OS Virtualization Guide Installing Packages in Ubuntu

Note: The “$” symbol indicates a new command start. Do not

retype it; it appears automatically in Ubuntu Terminal.
How to Install and Configure a Virtual Machine Note: Scripting is CASE SENSITIVE
Step-by-Step Process
Accessing the Terminal
1. Setting Up the Virtual Machine • Open via Ubuntu app manager or Ctrl+Alt+T.
o Software: Oracle’s VirtualBox (free, supports
various OS). 1. Gaining Root Privileges
o Download VirtualBox:
https://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Downloads a. Add User to Sudo Group
o Version: Use VirtualBox 6.1.30. $ sudo adduser <user> sudo

2. Installing Linux (Ubuntu)

o Linux Version: Ubuntu 16.04 (dependent on 2. Installing Required Programs and Packages
32- or 64-bit machine).
o Download Ubuntu .iso file: a. Java 17 (Oracle Version)
https://releases.ubuntu.com/16.04.7/. $ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:linuxuprising/java
$ sudo apt update
3. Opening VirtualBox Interface $ sudo apt install oracle-java17-installer --install-recommends
o Install VirtualBox, then open the interface. # Accept terms and conditions (press OK and Yes as needed).

4. Creating a New Virtual Machine b. Git (Required for Requests Installation)

o Click “New,” name the VM, and set the save $ sudo apt install git
folder. $ sudo apt update
o Selecting the OS name will auto-fill
type/version fields. Click Next. c. cURL (Required for OCSSW Installation)
$ sudo apt install curl
5. Allocating Memory $ sudo apt update
o Recommended: 1024 MB. Click Next.

6. Creating a Hard Disk

o Select “Create a virtual hard disk now” Configuring and Installing Python 3.6
(default). Click Create.
Python 3.6 Installation and Configuration for Ubuntu 16.04
7. Choosing Hard Disk File Type
o Default to VDI. Click Next. 1. Installing Python 3.6
$ sudo add-apt-repository ppa:deadsnakes/ppa
8. Selecting Storage Type $ sudo apt update
o Use “Dynamically Allocated” (prevents $ sudo apt install python3.6
space allocation issues). Click Next.
2. Installing Pip
9. Setting Disk Location and Size $ sudo apt install python3-pip
o Allocate at least 25 GB. Configure and save $ python3.6 -m pip install --upgrade pip
location.
3. Changing Default Python Version
10. Mounting the Operating System $ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python3 python3
o Go to Settings > Storage. Under IDE /usr/bin/python3.5 1
Controller, click Empty > Attributes > load $ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python3 python3
the Ubuntu .iso file. /usr/bin/python3.6 2
$ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python
11. Installing Ubuntu /usr/bin/python3.5 1
o Click Start and begin installation. $ sudo update-alternatives --install /usr/bin/python python
o Select “Install Ubuntu” to start the process. /usr/bin/python3.6 2

12. Skipping Updates 4. Installing the Requests Library

o Click Continue to proceed without updates. $ python -m pip install requests
o Clean install option will appear. Continue. $ git clone git://github.com/psf/requests.git
$ cd requests
13. Creating Username and Password $ python -m pip install .
o Remember credentials; required for login $ cd
and root verifications.
5. Configuring Requests in Python
14. Installing Guest Additions $ python
o Access: Devices > Insert Guest Additions CD >>> import requests
image. >>> r = requests.get('https://urs.earthdata.nasa.gov',
o Install and reboot to enable PC-like auth=('username', 'password'))
functions (e.g., copy-paste, full screen). >>> r.status_code
>>> r.headers['content-type']
>>> r.encoding
>>> r.text
>>> r.json()
>>> exit()
 Section 2: Linux Distribution and Virtualization
Introduction to Linux
Installing SeaDAS and OCSSW
SeaDAS and OCSSW Installation in Ubuntu • History:
o 1969: Development of the C language and
1. Download SeaDAS Unix OS by Dennis Ritchie and Ken
• SeaDAS Download Page Thompson at AT&T Bell Labs.
o 1975: Commercial release of Unix by AT&T;
2. Move SeaDAS Installation File emergence of BSD Unix.
$ mv ~/Downloads/seadas_{version}_linux64_installer.sh ~/ o 1980s: IBM, Sun, HP, and others created
proprietary Unix versions, leading to diverse
3. Run SeaDAS Installation Command Unix dialects.
o GNU Project: Richard Stallman aimed to
$ sh seadas_{version}_linux_installer.sh create a freely available OS (GNU - "GNU is
Not Unix"), which later contributed tools to
Ex. $ sh seadas_8.1.0_linux64_installer.sh Linux.

• Linux Kernel Development:

o 1991: Linus Torvalds created the POSIX-
Section 1: Virtualization and Linux Virtual Machines compliant Linux kernel for Intel x86 PCs.
Overview of Virtualization o 1990s: Integration with GNU software
facilitated Linux's growth.
• Definition: Virtualization creates virtual o Internet and GUI Support: Implemented
representations of servers, storage, networks, and TCP/IP for internet access and X11 (X-
other hardware. windows) for GUI.
• Functionality: Simulates physical hardware to run
multiple virtual machines (VMs) on a single machine. Key Features of Linux
• Benefits: • Unix-like System: Combines features from popular
o Efficiency: Optimizes hardware resources, Unix systems.
maximizing returns on investment. • POSIX Compliance: Adheres to POSIX standards.
o Cloud Computing: Powers cloud services for • Wide Hardware Compatibility: Supports multiple
efficient infrastructure management. architectures (e.g., Intel x86, Motorola, SPARC, ARM).
• Free and Easy Installation: Popular among computer
Advantages of Virtualization science students and widely available for desktops
• Flexibility: Allows greater interaction with hardware and laptops.
resources.
• Reduced Physical Limitations: Linux in Modern Technology
o Eliminates issues like electricity
consumption, storage space, and • Global Usage:
maintenance. o Powers over 97% of supercomputers and
o Removes physical proximity and network more than 80% of smartphones.
design constraints. o Used in web servers, desktops, tablets,
appliances (e.g., routers, DVD players), self-
Virtualization Example driving cars, and even space station laptops.

1. Company Requirements: • Dominance: The most widely used operating system

o Email Storage: Requires more storage and a worldwide.
Windows OS.
o Customer-facing Application: Needs a Linux
OS and high processing power.
o Internal Business Application: Requires iOS B. Linux Distribution
and higher RAM.
The Linux Kernel
2. Traditional Setup: • Definition: Core part of an OS, responsible for
o Three dedicated physical servers with interfacing with hardware, managing CPU and
unique configurations. memory.
o High initial investment, ongoing • Role: Provides essential services to the system but
maintenance, and underutilized resources. cannot function as a standalone OS.
• Distinction from Android: Since Android is a
3. Efficient Hardware Use with Virtualization: complete OS, it isn’t classified as a Linux kernel
o Creates three virtual machines on a single despite using it.
physical server.
o Reduces hardware quantity and associated The Linux Distribution (Distro)
expenses. • Definition: A complete OS that includes the Linux
kernel plus additional software (utilities, libraries,
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) GUI, etc.).
• Cloud Instance: Uses VMs from cloud providers (e.g., • Development: Overseen by the Linux kernel
AWS, Google Cloud). development group, but each distro includes varying
• Benefits: packages, interfaces, and functions.
o Providers manage hardware.
o Customizable server resources. Popular Linux Distributions
o Simplified server management for IT teams. 1. Debian Linux
o Focuses on free software and supports
multiple hardware platforms.
o Uses .deb package format and dpkg package
manager.
 2. Ubuntu Linux 2. Install VirtualBox
o Based on Debian, designed for regular o Double-click the downloaded .exe file to
releases and consistent user experience. install VirtualBox on Windows 10.
o Offers various official distributions (variants) o The installation will add an Oracle VM
with shared software repositories. VirtualBox icon to the desktop.

3. Linux Mint 3. Create a VirtualBox Virtual Machine (VM)

o Community-driven, based on Debian and o Open VirtualBox and click the New button.
Ubuntu. o Configure the VM with:
o Known for user-friendliness and multimedia ▪ Memory: 1024 MB
support, favored by beginners. ▪ Virtual Disk: 12 GB

4. RPM-based Linux (e.g., Red Hat, SUSE) 4. Install Ubuntu 14.04 on the VirtualBox VM
o Original RPM file format users, divided into o Insert the Ubuntu 14.04 installation DVD.
commercial and community-supported o Start the VM to boot from the DVD and
versions: install Ubuntu 14.04.
▪ Fedora (community) and Red Hat
Enterprise Linux (commercial) for 5. Adjust Display Size
Red Hat. o To resolve display resolution issues:
▪ openSUSE (community) and SUSE ▪ Open a terminal and enter the
Linux Enterprise (commercial) for xdiagnose command.
SUSE. ▪ In the X Diagnostic settings
window, enable all options under
5. Slackware Linux Debug to set the resolution to
o Highly customizable, prioritizes reliability 1024x768.
and ease of maintenance over automation.
o Targeted toward advanced users interested
in manual system configuration.
OPTION 2: Using the VMware Application

Overview: VMware is another popular virtualization option

C. Linux Hardware Platforms for x86-based PCs, with free versions like VMware
• Intel x86 Origin: Originally designed for Intel x86 PCs Workstation Player for basic tasks.
in 32-bit mode; now supports both 32-bit and 64-bit.
Steps for Installation and Setup on Windows 10
• Ported Architectures: 1. Download and Install VMware Workstation Player
o Motorola MC6800, MIPS, SPARC, PowerPC, o Visit VMware's download site to obtain
and ARM. VMware Workstation Player for Windows
o Predominant Platform: Still Intel x86, 10.
though ARM usage is growing for o Double-click the downloaded file to install
embedded systems. VMware, adding a Workstation icon to the
desktop.

2. Install Ubuntu 15.10 on VMware VM

D. Linux on Virtual Machines o Download Ubuntu 15.10 install DVD image
• Dual-Boot with Windows: Linux can be installed and burn it to a DVD disc.
alongside Windows (e.g., Windows 7 or 10) with a o Download VMware Workstation Player
dual-boot setup. 12 .exe file for Windows 10 and install it.
o Start VMware Workstation Player, then:
• Challenges: ▪ Choose Create a new virtual
o Many users avoid dual-boot due to technical machine.
difficulty or preference for Windows. ▪ Insert the Ubuntu DVD in the DVD
RW drive.
• Alternative: Install Linux within a virtual machine ▪ Choose Linux as the operating
(VM) on a Windows 10 host for easier access and system type and Ubuntu as the
use. version.
▪ Name the virtual machine
appropriately, e.g., ubuntu.
▪ VMware will configure the VM
OPTION 1: Using the VirtualBox Application with:
▪ Disk Size: 20 GB
Overview: VirtualBox is a powerful x86 and AMD64/Intel64 ▪ Memory: 1 GB
virtualization product from Oracle, compatible with Windows, ▪ Click Finish to complete the VM
Linux, macOS, and Solaris hosts. setup.
▪ Select Play virtual machine to boot
Steps for Installation and Setup on Windows 10 from the Ubuntu DVD and begin
1. Download VirtualBox installation.
o Visit the VirtualBox website to download
the following: 3. Run a C Program under Ubuntu Linux
▪ VirtualBox binary (e.g., VirtualBox- o After installation, the VM will start,
5.1.12-112440-win.exe) displaying the Ubuntu desktop, where you
▪ VirtualBox Extension Pack for USB can run applications such as a C program.
2.0 and 3.0 support, RDP, disk
encryption, NVMe, and PXE boot
for Intel cards.
Containerization Using Docker o docker run – Runs a command in a new
Introduction container.
• Container: A standard software unit that includes all ▪ -d – Runs the container in
code and dependencies, enabling reliable application detached (background) mode.
execution across different environments. ▪ -t – Allocates a pseudo-TTY.
• Docker Container Image: A lightweight, standalone, 4. docker container rm <container_name> – Deletes a
executable software package with: container.
o Code 5. docker image rm <image_name> – Deletes an
o Runtime image.
o System tools 6. docker exec – Runs a command in a running
o System libraries container.
o Settings o -ti – Keeps STDIN open even if not attached
• Run-time Containers: Images become containers at and allocates a pseudo-TTY.
runtime, managed by Docker Engine. Docker o Example: /bin/bash – To access the
containers work uniformly on various infrastructures container.
by isolating software from its environment, ensuring 7. docker stop <container_name> – Stops a running
consistency across development and staging. container.
8. docker kill <container_name> – Forcefully stops a
Container vs. Virtual Machines container.
• Containers: 9. docker restart <container_name> – Restarts a
o Operate at the application layer by running container.
packaging code and dependencies. Note: After executing the command, you are automatically
o Multiple containers share the OS kernel, logged into the Ubuntu container.
running isolated processes in user space.
o Lightweight, typically tens of MBs. Docker Environment Variables
o Allow multiple applications per container • DOCKER_API_VERSION: Override the negotiated API
and fewer VMs/OS instances. version for debugging (e.g., 1.19).
• Virtual Machines (VMs): • DOCKER_CERT_PATH: Location of authentication
o Operate by abstracting physical hardware, keys for the Docker CLI and daemon.
turning one server into multiple virtual • DOCKER_CONFIG: Path to client configuration files.
servers. • DOCKER_CONTENT_TRUST_SERVER: URL of the
o Each VM contains: Notary server, defaults to the registry URL.
▪ Full OS copy • DOCKER_CONTENT_TRUST: Enables Docker to use
▪ Application Notary for signing and verifying images.
▪ Required binaries and libraries • DOCKER_CONTEXT: Name of the Docker context to
o Heavier (tens of GBs) and slower to boot. use, overrides DOCKER_HOST.
• DOCKER_CUSTOM_HEADERS: Configures custom
Download and Installation of Docker Desktop HTTP headers for the Docker client.
1. Download: Visit Docker Desktop. • DOCKER_DEFAULT_PLATFORM: Specifies the default
2. Select OS: Choose the OS compatible with your platform for commands with --platform.
device. • DOCKER_HIDE_LEGACY_COMMANDS: Hides legacy
3. Run Installer: Execute the downloaded file. commands (e.g., docker rm, docker pull) in help
4. Configuration: Enable options like: output.
o Hyper-V Windows Features • DOCKER_HOST: Specifies the daemon socket to
o Windows components for WSL 2 connect to.
o Shortcut to desktop • DOCKER_TLS: Enables TLS for Docker CLI
5. Restart Device: Complete the installation with a connections.
device restart. • DOCKER_TLS_VERIFY: Verifies remote connections
with TLS.
Getting Started with Docker • BUILDKIT_PROGRESS: Specifies the progress output
1. Launch Docker Desktop: Open the application after type for BuildKit backend builds (e.g., plain, tty,
installation. auto).
2. System Tray Check: Docker logo should appear in the
System Tray or Notification area.
3. Version Check:
o Open Command Prompt. Exercises: Using an Existing Container
o Type: docker -v to verify Docker version.
1. Download an existing image:
Docker Commands o Run the command: docker pull
• Syntax: docker <command> <image_name>
• Help: Type docker <command> --help for o You can browse available images on Docker
descriptions and syntax assistance. Hub at Docker Hub.
2. Verify the image is downloaded:
o Run the command: docker images
3. Run the image to create a container:
Basic Docker Commands o Run the command: docker run -d -t
1. docker images – Displays the list of installed Docker <image_name>
images. ▪ The -d flag runs the container in
2. docker ps – Displays the list of running Docker detached mode (background).
containers. ▪ The -t flag allocates a pseudo-TTY.
o -a – Shows all containers (by default, only 4. Determine the container ID of the image:
running ones are shown). o Run the command: docker ps -a
3. Execute the Ubuntu container: ▪ This will show all containers,
o docker start <container_name> – Starts a including stopped ones.
Docker container. 5. Run the container:
 o Run the command: docker exec -ti
<container_ID>
▪ The -ti flags keep STDIN open and
allocate a pseudo-TTY.
▪ This logs you into the container,
where you can execute commands.

Building Your First Java Docker Image

1. Create a working directory:

o Example: C:/d528Lab/Desktop/docker.demo

2. Create a Java application that prints out "Hello

World!" and save it as HelloWorld.java:
o Example code for HelloWorld.java:

public class HelloWorld {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello World!");
}
}

3. Compile the Java file:

• In your terminal or command prompt, navigate to
the directory and run: javac HelloWorld.java

4. Create a Dockerfile:
• Open Notepad++ or any text editor, and create a file
named Dockerfile (no extension).

5. Write the following inside the Dockerfile:

• Use this content in the Dockerfile:

- FROM openjdk:7 uses the OpenJDK 7 base image.

- COPY . /usr/src/myjava copies all files from your
current directory to /usr/src/myjava in the container.
- WORKDIR /usr/src/myjava sets the working directory
inside the container.
- RUN javac HelloWorld.java compiles the Java file.
- CMD ["java", "HelloWorld"] runs the Java application
when the container starts.

6. Build the Docker image:

• Run the command: docker build .
o The . refers to the current directory where
your Dockerfile and HelloWorld.java are
located.

7. Determine the image ID:

• Run the command: docker images
o This will list all the available images with
their IDs.

8. Run the image:

• Run the command: docker run -ti <image_ID>
o This will start the container from your Java
image and print "Hello World!" in the
terminal.