What is a computer?

Important terminologies
MEMORY
 One of the important feature
 Binary digits : 0’s and 1’s
 Bit: 0 or 1
 Nibble: 4-Bits or half a byte – ex: 0101
 Byte: 8-Bit or Byte – ex: 1010 0101
 Word : 16-bits – ex: 1111 0000 1010 0101
 Kilo Byte: 210 = 1024 bytes, Mega : 220, Giga : 230, Tera : 240
 Ex: 16 Megabyte = 16 x 220 = 24 x 220 =224 Bytes
 Memory Types: RAM & ROM
 RAM or Volatile Memory : Temporary storage
 ROM or Non-volatile Memory : Permanent storage

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 IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY
Input and outputs
 I/O devices used to provide a communication with CPU via
keyboard, video monitor etc.,
Buses
 CPU is connected through stripes of wires called Buses

 Address bus: To identify the device connected to CPU. Total

number of memory location addressable by a CPU is 2x, where x
is the number of bits.

 Data Bus: To carry info. in and out of CPU, 8-bit to 64-bit

 Control bus: To provide the read or write signal to CPU

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 What is a microprocessor?

It is a central processing unit (CPU) on a single

integrated circuit (IC) chip containing millions
of very small components including transistors,
resistors that work together.
 INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR

Microprocessor – Block Diagram

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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR

 Microprocessor is a CPU on a single chip.

 Microprocessor has several support devices like ROM, Read

write memory, timer, serial interface, I/O ports, etc.

 All these support devices are interfaced to the

microprocessor through a system bus.

 So finally we can conclude that all support devices in a

microprocessor are connected externally.

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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR

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 Central Processing
Central Processing Unit Unit

 Fetch, decode and executes the instruction stored in memory

 CPU must equipped with necessary resource
 Important resources of CPU:
 Registers – to store the information temporarily
 ALU – to carryout Arithmetic and Logical operation
 Program Counter – to point the next instruction to be executed
 Instruction decoder – to interpret the instruction fetched into
the CPU

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 IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGY
Steps to execute an instruction
1. Fetch Instruction from Memory

2. Decode Instruction and Fetch Operands

3. Perform ALU Operations

4. Store ALU result to register file

5. Memory Access (for load/store)

6. Update Program counter

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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR

How does it look like?

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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR

But inside?

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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR

What was the first microprocessor?

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 History behind first microprocessor
1969: The assignment
Nippon Calculating Machine Corporation approached Intel to design 12
custom chips for its new Busicom 141-PF* printing calculator.

The Intel solution

lntel designed a set of four chips known as the MCS-4. It included
CPU(4004), Shift registers(4003), RAM(4002), ROM(4001)

1971: Era of integrated electronics

Intel purchased the rights from Nippon Calculating Machine
Corporation and launched the Intel® 4004 processor and its chipset
with an advertisement in the November 15, 1971

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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR

History behind first microprocessor

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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR

First Microprocessor 4004 - Inventors

Federico Faggin Marcian "Ted" Hoff Stanley Mazor Masatoshi Shima

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 Evolution of Intel processors

32 bit data-32 bit up(pentium pro, pentium II,Pentium III Dual core);64 bit data- 64 bit up(INTEL core 2, Intel core i3,Intel
core i5, Intel core i7)- with 11 generations
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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR

Microprocessor applications
• Calculators
• Accounting system
• Games machine
• Complex Industrial Controllers
• Traffic light Control
• Data acquisition systems
• Multi user, multi-function environments
• Military applications
• Communication systems
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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROPROCESSOR

Microprocessor Based Temperature Monitoring System

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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER

What is microcontrollers?
 A microcontroller is a compact integrated
circuit designed to govern a specific
operation in an embedded system.

 A typical microcontroller includes a

processor, memory and input/output (I/O)
peripherals on a single chip.
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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER

Used in embedded applications, like remote

control of AC, TV, refrigerators

General purpose processor,

Laptop
Desk top

Interface memory and IO devices externally

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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER

How does it look like?

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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER

But inside?

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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER

History of first microcontroller

Gary Boone - Inventor of the

Microcontroller
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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER

MICROCONTROLLER BLOCK DIAGRAM

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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER

List of microcontrollers?
webpage

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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER
 Microcontroller can be easily interfaced to external
peripheral devices like ADC, DAC, serial ports, Bluetooth,
Wi-Fi, etc.

 Examples of the microcontrollers are microchip’s PIC, Intel’s

80196, The 8051, Motorola’s 68HCxx.

 Microcontrollers is mainly designed to control

specific electronic applications.

 Microcontrollers are normally found in toys, office machines,

automobiles, home appliances, etc.
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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER

Applications of microcontrollers
• Automobile
• Aeronautics
• Rail Transport
• Mobile communications
• Industrial processing
• Remote sensing , Radio and Networking
• Robotics
• Consumer electronics , music players
• Security (e-commerce, smart cards)
• Medical electronics (hospital equipment, and mobile monitoring) and
• Defense application

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 INTRODUCTION TO MICROCONTROLLER

Microcontroller Based Temperature Monitoring System

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 MICROPROCESSOR vs MICROCONTROLLER

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 MICROPROCESSOR vs MICROCONTROLLER
Microprocessor Micro controller
Contains only CPU in a single chip In a single chip has CPU, memory, IO Ports, Timers, Serial ports etc

We externally interface Memory, IO Ports, Timer On chip Memory, IO Ports,

Flexibility in design-designer can decide on the amount of ROM, No flexibility in design
RAM and I/O ports.

Von Neumann Architecture Harvard Architecture

Can do multitasking Weak in multi tasking
General purpose Application Specific Purpose(Embedded System)

Designed for high speed operations and has high cost Low speed operations and low cost

Hardware can be interfaced externally based on requirements Can handle less hardware externally

High power consumption Battery operated – Low power applications

AMD, Intel 8085,8086, i3, core i5, core i7, core i9 8051, AVR, PIC, ARM

Processing Power- High Low

Design Time- More Less

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 ARCHITECTURE

Von Neumann Architecture Harvard Architecture

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Comparison of i3, i5 and i7 processor