ENGINEERING MECHANICS

(MEE11002)

Mechanics is the area of mathematics and physics concerned with the relationships between force, matter, and motion among
physical objects

Dr. Tirupataiah Kasani, Assistant Professor

Department of Mechanical Engineering, SOET
ADAMAS UNIVERSITY
Syllabus (3-0-0)
Parallel forces
Parallel forces in a plane
Parallel forces lie in the same plane and have lines of action that
never intersect each other.
Distributed parallel forces in a plane
Distributed forces are represented as a field of vectors. This is drawn as several discrete
vectors along a line, over a surface, or over a volume, that is connected with a line or a
surface as shown below
Problem
Determine the equivalent concentrated load(s) and external reactions for the simply supported
beam which is subjected to the distributed load shown.
Solution
 Distributed parallel forces in a plane

Magnitude of Resultant Force

Therefore, the magnitude of the resultant force is equal to the area A under the loading diagram
 Distributed parallel forces in a plane

Location of Resultant Force

The resultant force has a line of action

This coordinate 𝑥,ҧ locates the geometric
that passes through the centroid C
center or centroid of the area under the
(geometric center) of the area under the
distributed loading.
loading diagram
Problem

Centroid
Problem
The granular material exerts the distributed loading on the beam as shown in Fig. Determine
the magnitude and location of the equivalent resultant of this load.
Force-couple system
The effect of a force acting on a body is the tendency to push or pull the body in the direction
of the force, and to rotate the body about any fixed axis which does not intersect the line of
the force.
We can represent this dual effect more easily by replacing the given force with an equal
parallel force and a couple to compensate for the change in the moment of the force.
Problem
Replace the horizontal 400-N force acting on the lever with an equivalent system consisting
of a force at O and a couple.
Sol: We apply two equal and opposite 400-N
forces at O and identify the counterclockwise
couple
Moment of a couple
A couple is defined as two parallel forces that have the same magnitude, but are opposite in
directions, and are separated by a perpendicular distance d.
Problems
Problem
Determine the magnitude and direction of the couple M which will replace the two given
couples and still produce the same external effect on the block. Specify the two forces F and -
F, applied in the two faces of the block parallel to the y-z plane, which may replace the four
given forces. The 30-N forces act parallel to the y-z plane.
Centre of gravity and center of mass
Centre of gravity
• The center of gravity (CG) of an object is the point at which weight is
evenly dispersed and all sides are in balance.
• The center of gravity is a point in an object where the distribution of weight
is equal in all directions, and it does depend on the gravitational field.

Centre of mass
• The center of mass is a point at which mass distribution is equal in all
directions, and it doesn't depend upon the gravitational field.
Centroid and Center of gravity
Centroid/Geometric center: Geometric center of a line, area,
or volume.

Center of Mass: Gravitational center of a line, area, or volume.

The centroid and center of mass coincide when the density is uniform throughout the part.

➢ A centroid is defined as a point about which the entire line, area, or volume is assumed to be concentrated.
➢ It is related to the distribution of length, area, and volume.

✓ The Centre of gravity is defined as a point about which the entire weight of the body is assumed to be
concentrated.
✓ It is related to the distribution of mass.
Determination of centre of gravity (CG)
CG of a Line CG of an Area CG of a Volume
Determination of centre of Mass (Cm)
Cm of a body
Determination of Centroid (C)
Centroid of a Line
Determination of Centroid (C) Centroid of a Volume

Centroid of an Area
Problem
Locate the centroid of the circular wire segment shown in Fig

Solution
 Problem
Determine the distance y measured from the x-axis to the centroid of the area of the triangle shown in Fig

Solution

Calculate 𝑥ҧ
Also, practice the same by taking the elemental area in the vertical direction
 Problem
Locate the centroid of the area shown in Fig. Solution

Practice
Problem
Locate the 𝑦ത centroid for the paraboloid of revolution, shown in Fig.

Solution
Problem
Locate the centroid of the plate area (Composite area) shown in Fig

Solution
Centroids of common shapes
Moment of Inertia
• The moment of inertia is a measure of how resistant an object is to changes in its rotational motion.
The moment of inertia of the cross-section of a body is its resistance to changes in its rotation. It
depends on how far each part of the body's mass is from its center.
• Any kind of moment of inertia is a measure of the resistance of an object to a change in its state of motion.
• Mass moment of inertia is a measure of the resistance offered by a body to a change in its angular
momentum.
✓ The basic difference being is that the mass moment of inertia is concerned with the rotating body whereas
the area moment of inertia concerned with the bending stresses developed in the body.
✓ Mass moment of inertia: Resistance offered by a body to its rotation.

The entire area (A) moments of

inertia

y dA: “Moment of Area” also called the first moment of inertia.

y2 dA: “Moment of Moment of Area” also called the second
moment of inertia.
Moment of inertia of common shapes
Problem
Determine the moment of inertia with respect to the x-axis for the circular area shown in Fig.

Solution: Method-1

Solution: Method-2
Problem
Determine the moment of inertia for the shaded area shown in Fig. about the x-axis.

Solution:

Practice the same by considering the small elemental area in the vertical direction
 Parallel-Axis theorem
The moment of inertia about any axis in the plane of an area is equal to the sum of the moment of inertia
about a parallel centroidal axis and the product of the area and square of the distance between the two
parallel axes.
The parallel-axis theorem can be used to find the moment of inertia of an area about any axis that
is parallel to an axis passing through the centroid and about which the moment of inertia is known.

The moment of inertia about an axis perpendicular to the plane of

an area is known as the polar moment of inertia It is denoted by J

Polar moment of inertia

Perpendicular-Axis theorem
The moment of inertia of an area about an axis perpendicular to its plane (polar moment of inertia)
at any point O is equal to the sum of moments of inertia about any two mutually perpendicular
axis through the same point O and lying in the plane of the area.
OR

The perpendicular axis theorem states that the moment of

inertia, for any axis which is perpendicular to the plane, is
equal to the sum of any two perpendicular axes of the body
which intersect with the first axis.
Y

X Y Z Y Z X
Radius of gyration of an Area
▪ The imaginary distance from the centroid at which the area of cross-section is imagined
to be focused at a point to obtain the same moment of inertia. It is denoted by k.

▪ Geometric meaning: We can consider Kx as the

distance at which the complete area is squeezed and kept as
a strip of negligible width such that there is no change in the
moment of inertia.
Problem
Determine the moment of inertia of the composite area shown in Fig. about the x-axis.

Solution
Problem
Determine the moment of inertia for the rectangular area shown in Fig. with respect to (a)
the centroidal x-axis, (b) the axis xb passing through the base of the rectangle, and (c) the
pole or z-axis perpendicular to the x’ – y’ plane and passing through the centroid C.

Solution
Problem
Determine the moments of inertia for the cross-sectional area of the member shown in Fig.
about the x and y centroidal axes.
Solution
Apply parallel - Axis theorem
Problem
Determine the polar moment of inertia about centroidal axes of the I section shown in the
Figure below. Also, determine the radii of gyration with respect to x-x and y-y axes.

Solution
 Pappu’s theorems
The two theorems of Pappus and Guldinus are used to find the surface area and volume of any body of revolution.

The first theorem of Pappus and Guldinus: The area of a surface of revolution equals the product of the length
of the generating curve and the distance traveled by the centroid of the curve in generating the surface area.
 Pappu’s theorems
The second theorem of Pappus and Guldinus: The volume of a body of revolution equals the product of the
generating area and the distance traveled by the centroid of the area in generating the volume.
Problem

Solution
Problem
Determine the volume V and surface area A of the complete torus of the circular cross-section.
Hint

Solution
Problem
Determine the surface area and volume of the full solid in Fig.
Solution
Assignment problems
Textbook: S. S. Bhavikatti, K. G. Rajashekarappa - Engineering Mechanics-New Age International (1994)

1. Page no_198: Calculate the centroid of the sector of a circle

2. Page no_199: Calculate the centroid of the parabolic spandrel
3. Page no_203: Determine the centroid of the section of the concrete dam
4. Page no_207: Determine the coordinates of the centroid of the plane area shown
5. Page no_218: Determine the moment of inertia of the section shown in Fig.8.34
6. Page no_227: Find the moment of inertia of the shaded area shown in Fig. 8.44
7. Page no_232: Find the moment of inertia of the shaded area shown in Fig. 8.62 (Problem 8.18)
8. Page no_233: Find the moment of inertia of the shaded area shown in Fig. 8.63 (Problem 8.19)
Assignment problem
Calculate the volume V of the solid generated by revolving the 60-mm right triangular area
through 180 about the z-axis. If this body were constructed of steel, what would be its mass m?

Hint
Assignment problem