LOA, LPP/LBP, Breadth, and

Depth—are fundamental to understanding ship design and performance. Each
dimension interacts with others to influence a ship's operational capabilities,
safety, and regulatory compliance.

ASSESSMENT: LESSON 2

Fill in the Blank: Fill in the blank with the correct words.

1. The _____ is the total length of the ship, measured from the foremost point of
the bow to the aftermost point of the stern.

2. _____ is the maximum width of the ship, measured at its widest point.

3. _____ refers to the vertical distance from the waterline to the bottom of the
ship's hull.

4. _____ is crucial for calculating the ship's displacement, speed, and resistance
through water.

5. _____ is a dimension less number indicating the ratio of the ship's volume to
the volume of a rectangular block with the same length, breadth, and draft.

Word bank: Draft, Block Coefficient, Length Overall, Breadth, Length

Between Perpendiculars

COURSE CODE: SEAM 1 Page 33 of 44 A.Y. 2024-2025 / 2nd Semester

 Multiple Choice Questions: Choose the correct answer from the choices for
each question.

1. The following dimensions which affect a ship's maneuverability and structural

strength.
 A) Breadth
 B) Depth
 C) Length Overall
 D) Draft
2. It is the significance of the Breadth of a ship.
 A) It determines the ship's speed.
 B) It influences the ship's stability and cargo capacity.
 C) It affects the ship's maneuverability.
 D) It calculates the ship's displacement.
3. The Depth refer to in the context of ship dimensions.
 A) The total length of the ship
 B) The maximum width of the ship
 C) The vertical distance from the ship’s baseline to the uppermost deck
 D) The distance between the bow and stern
4. It is the role of Freeboard in ship safety.
 A) It affects the ship's speed.
 B) It determines the ship's draft.
 C) It contributes to resistance to waves and flooding.
 D) It calculates the block coefficient.
5. The principal dimension is used to determine a ship's ability to navigate
shallow waters.
 A) Freeboard
 B) Depth
 C) Length Overall
 D) Draft

COURSE CODE: SEAM 1 Page 34 of 44 A.Y. 2024-2025 / 2nd Semester

 Open Ended Questions: Answer the following questions in complete
sentences:

1. Explain why understanding the principal dimensions of a ship is crucial for

maritime professionals.

2. Describe how the Length Between Perpendiculars (LBP) impacts a ship's

operational capabilities.

3. Discuss the relationship between the Block Coefficient and a ship's resistance
and propulsion efficiency.

COURSE CODE: SEAM 1 Page 35 of 44 A.Y. 2024-2025 / 2nd Semester

 DISCUSSION OF LESSON 3

Shipboard Organization and

Minimum Safe Manning

International Regulations

The maritime industry is governed by several key international regulations

designed to ensure safety, efficiency, and environmental protection.
The International Convention on Standards of Training, Certification and
Watchkeeping for Seafarers (STCW) sets the minimum training,
certification, and watchkeeping standards for seafarers. Compliance with the
STCW is essential for maintaining crew competence and operational safety.

In addition to the STCW, Flag State requirements are critical. Each ship
is registered under a specific flag that dictates the laws and regulations the
vessel must follow. These requirements can vary significantly between
different flag states, impacting crew qualifications, training, and manning
levels. Other relevant conventions, such as the International Maritime
Organization (IMO) regulations, further guide maritime operations, ensuring
that best practices are followed internationally.

Introduction to Minimum Safe Manning

Minimum Safe Manning (MSM) refers to the legally required number of

qualified personnel necessary to safely operate a vessel. This concept is
critical in maritime operations, as it ensures that a ship has sufficient crew
members who are trained and competent in their respective duties. The
determination of MSM is not arbitrary; it is influenced by various factors,
including the ship's type, size, and operational profile.

Importance of Minimum Safe Manning

Establishing an appropriate MSM is essential for several reasons. Firstly,

it plays a vital role in the prevention of accidents and incidents at sea. A well-
manned ship can respond more effectively to emergencies,

COURSE CODE: SEAM 1 Page 36 of 44 A.Y. 2024-2025 / 2nd Semester

 mitigating the chances of mishaps. Secondly, compliance with international
regulations such as those set forth by the International Maritime Organization
(IMO) is mandatory. These regulations dictate the minimum crew
requirements to ensure safety standards are upheld. Additionally, having a
fully staffed crew contributes to efficient ship operation, allowing for smoother
navigation and cargo handling, which ultimately impacts the vessel's
profitability and reliability.

Factors Influencing Minimum Manning

1. Ship Type: Different types of vessels, such as tankers, bulk carriers, and
passenger ships, require different manning levels due to their operational
needs.

2. Size: Larger vessels often necessitate more crew members to ensure safety
and operational effectiveness.

3. Trade Routes: The complexity of trade routes, including regional regulations

and environmental challenges, can impact manning levels.

Consequences of Insufficient Manning

Failure to meet the MSM can have dire consequences. An insufficiently

manned vessel increases the risk of accidents and incidents, as the
remaining crew members may become overwhelmed by their responsibilities.
This overload can lead to fatigue, which is a significant contributor to human
error. Additionally, non-compliance with established regulations can result in
hefty fines and legal repercussions for the shipowner or operator. Most
importantly, inadequate crew levels can potentially lead to loss of life and
property, underscoring the critical nature of adhering to MSM standards.

Impact of Automation on Manning Levels

Advancements in technology and automation have significantly influenced

manning levels aboard ships. While automation can reduce the need for
certain positions, it is crucial to maintain a balance between technological
efficiency and human oversight to ensure safety and effective operations.

COURSE CODE: SEAM 1 Page 37 of 44 A.Y. 2024-2025 / 2nd Semester

 Introduction to Shipboard Organization

Understanding shipboard organization is essential for all maritime

students, as it lays the foundation for effective operation and management of
vessels. This module will explore the key components of shipboard
organization, focusing on international regulations, the hierarchy of shipboard
personnel, roles and responsibilities, and minimum manning requirements.

Hierarchy and Chain of Command

The hierarchy on board a vessel typically follows a clear chain of

command, facilitating decision-making and responsibility assignment. At the
top of the hierarchy is the Master, who has overall authority and responsibility
for the ship. Reporting to the Master are the heads of various departments,
including the Chief Officer, Chief Engineer, and Catering Officer. Each
position plays a critical role in maintaining safety and operational standards.

Departmental Structure

The ship's organization is divided into several departments, each with

distinct roles:

 Deck Department: Focuses on navigation, cargo operations, and safety

equipment management.

 Engine Department: Handles the vessel's machinery, propulsion systems, and

power generation.

 Catering Department: Ensures the provision of meals and accommodation

services.

A. Deck Department

The Deck Department is primarily responsible for navigation and the

overall management of the ship's operations. This department plays a critical
role in ensuring the vessel reaches its destination safely and efficiently. Key
functions include:

COURSE CODE: SEAM 1 Page 38 of 44 A.Y. 2024-2025 / 2nd Semester

  Navigation and Steering: Officers in the Deck Department use navigational
tools and technology to plot the ship's course. They must be skilled in reading
maps, using radar systems, and understanding maritime laws and regulations.

 Cargo Handling and Stowage: Properly loading and securing cargo is

essential to maintaining the ship's stability and safety. The crew must
understand the characteristics of various cargo types and how to stow them
effectively.

 Maintenance of Ship's Hull and Superstructure: Regular maintenance is

crucial to prevent deterioration caused by seawater and weather conditions.
The deck crew performs inspections and repairs to ensure the structural
integrity of the ship.

 Emergency Response and Firefighting: The Deck Department is trained to

handle emergencies. This includes conducting drills, using firefighting
equipment, and executing evacuation procedures to ensure the safety of the
crew and cargo.

B. Engine Department

The Engine Department is responsible for the operation and

maintenance of the ship's propulsion and auxiliary machinery. This
department ensures that the ship runs smoothly and efficiently. Its key
functions include:

 Propulsion and Auxiliary Machinery Operation: The engine crew operates

the main engines and auxiliary machinery, including generators and pumps, to
provide power and support systems on board

 Maintenance of Engine Room Equipment: Regular maintenance of engines

and machinery is essential for preventing breakdowns. This includes routine
checks, repairs, and record-keeping to comply with safety regulations.

 Fuel and Lubrication Oil Management: Effective management of fuel and

lubrication oils is vital for efficient engine operation. The crew must monitor fuel
levels, conduct transfers, and ensure proper storage.

 Emergency Response and Damage Control: The Engine Department is

trained to respond quickly to emergencies, such as engine failures or leaks.
They have protocols in place for damage control, ensuring the ship remains
seaworthy.

COURSE CODE: SEAM 1 Page 39 of 44 A.Y. 2024-2025 / 2nd Semester

 C. Catering Department

The Catering Department plays a crucial role in the well-being and

morale of the crew. This department manages all culinary and
accommodation needs, including:

 Provisioning and Food Preparation: The catering staff is responsible for

sourcing, storing, and preparing food. They must adhere to health and safety
regulations to ensure meals are nutritious and safe for consumption.

 Accommodation and Cleaning: Maintaining a clean and comfortable living

environment is essential for crew morale. The catering team oversees cleaning
duties and the upkeep of living quarters.

 Crew Welfare and Morale: A satisfied crew is a productive crew. The Catering
Department organizes leisure activities and ensures that the crew's needs are
met, contributing to a positive atmosphere on board.

D. Other Departments

In addition to the primary departments, various other departments support the

operation of a cargo ship:

 Electrical Department: Responsible for the maintenance and operation of

electrical systems, including lighting and communication equipment.

 Radio Department: Manages all communication systems, ensuring that the

ship maintains contact with shore authorities and other vessels.

 Medical Department: Provides medical care and support to crew members,

addressing health issues and maintaining safety protocols on board.

COURSE CODE: SEAM 1 Page 40 of 44 A.Y. 2024-2025 / 2nd Semester

 Roles and Responsibilities of Key Positions

Deck Department

1. Master: The captain of the vessel, responsible for overall command and safety.
2. Chief Officer: The second-in-command, overseeing the deck department and
managing cargo operations.
3. Second Officer: Responsible for navigation and safety equipment.
4. Third Officer: Assists with watchkeeping and emergency equipment.
5. Bosun: Supervises the deck crew and manages maintenance tasks.
6. Able-Bodied Seaman (AB): A trained seafarer who assists in various deck
operations.
7. Ordinary Seaman (OS): An entry-level position, responsible for basic tasks on
deck.
8. Deck Cadet: A trainee who assists experienced officers while learning.

Engine Department

1. Chief Engineer: Responsible for the engine room and all machinery
operations.
2. First Engineer: Assists the chief engineer and oversees engine operations.
3. Second Engineer: Manages machinery maintenance and repairs.
4. Third Engineer: Responsible for auxiliary machinery and watchkeeping duties.
5. Oiler: Assists in lubrication and maintenance of engines.
6. Wiper: An entry-level position responsible for cleaning and maintenance tasks
in the engine room.
7. Electrician: Oversees electrical systems and equipment.
8.
Catering Department

1. Chief Cook: Manages food preparation and kitchen operations.

2. Second Cook: Assists the chief cook in meal preparation.
3. Messman: Responsible for serving meals and maintaining cleanliness in the
dining area.

COURSE CODE: SEAM 1 Page 41 of 44 A.Y. 2024-2025 / 2nd Semester

 SUMMARY

Understanding shipboard organization and minimum manning is essential

for the successful operation of maritime vessels. By adhering to international
regulations, establishing a clear hierarchy, and assessing manning
requirements, maritime professionals can ensure the safety and efficiency of
their operations at sea.

In summary, Minimum Safe Manning is a fundamental component of

maritime safety that requires careful consideration and adherence. By
ensuring that a ship is adequately staffed with qualified personnel, the
maritime industry can work towards minimizing risks and enhancing overall
safety at sea. Understanding the factors that affect MSM and the potential
consequences of neglecting it is crucial for all maritime professionals.

ASSESSMENT: LESSON 3

Fill in the Blank: Fill in the blank with the correct words.

1. The _____ Convention sets the standards for training and certification of
seafarers.
2. Minimum Safe Manning ensures that a vessel is adequately _____ with
qualified personnel.
3. The ______ Department is responsible for navigation and cargo operations.
4. The Chief Officer is second-in-command and oversees the ____ department.
5. The _____ Department manages the vessel's machinery and propulsion
systems.
Word bank: Engine, Deck, STCW, staffed, deck

COURSE CODE: SEAM 1 Page 42 of 44 A.Y. 2024-2025 / 2nd Semester

 Multiple Choice Questions: Choose the correct answer from the choices for
each question.

1. It is the primary purpose of the STCW Convention.

 A) To regulate international trade
 B) To set training and certification standards for seafarers
 C) To manage shipping routes
 D) To establish tax regulations for ships
2. The department on a ship handles emergency response and firefighting.
 A) Catering Department
 B) Engine Department
 C) Deck Department
 D) Electrical Department
3. The role of the Chief Engineer on a vessel.
 A) To oversee the deck operations
 B) To manage the engine room and machinery
 C) To prepare meals for the crew
 D) To maintain the ship's communication systems
4. Factor does NOT influence Minimum Safe Manning levels.
 A) Ship Type
 B) Trade Routes
 C) Ship Color
 D) Ship Size
5. It can result from insufficient manning on a ship.
 A) Increased efficiency
 B) Decreased risk of accidents
 C) Overwhelmed crew and potential mishaps
 D) Improved crew morale

Open Ended Questions: Answer the following questions in complete

sentences:

1. Explain the importance of having a clear hierarchy and chain of command on a

ship.

2. Describe the potential consequences of not adhering to Minimum Safe

Manning regulations.

3. How has automation affected manning levels on ships, and what balance must
be maintained?

COURSE CODE: SEAM 1 Page 43 of 44 A.Y. 2024-2025 / 2nd Semester

REFERENCES:

General Ship Information:

 Wikipedia - Ship: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship

 Britannica - Ship: https://www.britannica.com/technology/ship

Ship Construction:

 Ship Construction (Structure Part) - SlideShare:

https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/ship-construction-structure-part/46648852

 Ship Construction - STCW Office: https://stcw.marina.gov.ph/wp-

content/uploads/2016/02/jcmmc-01-annex-d4.pdf

 Ship Construction, 7th Edition: https://maritimesafetyinnovationlab.org/wp-

content/uploads/2023/06/Ship-Construction-7th-Edition.pdf

Ship Routines:

 Ship Routines and Operations - Marine Insight:

https://www.marineinsight.com/shipping-routes-of-the-world/

 Seamanship and Ship Handling:

https://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/HumanElement/TrainingEducation/Pages/Seamans
hip.aspx

Additional Resources:

 Scribd - Ship and Ship Routine and Ship Construction:

https://www.scribd.com/document/542492463/SHIP-AND-SHIP-ROUTINE-AND-
SHIP-CONSTRUCTION-parts-of-a-ship

 Pamma LMS - Ship, Ship Routines and Ship Construction: http://sy21-

22sem1.pamma.edu.ph/course/info.php?id=51

COURSE CODE: SEAM 1 Page 44 of 44 A.Y. 2024-2025 / 2nd Semester